“Humans must rise above the Earth… to the top of

the atmosphere and beyond.

For only thus will we understand the world in

which we live.”

Socrates, 400 BC

You are here

Learning Objectives – Session 1Learning Objectives – Session 1

By the end of this session you will have learnt:By the end of this session you will have learnt:

The relevance of maps an places in the curriculum.The relevance of maps an places in the curriculum.

All about the ‘vital statistics’ of planet Earth.All about the ‘vital statistics’ of planet Earth.

What maps are and a range of different types of maWhat maps are and a range of different types of maps.ps.

How the earth is projected onto a world map.How the earth is projected onto a world map.

See… Maps and Places RationaleSee… Maps and Places Rationale

What is the relevance?What is the relevance?““The study of geography should particularly aim at leading pupils to…The study of geography should particularly aim at leading pupils to…

acquire a framework of knowledge about locations and places that will help acquire a framework of knowledge about locations and places that will help them set local, national and international events within context, and that will them set local, national and international events within context, and that will

support their development of Geographical understanding.” (DfES)support their development of Geographical understanding.” (DfES)

The NC requirementsThe NC requirements Children should learn the essential skills of map reading/use.Children should learn the essential skills of map reading/use. Children’s locational knowledge is not formally assessed.Children’s locational knowledge is not formally assessed. Importance of support for children’s cognitive development.Importance of support for children’s cognitive development. 3 Key elements:3 Key elements:

Map competence – ability to locate places/features on map/globe/atlas. Map competence – ability to locate places/features on map/globe/atlas. Knowledge of personal world - Local Cognitive mapKnowledge of personal world - Local Cognitive map Knowledge of significant places/features nationally/globally – Global Knowledge of significant places/features nationally/globally – Global

Cognitive Map built up through study/experiences.Cognitive Map built up through study/experiences. See Appendix for ‘COMMON problems with learning about maps and places…’

The Earth BallThe Earth Ball

When you catch the Earth Ball… When you catch the Earth Ball…

State your State your namename… and choose … and choose ONE ONE place/featureplace/feature in the world that BEST sums in the world that BEST sums up YOU. Be prepared to offer a brief up YOU. Be prepared to offer a brief explanationexplanation!!

The World’s Easiest Quiz The World’s Easiest Quiz A bit of confidence boosting now… 13 Questions (unlucky for some)A bit of confidence boosting now… 13 Questions (unlucky for some)

Which animal are the Canary Island named after? Which animal are the Canary Island named after? From which country do Panama hats originate?From which country do Panama hats originate? From which animal do we get catgut?From which animal do we get catgut? From where do we get Chinese gooseberries?From where do we get Chinese gooseberries? From what is a camel-hair brush made?From what is a camel-hair brush made? Where was Patrick Patron Saint of Ireland born?Where was Patrick Patron Saint of Ireland born? Where was Indian dish chicken tikka masala invented?Where was Indian dish chicken tikka masala invented? Where was India Ink invented?Where was India Ink invented? What colour is most of Greenland?What colour is most of Greenland? From which part of the British Isles did the Scots originate?From which part of the British Isles did the Scots originate? Where do Turks originally come from?Where do Turks originally come from? In which country was the sport baseball invented?In which country was the sport baseball invented? Where in the world did turkeys originate?Where in the world did turkeys originate?

Answers: The World’s Easiest Quiz Answers: The World’s Easiest Quiz

Which animal are the Canary Island named after? Isle of Which animal are the Canary Island named after? Isle of DogsDogs From which country do Panama hats originate? From which country do Panama hats originate? EquadorEquador From which animal do we get catgut? From which animal do we get catgut? Sheep and HorsesSheep and Horses From where do we get Chinese gooseberries? From where do we get Chinese gooseberries? New ZealandNew Zealand From what is a camel-hair brush made? From what is a camel-hair brush made? Squirrel furSquirrel fur Where was Patrick Patron Saint of Ireland born? Where was Patrick Patron Saint of Ireland born? WalesWales Where was Indian dish chicken tikka masala invented? Where was Indian dish chicken tikka masala invented? BritainBritain Where was India Ink invented? Where was India Ink invented? ChinaChina What colour is most of Greenland? What colour is most of Greenland? WhiteWhite From which part of the British Isles did the Scots originate? From which part of the British Isles did the Scots originate?

