mapping forest degradation in madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • simple gis training (qgis,gps...

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Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar Igor Glushkov, Dmitry Aksenov, Olli Turunen, Titta Lassila, Angela Tarimy, Daulphin Razafipahatelo FANC Finnish Association for Nature Conservation

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Page 1: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar

Igor Glushkov, Dmitry Aksenov, Olli Turunen, Titta Lassila, Angela Tarimy, 

Daulphin Razafipahatelo

FANC ‐ Finnish Association for Nature Conservation

Page 2: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

• The Finnish Association for Nature Conservation (FANC) ‐ Finland

• Transparent World ‐ Russia• National experts (Conservation international, University of Antananarivo)

• Local specialists and stakeholders (Association Mitsinjo, ValBio, Durrell, Manombo Special Reserve)

Team

Page 3: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Collaborators, sponsors• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland• Ministry of Environment of Madagascar • Madagascar National Parks• Helsinki University• Finnair airline company• SEAS‐OI, Scanex • WCS, WWF, Duke Lemur Center, Missuri Botanical Garden

• Institute for the  Conservation of Tropical Enviroment 

Page 4: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Past and current forests mappingNational level Global level

2007Madagascar Vegetation 

mapping Project,MODIS and 

Landsat based

2007KEW Forest Change 1990 ‐ 2000 – 2005,

Landsat based

2008(updated 2013)Intact Forests Landscape, 

Landsat based

2000‐2013UMD/GFW Global Forests  Cover and Change maps,Landsat based

Page 5: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

General goals of mapping project• Create network of ”forest mappers” from local to 

international level • Create mapping and communication capacity in local level• Support Malagasy scientific terminology• Create tools for people to communicate offline/online with 

thematic maps • Create clearing house mechanism for forest monitoring 

(transparent, low cost, easy available)• Create series of high‐scale forests  intactness / degradation 

maps

Page 6: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Why to measure forest intactness / degradation?

• The forest biodiversity is sensitive to human influence and depends on the level of the forest transformation

• The intactness of forest is important for decision‐making on conservation priorities

• Forest transformation/degradation map is required for better understanding the transformation reasons and making decisions for more sustainable landuse from local to international level

Page 7: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

BIG trees Neverloged

Deadwood

Signs of intactness

Natural disturbances

Page 8: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Slash‐n‐burn (TAVY)

Fires

Agriculture/Rice cultivation

Alien species/Plantation

Selective logging

Grazing

Mining

Old tavi

Local gold mining

Page 9: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

• Evaluating classification criteria and adapte to local level.

• Developing of 3‐days seminars for local groups, field trips, data collecting

• Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using)

How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation?

from Ground

Page 10: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation?

Classification scheme for Manombo region

7 forest classes from intact to disturbed translated to local names of forest stands types

About 20 – years cycle of forest regenerations may be reduced to 1‐2 years due to disturbance circumstances

Page 11: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Data to be collected in the field• GPS coordinates• Subjective proposal for the forest 

class• Dominant tree species• Diameter of the biggest trees• Age and height of the upper layer 

trees• Amount of dead wood (range)• Altitude (GPS)• Exposition of slope (west / east)• Young / old forest (rough 

devision)• Special (tree) species• Photos

Page 12: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Field surveys of various forests in eastern 

Madagascar by Malagasy colleagues from local 

associations and by joint Malagasy‐FANC‐TW teams

From 2011‐2014 field trips,8 regions, more then 3000 GPS points, about 2000 from forest stands

Page 13: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation?from Space

Direct measurment:Hight, Biomass.

Indirect method:Fragmentation analysis

• Global ‐ ICESat/GLAS, RadarSAT etc.Simard,Pinto  et al. 2011

• Regional – airborne LiDAR dataAsner, Maskaro et al. 2011

• Global ‐ Intact Forest Landscapes maps

Potapov, Yaroshenko et al. 2008

Or combining both above with classification of space images time series

• Regional ‐ Mapping deforestation and forest degradation

Margono, Turubanova et al. 2014

Page 14: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

• Intact / old‐growth humid forests usually have more than one layer of closed canopy (Multi‐layer – ML) 

• Degraded / secondary forests humid have a single layer of closed canopy (Single‐layer – SL)

• Intact forests may have a simple canopy structure (single layer) only in specific habitats or landscape positions (SL "on top of ridges")

How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation?

