march 24, 2013

March 24, 2013

Take a few minutes to study for test.After test…you will do vocab for

WWI.Use American Republic book..starts

on page 448.Turn this in when finished.

Introduction

ImperialismPolitical EconomicSocial life End of the 1800s-European countries and U.S. controlled nearly the entire world1800-1914-Age of Imperialism

Introduction cont…

Imperialism of 1800s: three key factorsNationalismIndustrial Rev.Religious fervor and feelings of

racial and cultural superiority

Political Rivalries

Quest for colonies seemed to have no limits.

Slow communication between Europe and remote colonies.Colonial governors and generals

take matters into their own hands.

Political Rivalries cont…

Military officials used armies to expand the colony’s borders.

European troops facing battlefields in Africa and Asia.

Desire for New Markets

Factories in Europe and U.S.Consumed tons of raw materialsSpurred growth of European and

American industries and financial markets.

Colonies provide new markets.

Seeking New Opportunities

Great Britain, France, and Germany needed their own citizens to run newly acquired territories.

1800s-European leaders encourage citizens to move to far-off colonies.

Many emigrate to Algeria, Australia, and New Zealand

Seeking New Opportunities

British gov’t acquire land in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

Emigration was a chance to strike it rich.

Seeking New Opportunities cont…

Cecil Rhodes-British adventurer who made a fortune from gold and diamond mining in southern Africa.

Rhodes found colony Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

“Civilizing” Mission

Colonial expansionDesire to spread Western technologyReligionCustomsTraditionsCatholic and protestant missionaries spread Christianity.

“Civilizing” Mission

People of Africa and Asia were told to:Reject old religionsConvert to Christianity in order to

become more “civilized.”Social Darwinism-survival of the “fittest”Believed White Europeans were the “fittest” people in the Western world.

“Civilizing” Mission cont…

1899-Rudyard Kipling-British WriterFamous poem “The White Man’s

Burden.”

Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

Forms of Imperialism

Imperial nations gained new lands through:TreatiesPurchasesMilitary conquest

Forms of Imperialism

Forms of territorial control:ColonyProtectorateSphere of influenceEach Imperial nation exercised its power differently.

October 16, 2014

Bell work: Imperialism in Africa map.

Read the reading on Africa and then color your map according to your map key.

Use map on page 486

Section 2The Partition of Africa

Introduction

Until 1800s, Europeans knew little of Africa.David Livingstone-Scottish doctor and

missionary.Went to Africa in 1840Most famous explorer of Africa’s Abundant resources1880-1914-European countries compete for land in Africa.

Introduction cont…

1885- 14 nations meet in BerlinAgreed to partitionKing Leopold II of Belgium1914-European nations controlled

90% of the continent.

North Africa

The Sahara-world’s largest desert.North Africans live North of Sahara

along the Med. coast 1800s-Muslim Arabs (under authority of Ottoman ruler in Istanbul) governed large territories west of Egypt.

The French in North Africa

1830-King Charles X orders invasion of Algiers. Wants to colonize country French troops-resistance from Algerians. Abd al-Qadir-Algerian leader French:

Conquered AlgiersSeized Tunis-1881Secured special rights in Morocco-1904

Britain and Egypt

1800s-Egypt independent Muhammad Ali-governor1859-Ferdinand de Lesseps

Suez Canal-joined the Med. Sea and Red Seas.

Shortcut between Europe and Asia

Britain and Egypt cont…

1875-Egypt in debtSells canal shares to G.B.G.B. gains control of canal.1882-British put down a revolt-led by Ahmed Arabi-Egypt becomes a British protectorate

Britain and Egypt

Sudan-South of EgyptMahdi-Sudanese leader-challenged

British expansion1898-British defeat Sudanese

army at the Battle of Omdurman

Italy Seized Libya

Italy eager to establish African empire.1911-Italy declared war on the Ottoman

Empire, which ruled TripoliItaly defeats the TurksRenames Tripoli Libya.Libya last country in N.A. conquered by

European nations.

West, Central, and East Africa

1800s-West, Central, and East Africa consisted of many territories.

History and traditionsLate 1800s-Europeans took most of

these lands from the African people.