Northern EnglandNorthern England Where do Turks originally come from? Where do Turks originally come from? Central Asia/MongoliaCentral Asia/Mongolia In which country was the sport baseball invented? In which country was the sport baseball invented? No one No one

knowsknows Where in the world did turkeys originate? Where in the world did turkeys originate? North/central AmericaNorth/central America

Earth’s Vital StatisticsEarth’s Vital Statistics

Circumference at the equator: Circumference at the equator: 40,031 km40,031 km Diameter through N-S poles: Diameter through N-S poles: 12,712 km12,712 km Diameter at the equator: Diameter at the equator: 12,755km12,755km

(bulging is due to centrifugal force of Earth’s rotation)(bulging is due to centrifugal force of Earth’s rotation)

Surface area: Surface area: 509,917,488 km509,917,488 km²² Volume: Volume: 2,019,609 km³2,019,609 km³ Average temperature: Average temperature: Night 32°F (0°C); Day 72°F (22°C)Night 32°F (0°C); Day 72°F (22°C)

Fact: any given moment: 2,200 thunderstorms occur Fact: any given moment: 2,200 thunderstorms occur on the earth’s surfaceon the earth’s surface

Number of languages:Number of languages: 5,800 5,800 Ocean volume:Ocean volume: 2.4 billion km³ 2.4 billion km³ Deepest part of the ocean:Deepest part of the ocean:

Mariana trench, Pacific oceanMariana trench, Pacific ocean Oldest living species: Oldest living species:

Bristlecone Pines (5,000 yrs old)Bristlecone Pines (5,000 yrs old) Known/Catalogued species:Known/Catalogued species: 1.7 million 1.7 million Unknown species:Unknown species: 5-30 million 5-30 million Atmosphere height from sea level:Atmosphere height from sea level: 18,000 miles 18,000 miles Fact: 99% of the atmosphere is in the lowest 50 miles (80km) Fact: 99% of the atmosphere is in the lowest 50 miles (80km)

with weather limited to first 5-10 miles.with weather limited to first 5-10 miles.

Statistics cont…Statistics cont…

Stats cont…Stats cont…

Largest to smallest continent….Largest to smallest continent….

Asia…Africa…North America…South Asia…Africa…North America…South America… Antarctica…Europe…OceaniaAmerica… Antarctica…Europe…Oceania

Number of countries: 194 (ish)Number of countries: 194 (ish)

FACT: remember the territories/colonies which often refer FACT: remember the territories/colonies which often refer themselves to being countries such as Puerto Rico and themselves to being countries such as Puerto Rico and even the components of the UK (Scotland/England/Wales) even the components of the UK (Scotland/England/Wales) but they are not fully independent countries, states, or but they are not fully independent countries, states, or nation-states! nation-states!

Global ScaleGlobal Scale

Map of the WorldMap of the World

As a group, we will attempt to draw a As a group, we will attempt to draw a world map – this is a conceptual drawing world map – this is a conceptual drawing so it will not be to scale or be accurate!so it will not be to scale or be accurate!

What What physicalphysical andand human human features should features should be included on it?be included on it?

Maps, maps and more maps…Maps, maps and more maps… What are maps?What are maps?

““A A mapmap is a symbolized representation of a space/place is a symbolized representation of a space/place which highlights relations between features.” (Wikipedia)which highlights relations between features.” (Wikipedia)

““A map is the world expressed through the medium of A map is the world expressed through the medium of

cartography…maps re-describe the world. What we read cartography…maps re-describe the world. What we read on a map is as much related to an invisible world and to on a map is as much related to an invisible world and to ideology as it is to phenomena seen and measured in the ideology as it is to phenomena seen and measured in the landscape. (Stanfords)landscape. (Stanfords)

““Maps are description of the way things are. It is a Maps are description of the way things are. It is a purposeful selection from everything that is known, bent purposeful selection from everything that is known, bent to the map maker’s ends. Every map serves a purpose. to the map maker’s ends. Every map serves a purpose. Every map advances an interest.” (Wood et al)Every map advances an interest.” (Wood et al)

Maps, maps and even more maps…Maps, maps and even more maps… What do we put on them?What do we put on them?

