maps and aerial photos there are many different kinds of maps geopolitical topographic shaded...
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Maps and Aerial Photos
There are many different kinds of maps
•Geopolitical
•Topographic•Shaded Relief, Photorectified or Standard
•Geologic
•Ecosystemic
•Meteorological
•Climatological
And many other types. New map types are facilitated by use of powerful GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software.
Maps and Aerial Photos
There are many different kinds of maps
•Geopolitical
•Topographic•Shaded Relief, Photorectified or Standard
•Geologic
•Ecosystemic
•Meteorological
•Climatological
And many other types. New map types are facilitated by use of powerful GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software.
Maps and photos
All maps have common elements
•Scale•distance on the map equal to distance in the real world
•Legend•What the symbols on the map represent
•Coordinate system•Latitude Longitude; Township & Range; UTM
•Orientation info•Which way is north south east and west
Maps and photos
All maps have common elements
•Scale•distance on the map equal to distance in the real world
•Legend•What the symbols on the map represent
•Coordinate system•Latitude Longitude; Township & Range; UTM
•Orientation info•Which way is north south east and west
Scales
•Verbal- words used to convey map distance / real world distance equivalencies
•e.g., one inch equals four thousand feet
•Graphic- usually a bar or line with calibration marks that indicate map distance real / world distance equivalencies
•Fractional - the numeric UNITLESS ratio of map distance to real world distance equivalencies
Scales
•Verbal- words used to convey map distance / real world distance equivalencies
•e.g., one inch equals four thousand feet
•Graphic- usually a bar or line with calibration marks that indicate map distance real / world distance equivalencies
•Fractional - the numeric UNITLESS ratio of map distance to real world distance equivalencies
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1:40,0001:40,000 Note- NO UNITS until you assign themNote- NO UNITS until you assign them
Legend- a window that shows all the symbols used on the map. It commonly also includes scale, title, and orientation information
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Coordinate Systems
Latitude / Longitude- based on 360° circle coordinate system with Equator and Prime meridian as the respective index lines
Commonly given as decimal degrees (38.6466° N, 98.3456° W), degrees with decimal minutes (38° 36.32’ N, 98° 18.2’ W) or degrees minutes and seconds (38° 36’ 18” N, 98° 18’ 12” W)
Coordinate Systems
Latitude / Longitude- based on 360° circle coordinate system with Equator and Prime meridian as the respective index lines
Commonly given as decimal degrees (38.6466° N, 98.3456° W), degrees with decimal minutes (38° 36.32’ N, 98° 18.2’ W) or degrees minutes and seconds (38° 36’ 18” N, 98° 18’ 12” W)
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North
South
Prime meridian
Equator
Coordinate systems
UTM- a coordinate system based on a 1000 meter grid with the center of of each zone as the alignment point of the grid cells
UTM coordinates might read 16 S 0455680 E 4268326 N
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Coordinate systems
Township Range a coordinate system based on a numeric grid
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Common Maps used in the geosciences
Topographic maps
Contour lines represent vertical elevation with reference to sea level (zero elevation) they are isometric lines of what ever they are representing, in our case elevation
Contour intervals are 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 foot intervals
Index contours are labeled and thicker
Contour lines never cross or touch
They “V” when they cross a stream channel, with the point of the “V” in the upstream direction
They can create closed shapes on the map
can represent either a hill or a depression
Frequently used to make topographic profiles
Common Maps used in the geosciences
Topographic maps
Contour lines represent vertical elevation with reference to sea level (zero elevation) they are isometric lines of what ever they are representing, in our case elevation
Contour intervals are 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 foot intervals
Index contours are labeled and thicker
Contour lines never cross or touch
They “V” when they cross a stream channel, with the point of the “V” in the upstream direction
They can create closed shapes on the map
can represent either a hill or a depression
Frequently used to make topographic profiles
Aerial PhotosFrequently need to know the fractional scale on stereo photos
Must compare photo area to map of the same area with known scale to determine the scale of the photograph
Photo distance (mm) =
Real distance as determined from map (Km)
Then convert the above numbers to a unitless ratio
Photo distance (mm) / Real world distance (mm)
Aerial PhotosFrequently need to know the fractional scale on stereo photos
Must compare photo area to map of the same area with known scale to determine the scale of the photograph
Photo distance (mm) =
Real distance as determined from map (Km)
Then convert the above numbers to a unitless ratio
Photo distance (mm) / Real world distance (mm)
Geological maps
Usually indicated by numerous colors used to identify various geological units
systemsgroupsformationsmembers
Contacts are indicated by lines with varying degrees of certainty by solid or dashed lines
Also indicate location of geological structuresfaultsfoldsintrusions
dikes and sills
Geological maps
Usually indicated by numerous colors used to identify various geological units
systemsgroupsformationsmembers
Contacts are indicated by lines with varying degrees of certainty by solid or dashed lines
Also indicate location of geological structuresfaultsfoldsintrusions
dikes and sills
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0°
90°270°
180°
0°N
90° W 90° E
0°S
Overlaying vector based maps to create derivative maps
Color is attribute as is alphabetic designation
Layers of geographic information, which in turn can create new layers of data
Layers of geographic information, which in turn can create new layers of data
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Soils layer
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Land Use Layer
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Topographic layer
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Watershed boundaries layers
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Tiger file layer
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Point specific layers
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Weather stations Point source pollution
GIS