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www.stjohnriver.org
Marching Into History New Brunswick’s 104
th Regiment of Foot and
the War of 1812:
Teacher’s Guide for War of 1812 Education Trunk
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. A Very Canadian Story: New Brunswick’s 104th
Regiment of Foot- 2 page summary………………………………………. 1
2. An Overview of Documents and Artefacts in This Education Trunk …. 3
3. A Detailed Introduction to the War of 1812
and New Brunswick’s Role………………………………………………… 11
4. New Brunswick Grade 5 Social Studies Curriculum Connections…….. 14
5. War of 1812 Reading List: A List of Resources and Reading
on the War of 1812………………………………………………………….. 17
6. Historica Dominion National War of 1812 Education Guide
………………………………………………………………. Separate in the trunk
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A Very Canadian Story- New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot In June 1812, the United States declared war on Great Britain, beginning a 30 month conflict waged at sea and on the long land frontier in North America. In New Brunswick, there was fear and watchfulness and preparation, but the land war did not come here; instead, New Brunswick went to the war. The winter of 1813 was one of extreme cold and heavy snows. Between February and April, New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot marched more than 1100 kilometres from Fredericton, New Brunswick to Kingston, Upper Canada (Ontario) to reinforce British troops and thwart an expected invasion by the Americans. This effort by a regiment of poorly clothed, frostbitten and hungry soldiers stands as an incredible feat in military history. That they battled the elements before they battled the enemy makes this story very Canadian.
The Americans sought to seize British North America with a series of invasions in the summer and fall of 1812, however each assault was repulsed by the British. With the onset of winter in 1812 came word that the Americans were planning a major attack in the spring of 1813. The British army needed more troops, but the usual access route, the St. Lawrence River, was already frozen and closed to shipping. Senior officers in Upper Canada (Ontario) remembered New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot and concluded that they were the answer to the problem. In early 1813 New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot was ordered to “make ready to march”. Close to 600 soldiers and officers left Fredericton on February 16th, 1813. These soldiers had been recruited from places like New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario and Scotland and came from all situations in life, from rich officers to the very poor who could only earn enough to eat through soldiering.
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Marching single file, pulling toboggans laden down with food and muskets while bugles played the traditional leaving song “The Girl I Left Behind Me”, the men set off from their garrison in Fredericton in companies of 100 on six successive days. The march took place during the coldest, snowiest winter in 20 years. Each group had to break new trail, as the previous company’s tracks had been snowed under during the night. During the first seven days they found nightly shelter in houses and barns along the way. By the eighth day the men encountered the wilderness of the upper St. John River, and each night the men dug 5 feet into the snow with their snowshoes and chopped poles for a roof to their hut, as temperatures dropped below -27C. Their only barrier against the cold was a fire and a threadbare woolen blanket. The regiment arrived in Kingston, Upper Canada (Ontario) on April 12th, 1813 after marching 1176 km (730 miles) in 55 days, covering an average of 27 km per day. Many men suffered from frostbite and other ailments from the effects of snowshoeing such a long journey, yet only one soldier, almost certainly ill before leaving Fredericton, died during the march, at Woodstock. New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment participated in most of the well known battles of the War of 1812 including the Battle of Lundy’s Lane, the attack on Fort Erie and the Battle of Beaver Dams made famous by Laura Secord. After the war, around 100 veterans returned to New Brunswick. 50 received land grants in the military settlement formed between Grand Falls and Presqu’Ile on the St. John River. Another 15 received land grants between Fredericton and St. Andrews. With the help of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot, the provinces of British North America stood together to fend off attacks from the United States of America. The bonds of nationhood began to form, setting a path leading to Confederation 55 years later on July 1st, 1867.
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An Overview of Documents and Artefacts in the War of 1812 in New
Brunswick Education Trunk
The history of the War of 1812 provides many avenues of exploration and can be used
to supplement various learning outcomes. The collection of reproduction artefacts and
documents included in this trunk provide a varied and interdisciplinary approach to
the study of the history of this conflict, especially as it pertains to New Brunswick. Ideas
of citizenship as well as social differences can be explored through the use of the trunk’s
contents, as well as comparative approaches with the 1812 era and the modern day.