Physical and human features Physical and human features Place namesPlace names Scale – large/medium/small (see appendix)Scale – large/medium/small (see appendix) DirectionDirection Legend/keyLegend/key TitleTitle ??????

How are they constructed?How are they constructed? In your own way!In your own way! Compass/telescope/sextant Compass/telescope/sextant SatellitesSatellites Radar/infraredRadar/infrared By air/boatBy air/boat GIS/GPSGIS/GPS

Who is the audience?

Reality?!

Some examples of different types of maps…Some examples of different types of maps…

The World Map – different projections; politicalThe World Map – different projections; political

The World Map – different projections; physicalThe World Map – different projections; physical

Chloropleth mapsChloropleth maps

Cartogram – proportionalCartogram – proportional

What is this a map of?What is this a map of?

"We are preparing ourselves for up to 1,000 dead bodies from this flood alone …” Insp Daniel Gezahenge, 2006www.worldmapper.org

Territory size shows the proportion of all deaths caused by disasters, which overwhelm local resources, that died there 1975-2004.

Ordnance SurveyOrdnance Survey

TopologicalTopological

Topographical Topographical (Large scale detail/relief/physical and human features)(Large scale detail/relief/physical and human features)

Topographical – street maps!Topographical – street maps!

ConceptualConceptual

See Appendix

‘World According to Dubya’

FantasyFantasy

PlansPlans

Global DILEMMAGlobal DILEMMA

You can’t show accurate…You can’t show accurate…

at the same time…at the same time…

Consequently… meet the Flat Map Flap…Consequently… meet the Flat Map Flap…

Mercator v. Peter’s ProjectionsMercator v. Peter’s Projections

But which is best?!But which is best?!

http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/mappingourworld/mapping_our_world/l/lesson2/chatshow.htmhttp://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/mappingourworld/mapping_our_world/l/lesson2/chatshow.htm

Other famous projectionsOther famous projectionsHipparchus’ Azimuthal orthographic: "realistic" view of Earth as seen from space

Hipparchus’ Azimuthal stereographic: circle-preserving; shows at most a hemisphere

Mollweide’s elliptical:

Pseudocylindrical, equal-area, meridians are ellipses

Robinson’s Pseudocylindrical, equal-area compromise, poles are 1/3 as long as the Equator

Learning Objectives – Session 2Learning Objectives – Session 2

By the end of this session you will have learnt:By the end of this session you will have learnt:

The difference between magnetic north, true north and Geographic The difference between magnetic north, true north and Geographic north.north.

How to use longitude and latitude.How to use longitude and latitude.

How countries can be grouped in different ways.How countries can be grouped in different ways.

The importance of a ‘sense of place’.The importance of a ‘sense of place’.

The difference between Great Britain, British Isles and the United The difference between Great Britain, British Isles and the United Kingdom.Kingdom.

The major locations/features of the British IslesThe major locations/features of the British Isles

Animaniac’s - Yakko’s WorldAnimaniac’s - Yakko’s World

Whilst listening to this song… write down as Whilst listening to this song… write down as many countries as you can.many countries as you can.

Which North? Which North? Grid North? Magnetic North? True North? Grid North? Magnetic North? True North?

All the North’sAll the North’s There are three North’s commonly in use in Great Britain:There are three North’s commonly in use in Great Britain:

Grid northGrid north - navigational term referring to the direction northwards along - navigational term referring to the direction northwards along the grid lines of a map projection. the grid lines of a map projection.

True NorthTrue North - imaginary straight line between you and the geographic - imaginary straight line between you and the geographic North Pole. This line is a circle that passes through you and both the North Pole. This line is a circle that passes through you and both the North and South Poles. It is called a Meridian of Longitude.North and South Poles. It is called a Meridian of Longitude.

Magnetic North PoleMagnetic North Pole, is where your compass points towards, is not , is where your compass points towards, is not located at the located at the geographicgeographic North Pole. North Pole. Western Hemisphere: Magnetic North is located south of the Western Hemisphere: Magnetic North is located south of the

geographic North Pole. So, depending on your location, there is geographic North Pole. So, depending on your location, there is almost always an angular difference between True North and the almost always an angular difference between True North and the direction your compass is pointing.direction your compass is pointing.

