marchetti, christopher - elementary ancient greek unit 1

8/13/2019 Marchetti, Christopher - Elementary Ancient Greek Unit 1

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ELEMENTARY ANCIENT GREEK

UNIT 1

by Christopher Marchetti

2001 by Christopher Marchetti


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et discipulis et magistris meis


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ELEMENTARY ANCIENT GREEK

Unit One

Preface 1

Chapter 1: The Alphabet 2

The Alphabet: Breathing Marks: Accentuation:

The Gods Names

Chapter 2: The Farmer 10

- Dclnsion - Vrs

Subject-Verb-Direct Object Sentences

Chapter 3: The Maid 24

- Dclnsion -, -, -, - Vrs

Use of the Genitive: Prepositional Phrases

Chapter 4: The General 32

-, -, - Verbs: Identifying Verb Stems

Chapter 5: The Fool at the Feast 42

Long Dclnsion Intifying Noun Stms Enclitics

Chapter 6: At the Shrine 52

Nutr Gnr to in plc

Substantive Adjectives

Chapter 7: The Jackdaw 62

Predicate Nominative: Dative of Possession:

Predicative Adjective: Attributive Adjective


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Chapter 8: The Kid 70

Paroxytone Nouns

Chapter 9: Imperfect Tense 76

Chapter 10: Future Tense 80

Second Principal Part

Chapter 11: Aorist Tense 86

Third Principal Part

Chapter 12: Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses 94Fourth Principal Part

Chapter 13: The Lyre 102

Conugtion of

Chapter 14: The Fool and the Donkey 108

Adverbs of Manner

Chapter 15: The Student 114

- Dclnsion, short Dclnsion

Declension Paradigms 122

Conjugation Paradigms 126

Six Principal Parts of Verbs 130

Glossary 134

Index 144


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PREFACE

The genius of the ancient Greeks is uniquely captured in their language

and literature. The Iliad and Odysseyof Homer, our earliest poems of Western

Literature, still cast their perennially stunning spell. The tragedies of Aeschylus,

Sophocles, and Euripides pose haunting questions, as yet unanswered. The

comedies of Aristophanes and Menander are peopled with characters youll

recognize as friends and neighbors, though Aristophanes is a bit outrageous.

Herodotus, called the Father of History, tells how the Greeks united

under the leadership of Athens to defeat the invasions of the Persian emperors

Darius and Xerxes at the beginning of the 5 th century B.C. Thucydides, who

wrote his account of the Peloponnesian War to be an everlasting possession,

tells how Athens squandered her glory in a war against her rival, the Greek city-

state of Sparta, at the end of that century.

Platos philosophical dialogues preserve the inquisitive method of his

teacher, Socrates; his overriding concern is with how people come to experience

and recognize that which is truly good. The philosopher Aristotle established

the rules of rigorous logical investigation, seeking to understand what it means

to be. His wide-ranging studies also included science, politics, ethics, and

literature.

Learning the language of the ancient Greeks is the best way we can

vividly experience their unparalleled contribution to our culture and civilization.


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2 Elementary Ancient Greek

CHAPTER 1: THE ALPHABET

alpha as in father

beta b as in bit

gamma g as in get

delta d as in den

epsilon

zeta dz as in gadzooks

eta

theta th as in thoughtiota ,

kappa k as in kit

lambda l as in lit

mu m as in meet

nu n as in neat

xi ks = x as in taxi

omicron as in off

pi p as in pen

rho slightly rolled r

sigma s as in set

tau t as in ten

upsilon uy as in put

phi ph = f as in phone

chi ch = kh as in Loch Ness

psi ps as in flaps

omega


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SAMPLE VOCABULARY

= athlete

b n = book

g = geography

kr t = democracy

= I

z n = living creature

= amber (cf. electron)

th = god d = form; appearance; notion

k ls = beautiful

l gs = word

m = melody

n = new thing

x ln = piece of wood

l = Olympia

= poet

th ms = rhythm

sn t ks = syntax

t = technical skill

s = hymn, song

= voice, sound

= character

= soul

= oh (calling someone)


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VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

Vowels are letters that represent sounds made with the

unobstructed breath. There are seven vowels in the Greek alphabet:

, , , , , , .