As part of Canada’s War of 1812 Bicentennial commemorations, The St. John River
Society has developed education trunks around this important provincial and national
story. These education kits are an attempt to help increase historical knowledge of this
pivotal moment on the road to nationhood.*
Each trunk contains reproduction artefacts and materials representing the conflict and
its participants from the perspective of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot.
Material is also included which provides a comparison between 1812 and the modern
day.
* These education trunks have been vetted by the Province of New Brunswick Department of Education.
They are not official curriculum material but rather supplemental material. All references to curriculum
outcomes and other similar references are suggested connections only and do not represent official
endorsement by the Department of Education.
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The intention of the trunk is to enable educators, through the use of the contents, to
explore aspects of the War of 1812 to supplement the teaching of various New
Brunswick Social Studies curriculum outcomes. While the kit is calibrated toward a
social studies focus, the concepts and materials can be employed to supplement other
subjects.
The kit is designed with an open concept structure, to give educators the freedom to
utilize all or just certain elements in any way they see fit to achieve their teaching
outcomes. The target age group for this education kit is Grade 5; however Grades 3, 4
and 5 may find elements of the kit useful.
ITEMIZED DESCRIPTION OF EDUCATION TRUNK CONTENTS
The Trunk
The wooden trunk is designed to look like a soldier’s footlocker from 1812. It was
handcrafted by Mr. Doug Hall of Gagetown, New Brunswick. Research was completed
on all components of the construction of this box to ensure its historical accuracy.
Wood used in the construction of this box was cut at Reid’s Mill, located on the St. John
River just south of Gagetown. The smokestack of the mill is all that remains of the site
today, but the mill was an important employer for the Gagetown area from 1919 to
1953. The saw mill was typical of the period, with logs being floated down the river to
the mill. Unbelievable but true, the wood used to make this box is from a tree that
started growing in 1812. The box has no nails and is pegged together. The sides are
reinforced with iron and the handles and hinges are made of leather. The cipher on the
box is King George III’s arrow, a common marking for government goods produced
during his reign.
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DOCUMENTS
Biographies of Soldiers of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot
The St. John River Society has compiled biographies of 36 soldiers of New Brunswick’s
104th Regiment of Foot. The Society hired a historian who researched these histories in
the Provincial Archives and from other sources. The biographies were then written at
an appropriate reading level and in a first-person voice, to allow the students to
experience history through the eyes of a soldier on the march.
Descendants of members of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot
Around 100 soldiers of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot, in addition to soldiers
from other regiments, settled in New Brunswick after the War of 1812. This map shows
where many of these veterans settled. The roll lists the names of these War of 1812
veterans who settled in New Brunswick. Many of their names are still common in these
areas. Perhaps your students share a name and a common heritage with a veteran of
New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot.
Outline of British Army Regimental Structure
The most important part of the British Army in 1812 was its regiments. The army
reflected the society in which it was raised. The accompanying document looks at how
a regiment was organized as well as ranks and pay scales.
Letters from Officers of New Brunswick’s 104th
Hear history in the words of those who were there. Included in the kit are three letters
describing the march, written by three different participants. The words of Andrew
Playfair, Charles Rainsford and John Le Couteur give modern audiences the best
description of this important event in Canadian history.
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First Nations Neutrality Agreement
Two of New Brunswick’s three First Nations remained neutral in the War of 1812. The
Passamaquoddy and the Wolastoqiyik both signed a neutrality agreement. This
agreement was recorded by the Provincial Secretary of the time, Jonathan Odell.
What the Soldiers of New Brunswick’s 104th Ate on the March
The soldiers of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot ate differently from civilians at
the time and very differently from how people eat today. This document offers a
comparison of food on the march and eating habits today and offers an opportunity for
comparison. It can also encourage a discussion about the constraints of packing food
for long journeys.
Recipes of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot
Napoleon Bonaparte of France was quoted as saying that “an army marches on its
stomach”. New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot was no different. In the kit there is a
write up of the rations and food of the regiment during their infamous march to
Kingston, Upper Canada (Ontario) in the winter of 1813, as well as two recipes of meals
they ate at the time.
Songs and Poems of the Era
Music was an important part of daily life. Singing could lighten the mood and help the
soldiers of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot endure the bitter and biting cold.
Included here are a collection of songs that were popular in the early 1800s. You may
even recognize some of the songs.