The difference between true and magnetic north is called "magnetic The difference between true and magnetic north is called "magnetic variation" and its value can be found in the orientation panel or variation" and its value can be found in the orientation panel or margin of an Ordnance Survey map.margin of an Ordnance Survey map.

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude

Latitude (parallels)Latitude (parallels) Each degree – approx 69m (111km) apart.Each degree – approx 69m (111km) apart. Numbered 0Numbered 0º - 90º N and Sº - 90º N and S 0º = the Equator, dividing N and S hemispheres0º = the Equator, dividing N and S hemispheres The poles = 90º N/SThe poles = 90º N/S

Longitude Longitude (meridians)(meridians)

Each degree – Each degree – approx 69m approx 69m (111km) apart.(111km) apart.

Numbered 0Numbered 0º - 180º º - 180º E and WE and W

Where they meet Where they meet (180) – International (180) – International date linedate line

0º = Greenwich, 0º = Greenwich, London (Prime London (Prime Meridian) , dividing Meridian) , dividing E and W E and W hemisphereshemispheres

The poles = 90º N/SThe poles = 90º N/S

Degrees longitude and latitude have been divided into minutes Degrees longitude and latitude have been divided into minutes

(') and seconds (").(') and seconds ("). 60 minutes in each degree - each minute 60 minutes in each degree - each minute is divided into 60 seconds. is divided into 60 seconds. For example, the Washington For example, the Washington D.C is located at 38°53'23"N , 77°00'27"W.D.C is located at 38°53'23"N , 77°00'27"W.

Latitude and Longitude cont…Latitude and Longitude cont…

Down Under…Down Under…

If you dug a hole deep enough where If you dug a hole deep enough where would you end up?would you end up?

Find the nearest latitude and longitude to Stoke-on-Trent…Find the nearest latitude and longitude to Stoke-on-Trent…

5353ºN - oppose it…ºN - oppose it…53ºS53ºS

2ºW2ºW - subtract from 180 = 178 - subtract from 180 = 178

oppose the direction = oppose the direction = 178178ºEºE

Groupings of CountriesGroupings of Countries See Appendix – Countries and CapitalsSee Appendix – Countries and Capitals EU – European UnionEU – European Union

27 member countries27 member countries Combined economy – Combined economy –

largest in the world GDPlargest in the world GDP(US$15.7) trillion in 2007(US$15.7) trillion in 2007

Executive branch – Executive branch – European CommissionEuropean Commission

Which were the last 2 to join?Which were the last 2 to join?Bulgaria and Romania Bulgaria and Romania Which are pending? Which are pending? (green)(green)Turkey, Macedonia, CroatiaTurkey, Macedonia, Croatia

BulgariaRomania

NATONATO

The North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationThe North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Alliance – 26 countries (N/America/Europe)Alliance – 26 countries (N/America/Europe) Aims… to safeguard the freedom, heritage and civilisation of their Aims… to safeguard the freedom, heritage and civilisation of their

peoples…to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic peoples…to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic

area… to unite efforts for defence and for preservation of peace.area… to unite efforts for defence and for preservation of peace.

OPECOPEC

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Organization of the Petroleum Exporting CountriesCountries ( (OPECOPEC) )

Members - Iraq, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Angola, Members - Iraq, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Angola, Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab

Emirates, and Venezuela.Emirates, and Venezuela. Aims to protect producers on the world Aims to protect producers on the world

petroleum market.petroleum market.

OECDOECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentDevelopment (OECD) (OECD)

developed countries that accept the principles of developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. representative democracy and a free market economy.

30 member countries (World Bank designates 25 as high 30 member countries (World Bank designates 25 as high income countries)income countries)

NAFTANAFTA

North American Free Trade AgreementNorth American Free Trade Agreement

Members – Canada, Mexico, USAMembers – Canada, Mexico, USA

Forms the world’s largest free trade area.Forms the world’s largest free trade area.

The Agreement has brought economic growth The Agreement has brought economic growth and rising standards of living for people in all and rising standards of living for people in all three countries. three countries.

UNUN

United NationsUnited Nations

aims to facilitate cooperation in international law and aims to facilitate cooperation in international law and security, economic development, social progress and security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues.human rights issues.