The consonants represent sounds made with the lips, teeth,

nose, or throat. There are seventeen consonants in the Greek

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

u, w , y , , .

The dental sounds, those made by the teeth, are represented by the , , , . u u, w ,

y , , , . u, ,

y , , .

that represent combinations of consonant u , .

represents the combination represented by dandz .

.

SMOOTH AND ROUGH BREATHING MARKS

Any word beginning with a vowel must have a breathing mark

over that vowel. (When the initial vowel is capitalized, the breathing

mark is written just before it.) There are two types of breathing

marks: smooth breathing marks and rough breathing marks. A

smooth breathing mark, , w vw u

sound of the word. A rough breathing mark, , u

of hbefore the vowel. A rough breathing mark appears also over the

w.


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SYLLABIFICATION AND ACCENTUATION

A syllable is a sound consisting of a vowel and the consonant or

consonants pronounced together as one unit with the vowel. A word

pronounced with one syllable is called monosyllabic. A word with more

than one syllable is called polysyllabic. A word with two syllables is

called bisyllabic, and a word with three syllables is called trisyllabic.

Many words have more than three syllables, but there are no special

names for them.

A consonant or group of consonants at the beginning of a word

belongs with the first vowel of the word. If a word begins with a

vowel, the first syllable begins with that vowel. A single consonant

standing between two vowels belongs with the second vowel. A pair

of consonants between two vowels are usually divided between the

two syllables, unless the two consonants represent a consonant blend.

u , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , . A w

belongs with the last syllable.

There are special names for the last three syllables of a word:

1. the last syllable of a word is called the ultima

2. the second to last syllable is called the penult

3. the third to last syllable is called the antepenult.

If a word has only one syllable, it is considered the ultima.


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Almost every word has an accent mark on one of its syllables.

There are three types of accent: acute, , v, , ux, .

An acute accent represents a rise in the vocal pitch; a grave accent

represents a drop in vocal pitch, and a circumflex accent represents a

waver in vocal pitch. The accent mark is written over the vowel of

the syllable.

An acute accent can appear on the ultima, penult, or antepenult

of a word. A grave accent can appear only on the ultima of a word.

A circumflex accent can appear on the ultima or penult of a word.

There are five classifications of words, according to the type

and position of their accents.

1. An oxytone word has an acute accent on the ultima.

2. A paroxytone word has an acute accent on the penult.

3. A proparoxytone word has an acute accent on the antepenult.

4. A perispomenon word has a circumflex accent on the ultima.

5. A properispomenon word has a circumflex accent on the penult.

There is no special name for a word with a grave accent. It is

considered an oxytone word, but the acute accent on the ultima is

turned to a grave accent when the word is followed by another word

in a sentence (or letter name):

uu

uu y


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CLASSIFICATION AND SYLLABIFICATION OF

THE NAMES OF THE LETTERS AND VOCABULARY

1. Oxytone

2. Paroxytone

3. Proparoxytone

4. Perispomenon

5. Properispomenon


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DIPHTHONGS

Diphthongs represent the union of two vowels in one syllable.

There are eight diphthongs in Ancient Greek. The first vowel can be

, , , , . vw wy .

word begins with a diphthong, the breathing mark goes over the

second vowel.

s = cat

ow as in cow ow ts = self

t = I am = well

= Eureka

oi as in toil = house

u s = sky, heaven

w w s = son

. xy , , ,

. xy

. xy ,

.

IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS AND IOTA SUBSCRIPTS

, , w ,

sound of the first vowel. This is called an improper diphthong. If the

first vowel is capitalized, the iota is written after it; otherwise, the iota

appears in the form of an iota subscript beneath the vowel: , , .


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NAMES OF THE GODS

Zeus dz

Hera

Poseidon P s

Hades

Demeter

Hestia h

Aphrodite fr d

Athena

Hephaestos s

Ares

Apollo pl l

Artemis r t

Dionysos d s

Hermes h

1. Oxytone:

2. Paroxytone: , , , ,

, , ,

3. Proparoxytone: ,

4. Perispomenon: ,


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CHAPTER 2: THE FARMER

DECLENSION PARADIGMS

The Definite Article, Masculine

sing. pl.

Nom.