West Africa

Europeans and the slave trade from West Africa.

Early 1800s-many Western nations:End to slave tradeAbolished slaveryArab and African traders-Sent people from Central and East Africa to perform slave labor in Middle East and Asia.

West Africa cont..

1870s-European nations push inland to control slave trade and to expand holdings.

1800s-discovery of quinine-fights malaria.Steamships aid European exploration1890s-West African rulers: Samory Toure

and Behanzin lead armies against French.

West Africa Cont…

Gold Coast-Ashanti queen Yaa AsantewaaDefeated by European forces.1900-Liberia remains independentEst. in 1822 by free A.A.

Liberia becomes a republic-1847Ties to the U.S.-off limits to Europe

Central and East Africa

1877-Henry M. Stanley-Congo riverBelgium’s King Leopold II-Claimed Congo

region.Leopold strips Congo of people and

resources.1908-gives plantation to Belgian gov’t for a

loan.Region became known as Belgian Congo

Central and East Africa cont…

Belgians claiming Congo BasinBritish, Germans, and Italians

claiming East Africa.Ethiopia-Only country in East

Africa to remain independent. Horn of Africa

Central and East Africa cont…

1800s-Italy tries to conquer EthiopiaEmperor Menelik II-opponent1896-Italians attack EthiopiaBattle of Adowa-Menelik crushed forces.Ethiopia and Liberia-only two African

nations to escape domination.

Southern Africa

1652-Dutch settlers-Southern Africa Est. port of Cape Town Afrikaners-name of settlers

Conquered all lands around portBecame known as Cape ColonyBefore Suez canal-quickest route to Asia from Europe:around Cape of Good Hope-at the southern tip of Africa

Southern Africa cont…

1800s-British seized Cape colony during Napoleonic wars.

1830s-10,000 Afrikaners-Boers-decide to leave Cape Colony rather than live under British rule.

Great Trek-Afrikaners migrateEst. two independent republicsTransvaal and Orange Free State


Afrikaners fight with Zulu for control of land.

1800s-King Shaka-Zulu conquers large empire in southern Africa

1879-British become involved in battles with the Zulu.

Southern Africa cont..

King Cetywayo-Zulu defeat British forces.

British eventually destroy Zulu empireConflict arose between British and

Boers over gold and diamonds.British wanted all of South Africa under

their rule.


1899-Anglo-Boer War-British win 3 yrs. Later.

1910-G.B. united Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, and Natal into the Union of South Africa.


Racial equality becomes an issue in South Africa.

1912-Black South Africans founded the South African Native National Congress (SANNC).Supported black rights in South Africa1923-SANNC becomes African Nat’l

Congress.

Effects of Imperialism

Centered mainly on economic and social life.Imperialists profited from colonies by:

Digging minesStarting plantationsBuilding factories and ports.Europeans set up schools/taught Africans that European ways were the best.

Effects of Imperialism

African traditions decline1900s-Western-educated elite

emerged in African colonies.Africans condemn imperalism20th century-Africans win political

independence from European rule.

March 19, 2014

Bell Work: Do map Imperialism in Asia…map on page 490.

Color map according to your key.Turn this in when finished…you

have 15 minutes!

Section 3The Division of Asia

Introduction

Marco Polo-Italian explorer1298-wrote Description of the World.Zipangu (Japan)-East Asian island

with huge supply of gold.Zipangu inspired generation of

Europeans.

The British in India

1500s-European trade with Asia opened up.

1600-East India Company (English Traders).Built trading posts and forts in

India

The British in India cont…

French East India Company-challenged British.

1757-Robert Clive-British East India Co. Agent.Used British army and Indian troops to defeat

French Battle of PlasseyNext 100 years, British expand territory

The Sepoy Rebellion

1857-East India Co. controlled most of India

Sepoys-Indian soldiers, rebelled against British commanders.

Sepoy resentment grew.

The Sepoy Rebellion cont..

Sepoy rebellion spread.Massacre of British men, women, and

children.Within a year-British put down uprising.Brits get revenge1858-Parliament ends East India Co.Sent a viceroy to rule as monarch’s rep.