Canopy structure approach

Page 15: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Simple forest canopy structure classificationA. Multi‐layer (ML)

B. Single layer with big tress (SL BT)

C. Single layer (SL)

A B C

Page 16: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation?

From ground to spaceMulti‐layer (ML)

Single layer with big tress (SLBT) 

Single layer (SL)

No canopy structure, have spectral characteristics visible on images or on time series set of images 

Page 17: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation?

Canopy structure approach

• Using SPOT‐5 (also SPOT‐6/7 in the future) panchromatic channel (detailed (2.5 m ground resolution) enough to detect single big trees crowns and canopy irregularities)

• Mapping tree crown shadows marking irregularities in the canopy (a kind of “reversed” single trees crown mapping method)

• Calculating density of shadows and classifying forest stands polygons on this base 

Page 18: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation?

Calculating local minimum reflections pixels density on SPOTpanchromatic channel

Page 19: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

SPOT 5 ‐10м

SRTM2

SPOT 5 ‐2.5м

STEP 1

Segmentation of SPOT images by spectral channels, 10m resolution (GRASS GIS module i.segment with the following parameters: min area – 10 pixels, similarity threshold = 0.03 for spectral channels).  

Adding main statistical parameters from spectral image channels and DEM data to each polygon: mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, range to each polygon; as well as canopy complexity data.

STEP 2Creating training dataset, using high‐resolution image and field observation data as reference.

STEP 3

Creating model using the advanced decision trees algorithm ‐ R:randomForest.model of classification, data statistics for each class, estimate model quality  and uncertainties. 

Applying model to whole set of data and export result map (QGIS).

Employing the Random Forests algorithm for classifying forest stands by all their parameters measured by DEM and SPOT 

images

Page 20: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Data sources

Space images Base images more then 70 scenesSPOT 5 from 2009‐2014 (SEAS‐OI)More then 900 sub‐scenes WV1,2 from 2011‐2013  (SCANEX) 

For the map‐based portal: Landsat 8http://maps.transparentworld.ru/madagaskar/

Page 21: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

The classification schemeCanopy coverage

High 4.1a. Savoka &Savoka with single 

trees4.1b. Pure bamboo 

thickets ‐ ??4.1c. Pure ravenala 

thickets ‐ ??4.1d. Filippia thickets 

‐ ??

3.1a. SL closed –mountain forests3.1b. SL closed –lowland forests3.1c. SL closed –littoral forests

3.1d. – Eucalyptus plantations3.1e. – Pine plantations

‐‐(not found yet) 1.1. ML closed

Medium

4.2. Mosaic of ramarasana, crops,  savoka & woodlands

3.2a. SL sparse – high altitude forests

3.2b. SL sparse –slopes & valleys 

2.1a. SL with big trees – top of ridges 

forests2.1b. SL with big trees – lowland 

forests2.1c. SL with big trees 

– littoral forests

1.2. ML with gaps

Low

1.3. ML with large gaps

Very low 4.3a. Bare ground4.3b. Ramarasana4.3c. Roranga

‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐

Non‐forest Single layer SL with big trees Multilayer

Canopy structure complexity

Page 22: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

dark green – most  intact ML;bright green‐mixed intact ML and SL; yellow – degraded SL

Map‐based portal 

Page 23: Mapping forest degradation in Madagascar · 04.02.2016 · • Simple GIS training (QGIS,GPS ‐using) How to measure the level of forest intactness / degradation? from Ground . How

Thank you!Misaotra!Spasibo!

Igor [email protected]

Dmitry [email protected]

Angela [email protected]

Olli [email protected]

Daulphin [email protected]