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

- Dsi Eis

sing. pl.

Nom. - -

Gen. - -

Dat. - -

Acc. - -

Oxytone Dsi

sing. pl.

Nom.

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.


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THE CASES

Nominative: The nominative case expresses the subject of the sentence.

Genitive: The genitive case expresses possession.

Dative: The dative case expresses the indirect object.

Accusative: The accusative case expresses the direct object.

DECLENSION OF THE NOUN

Singular

Nominative: = the god (subject)

Genitive: = of the god, the gods

Dative: = to or for the god

Accusative: = the god (direct object)

Plural

Nominative: o = the gods (subject)

Genitive: = of the gods

Dative: = to or for the gods

Accusative: = the gods (direct object)


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CONJUGATION PARADIGMS

PRESENT TENSE

First principle part + personal endings

sing. pl.

1 - -

2 - -

3 - -

uati t V

sing. pl.

1

2

3

SUBJECT, PERSON AND NUMBER

The subject of a sentence is what the sentence is about.Logically , the subject is that of which something is predicated.

Grammatically, the subject is the noun with which the verb agrees in

person and number. In ancient Greek, the subject is expressed in the

nominative case.

Verb conjugations identify the relationship between the speaker

and the person or thing that is the subject of the sentence. When the

speaker is speaking about himself, and is the subject of his own

sentence, he uses a first person form of the verb. When the speaker is

speaking about the person he is speaking to, he uses a second person

form of the verb. When the speaker is speaking about other people

or things, he uses a third person form of the verb.


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This relationship is expressed in English by the personal

pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, they. While Greek does have

corresponding personal pronouns which you will learn later, the verb

conjugation itself is sufficient to identify the subject of the sentence.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB

Singular

First Person: = I release; destroy

Second Person: = you (sing.) release

Third Person: = he, she, it releases

Plural

First Person = we release

Second Person = you (pl.) release

Third Person = they release

MOVABLE NU

When a 3rdplural verb form, with the final letters , s at t

end of a sentence, the end of a clause, or before a word beginning

with a vowel, the letter nu will be added to that verb form.

The farmers release the rams.

.

.

.


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SPELLING OF THE ADVER , ,

1. Before a word beginning with a consonant: 2. Before a word beginning with a smooth vowel:

. a w ii wit a u vw

VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, AND THE PLACEMENT OF

BREATHING MARKS

Four words in this chapter begin with two vowels in a row:

= t . si. = t = aist = s. I , ,

a , t ati a, wt u st, is a

over the second of the two initial vowels. In , it aas v

the first. This shows that in , t vws a a t pronounced separately, as two distinct syllables: . I t t

three words, the first two letters are pronounced together in one

sya syai syai . Tw vws

thus joined into one syllable are called diphthongs.

Diphthongs represent the union of two vowels in one syllable.

T s vw is aways it . Aitia ws iui

diphthongs in this chapters vocabulary are these verbs: =

ut, at = = ut, at a =

nod.


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VOWEL LENGTH

In Greek, the term vowel length refers to the length of time a

vowel was pronounced in its syllable of a word. (This differs from

the meaning in English phonics of the term vowel length, by which

different sounds are distinguished.)

T vws , a aways .

The vws , a aways st.

T vws , , a stis a stis st.

Dipthongs are long, with some exceptions. In this chapter, all

dipthongs are long except the nominative plural ending -.

ACCENTUATION

All words in this chapter have an accent, except the adverb

, , , a t iit ati t iativ as, siua

plural, a . Ts ws a a itis. A iti w

is pronounced together with the word that follows it.

The rules of Greek accentuation require one to count the

syllables of a word from the end of the word. The last syllable of a

word is called the ultima. The second to last syllable is called the

penult. The third to last syllable is called the antepenult.


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ACCENTUATION OF VERBS

Greek verbs follow a rule called recessive accentuation. All of

the verbs in this chapter have acute accents on the penult, or second

to last syllable, in the first person singular (which is the form by

which verbs are listed in the dictionary). In order to apply the rule

of recessive accentuation, one must consider the length of the vowel

in the words last syllable, the ultima. The rule of recessive accent

states that the accent of a verb will be an acute accent on the syllable

as far from the ultima as allowed by the quantity, long or short, of the

ultima. If the ultima of the verb form contains a long vowel or

diphthong, the accent will be an acute on the penult. If, however, the

vowel in the ultima is short, the words accent will be an acute on the

antepenult.