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ARTEFACTS
March Route Map
New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot marched to Kingston, Upper Canada (Ontario)
by following the natural terrain of the St. John River and the Madawaska River, across
Lake Témiscouata and the Grand Portage to the St. Lawrence River and then on to
Kingston. The map included in the kit shows the route that the regiment took, along
with many of their overnight stopping places highlighted. Compare this with the
modern map of New Brunswick that is included. How have things changed?
Musket Balls
The standard firearm of the British Army in 1812 was the India Pattern Brown Bess
musket. It was called India pattern since the East India Company developed this
version of the musket. There are two possible origins for the name Brown Bess. The first
was that it was nicknamed after Queen Elizabeth I. The second is that it comes from the
colour of the wood and the word arquebuse which was an early firearm.
The Brown Bess weighed 4.39 kg and was 140 cm long. Its barrel was 19 mm in
diameter. However the diameter of the musket ball fired was smaller often around 17.5
mm. The ball weighed 32 g. The reason for this was that the gunpowder used to fire the
ball would leave a residue in the barrel making it hard to load the musket. The
difference between the barrel and ball size meant that the musket was very inaccurate
since when fired the ball would bounce down the barrel. It was accurate to only about
50 m. It had to be reloaded each time before it was fired.
Modern Bullets
The standard firearm of the modern Canadian military is the C-7A1 Assault Rifle. It
weighs 3.9 kg when loaded and is 100.5 cm long. It fires a bullet 5.56 mm in diameter,
the same as its barrel. The bullet weighs approximately 4g. The barrel is rifled which
means there are grooves that spin the bullet when it is fired which makes it more
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accurate. It is accurate to about 400 m. It can be fired 30 times before having to be
reloaded.
Comparison:
Weight Length Calibre
Weight of
shot
Effective
Range
Brown
Bess 4.39 kg 140 cm 19 mm 32 g 50 m
C-7A1 3.9 kg 100.5 cm 5.56 mm 4 g 400 m
Uniforms of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot
The soldiers of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot wore distinctive uniforms. The
uniforms were designed to make the soldiers look bigger and taller than they were in
order to intimidate their opponents. The doll in this education trunk can be dressed in a
representation of their uniform. Important things to consider are how uniforms and
their purposes have changed over time, from intimidation and visibility to protection
and camouflage.
Snowshoes
New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot marched close to 1200 kilometres from
February to April 1813. They marched most of this distance on snowshoes. They used
Huron or Beavertail style snowshoes, like those in this education trunk. Everyone is
welcome to try on these snowshoes and walk around – snow or not.
Woollen Blanket
Each soldier of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot was issued one wool blanket.
The blankets were often thin and provided little warmth in the extremely low
temperatures the soldiers endured during the march. Temperatures recorded during
the march were often around -27° C.
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Recruitment Material
The life of a soldier was difficult in the 1800s, however many chose to join the army.
Recruits were often enticed by the promise of money and land grants like those offered
in this recruiting advertisement, which appeared in the Quebec Gazette on 24 February
1804. Compare these with the modern Canadian Forces recruitment material in the
trunk.
Image: Traveling on the River St. John, New Brunswick by Emeric Essex Vidal, 1817
Vidal joined the Royal Navy as a boy and served until 1853. He travelled the world and
has left an extensive collection of water colours noted for their realistic depictions. His
work Travelling on the River St. John provides a fine example of the mode of
transportation in winter. New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot travelled in much the
same way during their journey to Kingston in 1813.
Image: New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, N.B. :W6798; 2011.8.1
Photo: The Home of Captain Daniel Morehouse, Kings Landing Historical
Settlement, Prince William, New Brunswick
The soldiers of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot spent a night at the home
Captain Daniel Morehouse, a prominent Loyalist settler in Upper Queensbury, New
Brunswick. As the march progressed away from the developed areas of the province,
the soldiers had to construct their own shelter in the snow and sleep outdoors.
Undoubtedly they longed for more comfortable lodging like the home of Captain
Morehouse. The house still exists and can be visited at Kings Landing Historical
Settlement, in Prince William, New Brunswick.
Image: Presqu’Ile Military Post
The soldiers of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot stayed at the Presqu’Ile
military post, located south of present day Florenceville-Bristol. This image is a
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rendering by artist and historian Ernest Clarke, and provides a historically-researched
interpretation of what this military post looked like in 1813.
