marching toward war chapter 29, section 1 adapted from: ms. susan m. pojer and mr. gregory yankey
TRANSCRIPT
Marching Toward
WarChapter 29, Section 1
Adapted from: Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Mr. Gregory Yankey
Aggressive NationalismAggressive Nationalism
IntroductionO Efforts to outlaw war and achieve a
permanent peace had been gaining momentum in Europe since the middle of the 19th century.
O Some Europeans believed that progress had made war a thing of the past.
O Yet in little more than a decade, a massive war would spread across the globe.
Rising Tensions in Europe
OBelow the surface of peace and goodwill, Europe witnessed several gradual developments that would ultimately help propel the continent into war.
The Rise of Nationalism
OEurope enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface
OGrowing nationalism leads to competition among nations
ONationalism in the Balkans leads many groups to demand independence
The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913
The Balkans in 1914
The Balkans in 1914
Imperialism and Militarism
O Imperialism, and the quest for colonies sometimes pushed European nations to the brink of war and intensified the sense of rivalry and mistrust.
OThe nations of Europe took pride in having strong militaries and being prepared for war. This led to a dangerous arms race.
OGlorifying military power is called militarism.
Tangled AlliancesOGrowing rivalries and mutual
mistrust had led to the creation of several military alliances among the Great Powers as early as the 1870s. This alliance system had been designed to keep peace in Europe. But it would instead help push the continent into war.
Bismarck Forges Early PactsOGermany’s Otto von Bismarck
works to keep peace in Europe aft 1871
OBelieves France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War
OSeeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances:OSigns treaty with Russia in 1881OForms Triple Alliance in 1882
OGermanyOAustria-HungaryOItaly
Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace
OKaiser Wilhelm II becomes German rulerOForeign policy changes begin in 1890
with dismissal of BismarckO Alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then
allies with FranceO Efforts to strengthen German navy, which
alarms Britain
OBritain, France, Russia form Triple Entente alliance in 1907
Triple Alliance (1881)
The Alliance SystemThe Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
The Major Players: 1914-17The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II [Rus]
Nicholas II [Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Allied Powers:Allied Powers:
Franz Josef [A-H]]Franz Josef [A-H]]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel II [It]
Victor Emmanuel II [It]
Central Powers:Central Powers:
Enver Pasha[Turkey]
Enver Pasha[Turkey]
Military AlliancesBefore World War I
Crisis in the BalkansO This mountainous
peninsula in the southeastern corner of Europe was home to an assortment of ethnic groups. With a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes, the Balkans was known as the “powder keg” of Europe.
A Restless RegionOBy the early 1900s the Ottoman Turks
had declined and the peoples of the Balkans had formed new nations: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia.
OSerbia had a large Slavic population and was supported by Russia.
O In 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbian leaders were outraged and tensions between the two nations rose.
A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
OOn June 28, 1914 the heir to the throne of Austria, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, paid a visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Foolishly, they were riding in an open car.
Historical Artifact
OThe blood stained uniform of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Assassination and Ultimatum
OThe couple was shot by 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist member of the terrorist organization Black Hand.
Location of Assassination
Historical Marker
Ultimatum
OAustria delivers an ultimatum to Serbia with numerous demands on July 23, 1914. Serbia agreed to most of the demands trying to avoid war.
The War Begins
O July 28, 1914: Austria rejects Serbia’s offer of most of the demands and declared war on Serbia.
ORussia, the protector of Serbia, mobilizes its forces toward the Austrian border.
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?