As of 2007, there are 192 United Nations member statesAs of 2007, there are 192 United Nations member states

North South DivideNorth South Divide

LLEDCs?

RICs?

NICs?

Globetrotter – Which Continent?Globetrotter – Which Continent?

Work in pairs/threes…Work in pairs/threes…

You will have 5 minutes and 7 statements. You will have 5 minutes and 7 statements. Travel around the world (room) and plot Travel around the world (room) and plot the correct statement under the correct the correct statement under the correct continent! Gook luck!continent! Gook luck!

A Sense of PlaceA Sense of Place

2 interesting ideas from influential Geographers:2 interesting ideas from influential Geographers:

1.1.Edward Relph (1976) – ideas helped to establish Edward Relph (1976) – ideas helped to establish the concept of a ‘sense of place’.the concept of a ‘sense of place’.

- interested in people’s own experience of the - interested in people’s own experience of the physical characteristics and activities took part in.physical characteristics and activities took part in.

- stresses individuality and uniqueness of places- stresses individuality and uniqueness of places

- sees a process of homogenisation of the built - sees a process of homogenisation of the built environment encouraged by mass communication – a environment encouraged by mass communication – a growing ‘placelessness’growing ‘placelessness’

Questions to think about…

Are you comfortable with Relph’s ideas? The concept of ‘placelessness’, in particular, has been criticised by some Geographers.

Is it possible to teach students to develop a sense of place? Should we spend time reflecting on their relationships with places?

2. 2. Doreen Massey (1991)Doreen Massey (1991) – concerned with – concerned with people’s understanding of place in a shrinking people’s understanding of place in a shrinking world. world. - places have multiple identities (multiple - places have multiple identities (multiple communities)communities)- places can be seen as part of a web of - places can be seen as part of a web of interrelationships.interrelationships.

““A progressive sense of place would A progressive sense of place would recognise that what we need is a global recognise that what we need is a global sense of the local, a global sense of place.”sense of the local, a global sense of place.”

A Sense of Place contA Sense of Place cont

Questions to think about…

Which of these ideas do you see as useful for informing your own teaching about places?

How might Massey’s ideas inform teaching about immigration? What are the values underlying these ideas?

GB, UK, BI?GB, UK, BI?

Scotland

EnglandWales

Northern Ireland

Republic of Ireland

See Appendix:

Filming the City

Memory Mapping the British IslesMemory Mapping the British Isles

RULES OF PLAYRULES OF PLAY

Follow instructions about time limits very carefully.Follow instructions about time limits very carefully.

Every team member must stay with their own number.Every team member must stay with their own number.

Every team should discuss their own strategy.Every team should discuss their own strategy.

Work as a team…EVERY member is important.Work as a team…EVERY member is important.

Try to remember as much as possible.Try to remember as much as possible.

NO cheating.NO cheating.

NO physical contact such as barging or pushing.NO physical contact such as barging or pushing.

The winners The winners shouldshould get a prize. get a prize.

Learning Objectives – Session 3Learning Objectives – Session 3

By the end of this session you will have learnt:By the end of this session you will have learnt:

How food packaging can be used to investigate our How food packaging can be used to investigate our interdependence with other countriesinterdependence with other countries

How ICT can help to teach about maps and places.How ICT can help to teach about maps and places.

How maps are relevant to issues of sustainability.How maps are relevant to issues of sustainability.

Packaging GeographyPackaging Geography Detailed observation and reflection of images.Detailed observation and reflection of images.

TASKTASK In pairs, using the vision frame provided have a go at In pairs, using the vision frame provided have a go at

analysing your food packaging!analysing your food packaging!

Links to globalisation and interdependence, Links to globalisation and interdependence, development, economics, organic farming methods, development, economics, organic farming methods, sustainability, ecological/carbon footprints/food miles etcsustainability, ecological/carbon footprints/food miles etc

See Appendix – 8 way thinking: another great way of analysing See Appendix – 8 way thinking: another great way of analysing a photograph, image, object.a photograph, image, object.