Post-War Military Settlement Map
Around 100 soldiers of New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot, in addition to soldiers
from other regiments, settled in New Brunswick after the War of 1812. This map shows
where many of these veterans settled. Use this map in conjunction with the names of
settlers and descendants document to determine whether the legacies of these soldiers
still exist in your community today and your class can also do genealogical research on
other New Brunswick communities.
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A Detailed Introduction to the War of 1812 and New Brunswick’s Role
In 1812 Great Britain was at war with Napoleonic France and this had unfortunate
consequences for Anglo-American relations. The British trade embargo with France adversely
affected the American merchants who loudly complained to their government. The Royal
Navy desperately needed sailors and so impressed (forcefully removed) any British sailors,
who were presumed to be deserters, which they found aboard American ships. Additionally,
American expansion into the old North West, the area south and east of the Great Lakes, was
resisted by the First Nations peoples. The Americans were angered by what they perceived as
active material support of the First Nations resistance by the British.
These grievances escalated into a crisis and, when they could not be amicably resolved, the
United States declared war against Great Britain on 18 June 1812. The focus of the land war
quickly became Upper Canada (Ontario) with Lower Canada (Quebec) coming second. The
war in the Maritime Provinces was almost a non-event with the exception of the naval war
between the Royal Navy, the United States Navy and privateers on both sides.1
The British held their own in Upper Canada during the summer of 1812, even capturing
Detroit from the Americans and defending Queenston Heights from American invasion. The
Americans were planning to mount a major offensive when the campaign season opened in
the spring of 1813. The British were aware of this and urgently needed reinforcements to help
counter this threat. Reinforcements would normally have come by sea up the St. Lawrence
River to Quebec City. This route was closed by ice during the winter and would not open
again until April and this would be too late. This meant that the only immediate source for
reinforcements was the Maritime Provinces.
In order for reinforcements to reach Quebec or Ontario in winter time, they would have to
travel over the line of communications, or Grand Communications Route, that ran from the
Bay of Fundy up the St. John River and Madawaska River to Lake Témiscouata and over the
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Grand Portage to the St. Lawrence River and then onwards to Quebec City. Due to the quiet
nature of the land war in the Maritimes, it was decided to send New Brunswick’s 104th
Regiment of Foot to Quebec City.
So it was, that in February 1813, some 600 officers and men of the New Brunswick’s 104th
Regiment of Foot received their orders to leave Fredericton and march to the front. Six
companies of 100 men each of the 104th Regiment of Foot set off from Fredericton beginning
on 16 February 1813. They were poorly clad - their shipment of new winter uniforms had
been seized by an American privateer - and, for most of the way, through one of the coldest
and snowiest winters in memory, trudged on snowshoes dragging their equipment behind
them piled on toboggans. Some nights they were fortunate and found shelter in homes or
barns, but many nights, with temperatures as low as -30 C, they slept in the open, shivering
around fires, wrapped in the single blanket allotted to each man. Despite the privations, the
104th persevered, arriving in Kingston some 1206 kilometers later on 12 April 1813, in time to
take part in the fighting at Sackets Harbor, New York in 1813 and many other battles
throughout 1813 and 1814.
The war escalated in 1813. York, the site of future Toronto, was seized and burned by the
Americans. Later that summer the Niagara Peninsula was invaded by the Americans and
became the site of fighting and some of the best known events of the war. It was at the Battle
of Beaver Dams that Captain FitzGibbon of the 49th, acting in part on intelligence received
from Laura Secord, who had braved American patrols and the elements to forewarn
FitzGibbon of an impending American attack, was able to convince the Americans that he had
a superior force and forced them to surrender. That same summer significant attacks by the
Americans against Lower Canada were repulsed at the Battle of Crysler’s Farm and at the
Battle of Châteauguay. The later is notable for the leadership of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles
de Salaberry and his French Canadian troops.
The war reached its bloody zenith in 1814 with the Battle of Lundy’s Lane and the Siege of
Fort Erie. Meanwhile with Napoleon defeated, albeit temporarily in Europe, battle hardened
British Regiments poured into North America and major offensives were launched, which
included the burning of Washington, D.C. and the White House.
The Treaty of Ghent signed on 24 December 1814 restored the peace, however the war’s final
battle was fought after the peace treaty was signed in the bayous near New Orleans where
American soldiers and militiamen led by future president Andrew Jackson defeated an
attacking British force. Neither side was aware that peace had been restored.