Indian Nationalism

British gov’t spend vast amounts of money on India’s economic development.Built paved roadsRailway systemTelegraph linesDug irrigation canalsEst. schools and universities

Indian Nationalism cont…

British colonial officials discriminate against Indians.

Forced Indian to change ways.1885-Indian Nat’l CongressCongress used peaceful protest (at

first).A long struggle for independence

China Faces the West

Europeans develop trade with China

1500s-Chinese highly advanced.Chinese-little interest in European

products.

China Faces the West cont…

Next 300 years-limited trade between China and Europe.

China under Qing DynastyChina’s political, economic, and

military position weakened.Qing emperors ruled 1644-1912.

The Unequal Treaties

Early 1800s-British merchants break barriers and earn huge profits.

Tried to avoid paying cash for Chinese products (tea, silk, and porcelain).

Smuggled drug into China-opium.1839-Chinese troops tried to stop smuggling.Brits resist/war breaks out.

The Unequal Treaties cont…

1842-Opium War/Brits win.1842-Treaty of Nanking- “unequal treaties”China forced to yield many rights to Western

powers.1890s-European powers and Japan claim

large sections of land in China.Spheres of Influence-exclusive trading rights.

The Unequal Treaties cont…

Imperialist scrambleU.S.-Open Door Policy-all nations

trade with China.1899-All other powers reluctantly

agreed to policy.

Map Supplement

Chinese Responses

China decides to modernizeLate 1800s- began “self-strengthening”-

started importing Western technology and educational methods.

Lack of gov’t support.1894-Chinese weakness exposed in war

against Japan.Japan wins/China loses territory.

Chinese Responses cont…

Young Emperor-Guang Xu-supports reformers. Emperor arrested and reforms stop. Ci Xi-emperors mother returns to power. 1890s-anti-foreign feelings in China Boxers-secret society

Dedicated to removing diplomatsEntrepreneursMissionaries and other foreigners from the country

Chinese Responses cont…

1900-Boxers attack foreigners and Chines Christians.

Boxers besiege foreign communities in Beijing (Chinese capital).

Western powers and Japan send multinational force to end uprising.

March 20, 2014

Bell work: American Imperialism map.

Use book Pages A-2-A-4 to label map.

Chapter 16 section 4

The Revolution of 1911

After uprising, Ci Xi struggled to hold on to power.

Many Chinese want modern republic to replace Qing dynasty.

Only way-revolutionSun Yat-sen (revolutionary)-wanted

China to regain former power.

The Revolution of 1911 cont…

1905-United League (Guomindang, or Nationalist Party).

Goal to modernize China- “Three Principles of the People.”Nationalism (freedom from foreign control)Democracy (rep. gov’t)Livelihood (economic well-being for all

Chinese)

The Revolution of 1911

Revolution strengthened in 1908.Ci Xi died/two year old Prince Pu Yi

becomes emperor.3 yrs late-revolution sweeps across

China.Jan. 1912- Sun Yat-sen- 1st President of

Chinese republic.

Modernization of Japan

1500s- European traders 1st come to the Island of Japan.

Japanese uninterested in European products.Did not trade with outside world until 1853.Four American warships/Commodore

Matthew C. Perry.Bay at Edo (Tokyo)

Modernization of Japan cont…

Perry wanted Japan to begin trading with U.S.

1854-Japan signs treaty with U.S.

The Meiji Leaders

In 1st five years- shogun (military commander who ruled Japan) signed treaties with:BritainFrance HollandRussiaU.S.

The Meiji Leaders cont..

1868-shogun overthrownMutsuhito-new emperor.Meiji- “Enlightened” emperor.New rulers called Meiji leaders.

brought parliamentary gov’t Strengthened militaryTransformed nation into industrial society

Industrialization

1870s-Japan industrializes economy by:Revising tax structure to raise money

for investment.New technology and cheap labor/low-priced goods.1914-leading industrial nations.

1890s-Japan more modernNeed more natural resources/est.

overseas empire.1894-Korea revolt against Chinese

rulers.Japan intervenes.Sino-Japanese War-Japs win.

Japan as a World Power

Japan as a World Power cont…

Japan gained partial control of Korea’s trade.