In the conjugation of the present tense, taught in this chapter,

the singular endings are monosyllabic: -, -, -. is a vw

wi is aways is a it. Ts is wi

become the ultimae of the singular forms of the conjugation. Since

all are long, the singular forms of the verb all have an acute accent on

t ut , , .


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The plural forms all have bisyllabic endings: -, -, -.

In each case, the vowel in the last syllable is short. Therefore, the

accent on each plural form of the present tense is an acute on the

atut , , .

It is characteristic of the present tense that the accent is always

written on the same vowel of the verb stem. This will not necessarily

be true in other tenses.

ACCENTUATION OF NOUNS

Ancient Greek nouns follow a principle called persistent

accentuation. The accent tends to stay on the same syllable, though it

may change from one type to another. All of the nouns in this

chapter have their accent on the last syllable, the ultima. They have

acute accents in the nominative and accusative, singular and plural,

and circumflex accents in the genitive and dative, singular and

plural. They are oxytone in the nominative and accusative, and

perispomenon in the genitive and dative.

The acute accent at the end of an oxytone word becomes a

grave accent when another word follows that word in a sentence.

The nouns in this chapter are oxytone nouns that have an acute


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accent in the nominative and accusative cases. If such a noun is

written in a sentence in the nominative or the accusative case, its

acute accent will be turned into a grave accent, unless the word

comes at the end of its sentence.

GREEK SYNTAX AND WORD ORDER

Like Latin, Greek uses the case endings of nouns to indicate the

syntactic role of the noun in the sentence. In English, the order of the

sentence indicates the syntactic role of each member.

In the sentence The farmer honors the gods, the subject is the

farmer. T tasat it it G, t w = a wi

used in the nominative singular: . F t v, honors, the

v = wi ut it t ti s siua

. F t it t, t w = will be used in

t ausativ ua .

.

The farmer honors the gods.

The Greek sentence can be rearranged: as long as each noun has

the same case ending and the verb has the same person and number, the

meaning of the sentence will be the same. Each of the following

sentences means The farmer honors the gods.


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.

.

.

.

.

Conversely, the meaning of a sentence will change if the word

endings are changed, though the word order remain the same.

.

The farmer catches the rams.

.

The rams catch the farmer.

PUNCTUATION

A declarative sentence ends in a period, as in English. A

usti is iiat y a si. aus is iiat y a

comma, as in English; an oxytone noun keeps its acute accent before a

comma.


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NOUNS

, - field, - farmer

, - god

, - fruit, crop

, - ram

, - rainstorm

, - son

VERBS

hunt, catch

drench

serve, honor; treat sacrifice

release, destroy

nod

grow, produce

ADVERBS

yes

, not

never, not at all


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MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES

. Tasat t wi u s.1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

. asat t wi v s.

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9. 5. 10.

C. Translate into Ancient Greek.

Nouns Verbs

1. of the ram 1. you (s.) serve

2. to the gods 2. we nod

3. the sons (d.o.) 3. it produces

4. the rainstorms (sub.) 4. they sacrifice

5. the field (d.o.) 5. you (pl.) hunt


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MODEL SENTENCES

1. .The farmer serves the gods.

2. .

The farmer catches a ram.

3. .

The farmer sacrifices the ram to the gods.

. .

The gods nod to the farmer.

5. .

The rainstorm drenches the fields.

. .

The fields produce the crop.

7. .

The farmer catches a ram.

8. .

The god nods to the ram.

9. .

s t a ass t a.

10. .

The farmer does not sacrifice the ram.


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GREEK TO ENGLISH TRANSLATION

1. o .

.

. , .

4. .

. .

.

. . .

8. .

9. .

.

11. .

12. .

. .

14. .

. .

ENGLISH TO ANCIENT GREEK TRANSLATION.

1. The farmers son catches the ram.

2. Do you (pl.) release the ram?

3. Yes, we release the ram.

4. Do you (sing.) sacrifice to the god of rams?

5. Not at all. I sacrifice to the god of farmers.


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