Despite being relatively unknown, the conflict had significant consequences for both the
United States and the British North American provinces which became Canada in 1867. By
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resisting attempts by the U.S. to seize them, the colonies of British North America ensured
that they would remain a part of Great Britain. Many of the soldiers, including 100 of New
Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot, settled in the colonies after the war where they helped
shape and lead the development of those areas. Unity in the face of a common enemy left a
strong legacy and set the course toward confederation a mere 55 years after the outbreak of
the War of 1812. Had the U.S. succeeded in their attempt to seize British North America, the
history of Canada and even the existence of Canada itself would have been radically different.
For the new United States, the war settled many of the outstanding issues that caused them to
declare war in the first place, such as impressments. Significantly it affirmed American
control over the old North West Frontier, the area south of the Great Lakes, at the expense of
First Nations. The First Nations people, despite their contribution to both sides of the conflict,
lost their influence and faced a grim future.
1. Gary Campbell, Mapping the March of the 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot
www.stjohnriver.org See also Pierre Berton, War of 1812, Anchor Canada, 2011; Robert
Dallison, A Neighbourly War: New Brunswick and the War of 1812, Goose Lane Editions,
2012; Alan Taylor, The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels
and Indian Allies, Knopf, 2010.
2. Campbell, op.cit., pg. 2
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New Brunswick Grade 5 Social Studies Curriculum Connections
Suggestions on how to use the War of 1812 education trunk with New Brunswick’s
social studies curriculum outcomes
Unit #1: Introduction- How Do We Learn About the Past?
Unit #1 and the War of 1812 in NB: The rich variety of primary sources regarding New
Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot offers an opportunity through which to explore this
important part of Canadian history and a means to discover the past. Additionally,
reproduction artefacts included in the trunk offer a chance to examine the items that
influenced the lifestyles and actions of the people of the era.
Trunk Material to Support This Unit:
1. First person letter by Lieutenant Andrew Playfair
2. First person letter by Lieutenant John Le Couteur
3. First person letter by Lieutenant Charles Rainsford
4. Biographical sketches of 35 soldiers and officers of New Brunswick’s 104th
Regiment of Foot, so each student in the class can adopt and learn about a
person participating in this historic march.
Unit #2: How Were Past Societies Influenced by the Environment?
Unit #2 and the War of 1812 in NB: The St. John River was the most important
communication route between the Canadas and the Maritimes during Canada’s colonial
history. Without the St. John River, Canada could look very different from how it does
today. This communication route carried people and messages from Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick to decision makers in what is now Quebec and Ontario (then Lower
and Upper Canada). The importance of this route was no accident. It had been the
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main transportation route for the Wolastoqiyik long before Europeans arrived. The
word “Wolastoqiyik” means “People of the Bountiful River” (Wolastoq). The strategic
value of this “Grand Communications Route” is why the capital, Fredericton, was
settled on its banks, and why New Brunswick’s 104th Regiment of Foot was stationed
there. When the War of 1812 was declared and reinforcements were needed in the
winter of 1813, it was natural that the soldiers of the 104th would travel along the St.
John River up to the battlefields. They first had to face the unforgiving Canadian
landscape and one of the coldest, snowiest winters on record in 20 years.
Teachers may wish to compare the importance of a geographic feature which
influenced an ancient society, to the importance of the St. John River to the
development of New Brunswick society in the 1800s.
Trunk Material to Support This Unit:
1. Maps
2. First person letters and journals describing the cold climate and the terrain
3. Biographical sketches revealing the background and origin of the soldiers and
officers showing recruitment patterns and their careers before enlistment.
Unit #3: How Do Social Structures Inform Us About Societies?
Unit #3 and the War of 1812 in NB: A society such as New Brunswick has many
institutions to conduct its affairs. These institutions are structured in the same way that
the society which creates them is. Success and advancement in these institutions
therefore reflect the opportunities and barriers presented in the larger societal context to
which they are inextricably connected.
In 1812, the army had a variety of positions and ranks which could be accessed by
various means, depending on one’s position in society. Men of means – in 1812 the
army would have been closed to women – could become Commissioned Officers by
purchasing their rank. Those without the means to become an officer might voluntarily
enlist, enticed by the promise of land grants and recruitment bounties. Poor,
unfortunate souls might be impressed into service – that is to say involuntarily enlisted.