Thousands of Japs settle in KoreaRussia-interests in Korea1904-Japanese Navy/surprise attack on

Russian naval base.Port Arthur, Manchuria


Russo-Japanese WarJapanese victoryWar ends in 1905Russia signs treaty

Grants Japan control over Korea and other nearby areas.


Japans victory inspired other non-Western nations.

1910-Korea annexed as a colonyJapan expands for the next 35

years.

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia: Two distinct geographic areas:Archipelagos (groups of islands): the East

Indies and Philippines.North and west(mainland Southeast Asia)

includes all territories that occupy Indochinese and Malay Peninsulas.

1500s-Imperialist powers conquered.

The Islands of Southeast Asia

1800s-Dutch control East IndiesSpain controlled PhilippinesDutch East Indies

(Indonesia)/natural resources.Culture system-forced laborDutch discouraged westernization

The Islands of Southeast Asia cont…

Diponegoro-native prince from East Indian island of Java.

1825-starts a revolt against DutchLast 10 years/ends in failureSpanish rule of Philippines resemble the Dutch1800s-Filipinos’ resentments grows.1896-revolution

The Islands of Southeast Asia cont…

1898-U.S. declares war on SpainU.S. promised to free Philippines if rebels

would help fight against Spanish.After SPAM War-U.S broke promise/ruled

Philippines as a colonyEmilio Aguinaldo-Filipino leader-rose up

against American rule.U.S defeats two years later.

Mainland Southeast Asia

G.B. and France struggle for domination of mainland of Southeast Asia.

1820s-British take control of Burma and Malaya

French slowly conquering Indochina.1880s-complete control of Indochina.

Mainland Southeast Asia cont…

Kingdom of Siam-territory squeezed between British and French.

Siam remains independent.European rivalries want control of

resources.Bring disturbance to mainland

Southeast Asia.

Chapter 18 Section 4

Imperialism in the Americas

Section 4-2Section 4 Lecture Notes

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

In doing so, the United States was also promoting its own brand of imperialism that involved the penetration of new economic markets and the acquisition of overseas territories.

IntroductionThe United States was determined to use The Monroe Doctrine to block the spread of European imperialism in neighboring Latin America.


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Both the United States and Great Britain opposed Spain’s plan to reconquer its former colonies.

The Monroe DoctrineEven before the independence of all the Latin American countries was well established, Spain had sought the support of other European powers in reconquering its former colonies.


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However, in 1823 President James Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams decided to act alone.

The Monroe Doctrine (cont.) Great Britain suggested to the United States that a joint warning be issued to the various European powers.


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– “The American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assured and maintain, are hence forth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.

– We should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.”

The Monroe Doctrine (cont.) The Monroe Doctrine, as the warning was later called, contained two major points:

CUBA: Discovered by Columbus (1493)& “Pearl” of Spanish Empire (Sugar)

U.S. and Cuba: Economic Relations1894: 90% of Cuba’s exports go to U.S.

Raw sugar sold to U.S. refiners

90 miles from FL keys


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In 1895 José Martí, a writer and political activist, led Cubans in a revolution against Spanish rule.

The Spanish-American WarCuba and the neighboring island of Puerto Rico were still Spanish colonies in the late 1800s.


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Disease and starvation soon claimed more than 400,000 Cuban lives.

The Spanish-American War (cont.) Martí was killed in a battle against the Spaniards, and Spanish troops rounded up thousands of Cubans and sent them to prison camps where conditions were brutal.

The Cuban RebellionCubans longed for their colonial ruler Spain to leaveSpain smashed and defeated a Cuban rebellion forcing Jose Marti to flee to the U.S. to gather money, arms, and troopsIn 1895, Marti returned to Cuba and led a revoltMany people including Marti died. The rebels burned sugarcane fields hoping to get the Spaniards to leaveThe Spaniards retaliated by herding Cubans into reconcentration camps to separate them from the rebelsThousands died in the camps from starvation and diseaseThe Cuban struggle got the attention of U.S. businessmen who wanted to protect their investments and trade with the islandOthers were afraid of rebellion so close to the U.S.President Grover Cleveland opposed U.S. interventionWhen William McKinley became President he too looked to keep the U.S. out of the war

The Spanish-American War

Spanish-American War:Cuban Revolution: rebels

declared independence & launched a guerrilla war against Spanish authorities

US remained neutralSpain sent General Valeriano

(“Butcher”) Weyler to handle the Revolution


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In January 1898, President William McKinley ordered the battleship Maine to Havana, the capital of Cuba, to demonstrate growing American interest in Cuban affairs.