Maps and Places and ICTMaps and Places and ICT

Full list of websites:Full list of websites:

www.mapsandplaces.wordpress.comwww.mapsandplaces.wordpress.com

Including Microsoft Live Local and Google EarthIncluding Microsoft Live Local and Google Earth

Geographical Information Systems – Geographical Information Systems – A GIS - computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, A GIS - computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically data (data identified according to and displaying geographically data (data identified according to location). location).

Some E.g.’s of FREE GIS - Environment AgencySome E.g.’s of FREE GIS - Environment Agency

What’s in Your backyard – What’s in Your backyard – http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/maps/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/maps/

http://mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/mapzone/giszone/english/http://mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/mapzone/giszone/english/

Maps and SustainabilityMaps and Sustainability

"Now during high tides, the water comes right across the ground, where the "Now during high tides, the water comes right across the ground, where the houses are, and it never happened before ..." houses are, and it never happened before ..." Elia Tauita, 2002Elia Tauita, 2002

The territories that emit the most The territories that emit the most greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases are the United are the United States, China, the Russian Federation and Japan. However, the States, China, the Russian Federation and Japan. However, the most emissions per person are in Qatar: equivalent to 86 tonnes of most emissions per person are in Qatar: equivalent to 86 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. Qatar has significant oil and gas reserves, carbon dioxide per year. Qatar has significant oil and gas reserves, and in 2002 was populated by 600,000 people.and in 2002 was populated by 600,000 people.

WHO DREW

THIS MAP?

The world at night…The world at night…

Coast to CoastCoast to CoastA Question to ponder…A Question to ponder…

If the oceans in the world receded If the oceans in the world receded and eventually disappeared, there and eventually disappeared, there

would be no coastline left. Likewise, if would be no coastline left. Likewise, if the seas kept rising, the total global the seas kept rising, the total global coastline would reach zero as the coastline would reach zero as the

waters lapped over Mount Everest. At waters lapped over Mount Everest. At some height in between there must some height in between there must be a maximum total coastline on the be a maximum total coastline on the

planet. Does anyone know where this planet. Does anyone know where this would be in relation to today’s sea would be in relation to today’s sea

level, and are we anywhere near such level, and are we anywhere near such ideal conditions for a beach holiday?ideal conditions for a beach holiday?

Questions for a new MilleniumQuestions for a new Millenium

What resources and skills will we need to What resources and skills will we need to flourish here over the next Millennium?flourish here over the next Millennium?

Can we work together to create a sustainable Can we work together to create a sustainable world whilst maintaining our distinct cultural world whilst maintaining our distinct cultural heritages?heritages?

Will we wake up to see the incredible natural Will we wake up to see the incredible natural beauty that is the Earth, before we have beauty that is the Earth, before we have irreversibly damaged or even destroyed it?irreversibly damaged or even destroyed it?

What kind of world will our children inherit from What kind of world will our children inherit from us? How will this be mapped?!us? How will this be mapped?!

What have you learnt?!What have you learnt?!

The Training GameThe Training Game

The The PGCE PGCE YearYear

Enjoy Enjoy it!it!

Contact detailsContact details

Miss Imogen SmithMiss Imogen SmithSt Thomas More Catholic CollegeSt Thomas More Catholic CollegeTel : 01782 234734Tel : 01782 234734

E mail E mail SteveImo@aol.com SteveImo@aol.com

Blogs Blogs

www.geoimo.wordpress.comwww.geoimo.wordpress.com

www.mapsandplaces.wordpress.comwww.mapsandplaces.wordpress.com

If the earth were only a few feet in diameter,

floating a few feet above a field somewhere, people

would come from everywhere to marvel at it. People would walk around it marvelling at its big pools of water, its

little pools and the water flowing between. People would marvel at the bumps on it and the

holes in it. They would marvel at the very thin layer of gas surrounding it and the water suspended in the gas. The people

would marvel at all the creatures walking around the surface of the ball and at the

creatures in the water. The people would declare it as sacred because it was the only one, and they

would protect it so that it would not be hurt. The ball would be the greatest wonder known, and people would come and pray to it, to be healed, to gain knowledge, to know beauty and

to wonder how it could be. People would love it, and defend it with their

lives because they would somehow know that their lives would be nothing without it. If the Earth were only

a few feet in diameter.

Joe Miller

ENJOY IT!