While the army reflected the larger social structure, it had a very different ethos than
the general population. It was a part of and yet separate from society. It was
hierarchical yet had a common and shared esprit de corps.
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A look at the diverse backgrounds and experiences of the soldiers of New Brunswick’s
104th Regiment of Foot, through first-hand knowledge and biographical sketches
provides students with a window to society in New Brunswick and the British world
circa 1800.
Teachers may find it practical to look at these issues in the comparative context of “Unit
#6: What Has Changed; What Has Remained the Same; How do We Know?” after the
ideas of Social Structure have been introduced in this unit.
Trunk Material to Support This Unit:
1. Biographical Sketches
2. Recruitment information and materials from 1812
3. Structure of the army ranks and what they mean and which levels of society fill
the various positions.
Unit #6: What Has Changed; What Has Remained the Same; How do We Know?
Unit #6 and the War of 1812 in NB: The soldiers of the 104th and modern day soldiers
provide an excellent exercise in comparing and contrasting what has changed and what
has remained the same both in New Brunswick and in society at large. Students can
review post-war settlement patterns and how they have impacted development
patterns in modern-day New Brunswick. There is also an opportunity to review service
in the military by reviewing artefacts from 1812 and from today and discuss their
differences and similarities.
Trunk Material to Support This Unit:
1. Maps: Post-war military settlements compared to modern day New Brunswick
communities.
2. Enlistment documents now and then.
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War of 1812 Reading List
A List of Resources and Reading on the War of 1812
Websites
Royal Canadian Geographic Society: http://eighteentwelve.ca/
Government of Canada: http://1812.gc.ca/
New Brunswick Museum: http://www.nbm-mnb.ca/
York Sunbury Museum: http://www.yorksunburymuseum.com/
St. John River Society: http://www.stjohnriver.org/
http://www.warof1812.ca/
http://www.1812nb.ca
New Brunswick Interest
Campbell, Gary, The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to
Quebec, Goose Lane Editions, 2005, ISBN: 0864924267
Dallison, Robert, A Neighbourly War: New Brunswick and the War of 1812, Goose Lane
Editions, 2012, ISBN: 0864926537
Graves, Donald E., Merry Hearts Make Light Days: The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant
John Le Couteur, 104th Foot, Robin Brass Studio, 2012, ISBN: 1896941664
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Kert, Faye, Trimming Yankee Sails: Pirates and Privateers of New Brunswick, Goose Lane
Editions, 2005, ISBN: 0864924429
Smith, Joshua M., Battle for the Bay: The Naval War of 1812, Goose Lane Editions, 2011,
ISBN: 0864926448
General Histories
Berton, Pierre, War of 1812, Anchor Canada, 2011, ISBN: 0385676484
Latimer, Jon, 1812 War with America, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010,
ISBN: 0674034775
Taylor, Alan, The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, and
Indian Allies, Knopf, 2010, ISBN: 1400042658
Young Adult
Berton, Pierre, The Battles of the War of 1812, Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 2006, ISBN:
1897252013
Mallory, Enid, Captain Fitz: FitzGibbon, Green Tiger of the War of 1812, Natural Heritage,
2011, ISBN: 1459701186
American Perspective
Borneman, Walter, 1812: The War That Forged a Nation, Harper Perennial, 2005, ISBN:
0060531133
Langguth, A.J., Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence,
Simon & Schuster, 2006, ISBN: 0743226186
Other Campaigns and Leaders
Antal, Sandy, A Wampum Denied: Procter’s War of 1812, Carleton University Press, 2011,
ISBN: 0773539379
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Gilbert, Bill, God Gave Us This Country: Tekamthi and the First American Civil War, Anchor,
1990, ISBN: 0385413572
Graves, Donald E., Field of Glory: The Battle of Crysler’s Farm, 1813, Jaguar Book Group,
1999, ISBN: 1896941109
Riley, Jonathan, A Matter of Honour: The Life, Campaigns and Generalship of Isaac Brock,
Robin Brass Studio, 2011, ISBN: 1896941656
Guidebooks
Collins, Gilbert, Guidebook to the Historic Sites of the War of 1812, Dundurn, 2006, ISBN:
1550026267