Remember the Maine! The struggle of the Cubans for freedom attracted much sympathy in the United States.


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In April 1898, under pressure from all sides, McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain. The Spanish-American War lasted four months and ended with a victory for the United States.

Remember the Maine! (cont.) A few weeks later, an explosion ripped through the Maine while it was still anchored in Havana harbor, sinking the ship and killing 260 American sailors.

Remember The Maine

After rioting broke out in the Cuban Capital of Havana President McKinley sent the battleship Maine to protect American citizens and propertyAfter three weeks the ship exploded and sunk in Havana Harbor killing about 260 officers and crewAmerican Newspapers blamed the Spanish and the slogan “Remember The Maine” became a rallying cry for revenge and war against SpainWhen negotiations failed to easy American concerns Congress recognized Cuban independence On April 25, 1898 Congress declared war on Spain

Newspapers take up the cry “Remember the Maine -- the hell with Spain.”

February 15, 1898

Controversy over the Maine

266 American sailors killed March 25th, a report was released which said that the Maine

explosion was caused by submerged mine. In reality, the explosion was caused by a spontaneous

combustion fire in a coal bunker (an accident!).

War In Cuba: Havana

U.S. wanted to drive out Spanish

Rough Riders: Battle of San Juan Hill; T. Roosevelt; won the battle & war for the US

America Wins the War & an Empire:

Treaty of Paris• Signed on December 10, 1898;• Granted Cuban independence, but

keep them under U.S. protection

• Spain gives up the Philippines, Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico;

• U.S. gives $20 million for the Philippines

New York Journal Newspaper


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In 1867 the United States purchased Alaska from Russia. In 1898 it annexed Hawaii shortly after American entrepreneurs on the islands had overthrown the Hawaiian queen Liliuokalani.

American Territorial Gains During the late 1800s, the United States made many significant territorial gains.

Imperialism in the Pacific•Secretary of State William H. Seward believed the U.S. could build its empire in Hawaii through trade.•In 1868, Seward acquired two more small Pacific Islands of Midway as a stopping off point for American ships going to China•The navy and merchant ships needed more than just these small islands to secure the Pacific.•Hawaii would be a great port that would help secure the Pacific•Christian missionaries had already arrived in Hawaii in the 1820’s.•A large sugar plantation business had been established by merchants who brought in workers from Japan and China to work the land.•Hawaiians led by Queen Liliuokalani tried to regain economic control from the Americans.•U.S. diplomat John Stevens arranged for marines to assist an uprising and secure the annexation of Hawaii to the U.S. the treaty was signed by President Benjamin Harrison

PHILIPPINES: • Discovered by Magellan

(1521)• Major exports:

Sugar, hemp, & tobacco


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Although independent, Cuba was under American protection. In 1917 the United States purchased the Virgin Islands –St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix–from Denmark.

American Territorial Gains (cont.) As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.


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It became important for the United States to be able to move its fleet quickly between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. What was needed was a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, a narrow neck of land that linked Central America and South America.

The Panama Canal Victory in the Spanish-American War made the United States a world power.


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Thirteen years after the bankruptcy of de Lesseps’s company, United States President Theodore Roosevelt received the backing of Congress to acquire the Panama canal rights and property.

The Panama Canal (cont.) In the 1880s the Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps, who had built the Suez Canal, tried–and failed–to build a canal in Panama.


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American agents encouraged the people of Panama to revolt against the government of Colombia. They did so on the night of November 3, 1903, and the rebellion was over within a day. The new Republic of Panama quickly signed a treaty granting the United States the land to build the Panama Canal.

The Panama Canal (cont.)

In 1902, however, Panama was part of Colombia, who refused to sign the treaty giving the United States the right to build.

Roosevelt’s quote: “Speak softly and carry a big stick”.


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When the first ship finally steamed through the canal in August 1914, the canal was hailed as one of the world’s great engineering feats. Possession of the Panama Canal gave the United States even more of a stake in Latin America.


Construction of the canal began in 1904 and took more than 40,000 workers 10 years to complete.

Panama Canal: TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

Building of the Panama Canal:


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Under this addition, the United States would actively intervene to force Latin American countries to honor their foreign debts. Most Latin Americans viewed American actions as moves to turn their countries into “colonies” of the United States and to protect foreign businesses that were exploiting their resources.


In 1904 President Theodore Roosevelt extended the Monroe Doctrine in what became known as the Roosevelt Corollary.

Roosevelt Corollary:

Enforcing the Monroe Doctrine: the western hemisphere was closed to European colonization.

Pres. Roosevelt said the US would intervene in Latin American affairs when needed

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905


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In 1835 the Americans and some Mexicans in Texas revolted and the next year set up an independent republic.

MexicoDuring the 1830s, opposition to the dictatorial rule of General Antonio López de Santa Anna–the dictatorial ruler of Mexico–grew in the Mexican state of Texas, where many Americans had settled.


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Conflict soon developed between Mexico and the United States, and Mexico lost the Mexican War. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), nearly half of Mexico’s territory went to the United States.

Mexico (cont.) In 1845, ignoring Mexican opposition, Texas joined the American republic as a state.


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In 1855 Mexican voters chose Benito Juárez, a lawyer of Native American background, as president. In 1863, when Mexico could not pay its foreign debts, French troops occupied Mexico City. In 1864 Mexican conservatives, supported by the French, named Austrian Archduke Maximilian emperor of Mexico.

Reform and ConflictAfter the Mexican War, Mexico entered an era of change known as La Reforma.


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Four years after Juárez’s death in 1872, General Porfirio Díaz seized power. Díaz strengthened the army and limited individual freedoms. While the rich prospered, most Mexicans remained poor farmers, working on large estates for low wages.

Reform and Conflict (cont.) The French, under American pressure, withdrew their troops from Mexico, and Juárez returned to power.


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During this time, armies of farmers, workers, ranchers, and even soldaderas, or women soldiers, fought the authorities and each other throughout Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution Discontent with Díaz eventually led to revolution. From 1910 to 1920, Mexico was engulfed by the first major social upheaval in modern Latin America.


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Once in power, Madero was murdered by one of his generals, Victoriano Huerta. A year later, Huerta himself was toppled from power.

The Mexican Revolution (cont.) The revolution began when Francisco Madero, a liberal reformer, and his supporters overthrew Díaz in 1910.


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Zapata and his followers fought for the rights of impoverished farmers. Like Zapata, Villa proposed radical reforms.

The Mexican Revolution (cont.) Three revolutionary leaders– Emiliano Zapata, Francisco “Pancho” Villa, and Venustiano Carranza–competed for power.


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In retaliation, Villa crossed the border into New Mexico and killed 18 Americans. United States President Woodrow Wilson then sent American troops into Mexico to capture Villa.

The Mexican Revolution (cont.) The more conservative Carranza, however, was able to become president in 1915 with American support.

Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy is Challenged in Mexico

•Mexican Civil War broke out against the government of Porfirio Diaz a brutal dictator

The rebels were led by Francisco Madero who was then overthrown by Victoriano Huerta. Huerta’s government was brutal and not recognized by Wilson. Without U.S. support it was hoped it would collapseWilson sold arms to Huerta’s rival and Huerta’s troops arrested some American sailors. Wilson sent troops to the port of Veracruz, the show of force made Huerta flee Pancho Villa a rebel continued fighting and attacked the U.S. and killed 16 AmericansThe U.S. sent General Pershing to try and capture Villa in Mexico. They pursued him for a year before withdrawing. War was barely averted.


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In 1920 Carranza himself was killed during a revolt that brought General Álvaro Obregón to power. As the revolutionary violence began to subside in the early 1920s, relations between Mexico and the United States became less tense.

The Mexican Revolution (cont.) In 1917 Carranza reluctantly introduced a liberal constitution but was slow in carrying out reforms.

Constable of the World

march 24, 2013

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