marek kowalski 11.5.2009 ptf, szczecin exploding stars, cosmic acceleration and dark energy...
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Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Exploding Stars, Cosmic Acceleration and Dark Energy
Supernova 1994D
Marek KowalskiHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinSzczecin, 11.5.2009
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Outline
A brief history of Cosmology
Supernova observations today
A mysteries: Dark Energy
3
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Outline
A brief history of Cosmology
Supernova observations today
A mysteries: Dark Energy
3
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
HistoryEinstein, 1916:General Relativity
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
History
−8πGTμν = Rμν − 12 gμνR
Energy Curvature
Einstein, 1916:General Relativity
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
General Relativity:Gravitational bending of light
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
General Relativity:Gravitational bending of light
Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens, Andrew Fruchter et al. (HST)
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
General Relativity:The Universe can have curvature
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Einstein, 1916:General Relativity
−8πGTμν = Rμν − 12 gμνR + gμνΛ
Curvature
I want a static Universe - I’ll add a cosmological constant
Energy
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Einstein, 1916:General Relativity
History continues...
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
History continues...
Edwin Hubble, 1929: Redshift of Galaxies
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Redshift of spectral lines:
“Doppler effect”
z =λobs −λemit
λemit
v ≈z⋅(speed of light)
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The larger the distance to a Galaxy, the faster it is flying away from us:
velocity = H0 x distance
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Hubble:The Universe is expanding!
Einstein:The cosmological constant was the biggest Blunder of my life!
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
History continues...
Edwin Hubble, 1929: Redshift of Galaxies
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
10 years ago: Detection of the accelerated
Universe by two teams of astronomers
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History continues...
The cosmological constant might be back!
B. Schmidt S. Perlmutter
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Outline
A brief history of Cosmology
Supernova observations today
A mysteries: Dark Energy
3
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
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1
Supernova Type Ia
•Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) provide bright “standard candle” that can be used to construct a Hubble diagram.
• Accretion sends mass of white dwarf star to Chandrasekhar limit leading to gravitational collapse and a thermo-nuclear explosion of its outer layers.
• Each one is a strikingly similar explosion event with nearly the same peak intensity.
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
“Standard” Candles
• Nearby supernovae used to study SNe light curve (z<0.1)• Brightness not quite standard
Stretching the timescale:
€
t'= s× t
M '= M+α (s−1)
Correcting the Brightness:
Intrinsically brighter SNe have wider
lightcurves.
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Spectra used for Identification & Redshift determination
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Searching for Supernovae
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Reference new picture difference
SN-Candidate
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For example with the: • Canadian-French-Hawaii Telescope: 3.6 m
• MegaCam Camera: 3.6 108 pixels
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, SzczecinSloan Digital Sky Survey
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
SNe at large Redshifts (z>1)
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Observations from Space with the Hubble Space Telescopes:
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Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
SNe Type Ia & Acceleration of the Universe
Normalization
fainter then expected
M
1 00.73 0.270 1
slightly brighter M
fain
ter
Supernova Cosmology Project Kowalski et al., Ap.J. (2008)
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin18
Perlmutter et al., 1999
Cosmological Parameter
M
SNe + BAO + CMB
Curvature:
CMB: Komatsu et al. 2008BAO: Eisenstein et al., 2005
m = 0.274 ± 0.016(stat) ± 0.013(sys)
Ωk= 1-Ωm -ΩΛ
Ωk = −0.009 ± 0.010(stat) ± 0.003(sys)
M
Kowalski et al., 2008
Marek Kowalski7. Juli 2008
DarkEnergy:65%
DarkMatter:30%
70%
70%
25%
25%
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Outline
Introduction to Supernova Cosmology
Supernova observations today
A mystery: Dark Energy
3
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Is Dark Energy a property of the Vacuum?
Ground-state of a scalar
Quantum-field:
E0 =
12
hω ii∑
ρvac =
1
2
h
(2π )3kd 3k =
hkmax4
16π 20
kmax
∫
Vacuum-Energy density:
(with ultraviolet Cut-off kmax)
Casimir-Effekt Energiedifferenz
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Vakuum energy:Before: E = 0After: Axρ>0
Pressure (p) of Vacuum energy follows with assumption of energy conservation:Axρ+Axp = 0 p = - ρ
ρ
x
A
Is Dark Energy a property of the Vacuum?
Vacuum energy has all the properties of the Cosmological constant , it has negative pressure and hence can lead to acceleration of Universe.
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Fundamental Problems of Vakuum Energy/Cosmological Constante:
Why so small?
Expectation: ρ planck)4
120 orders of magntides to larger then the observed value!
Why now?
Matter: ρ R-3
Vakuum Energy: ρ konstant
New Physics:
• Quintessence fields• Extra dimensions• Modification of Gravity• …More data will hopefully tell us!
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Future projectsin SN Cosmology
Projekt z-Range # SNe
Pan-STARRS 0.1-0.5 ~104
LSST (2015) 0.1-0.9 ~106
SNAP (2017) 0.2-3.0 >3000
(JDEM/Euclid)SNAP
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Conclusion
• 3/4 of the energy budget of the Universe consists of Dark Energy
• It looks like a cosmological constant / vacuum energy - but this interpretation has problems
• Next generation telescopes will produce unprecedented cosmological observations, and perhaps provide an answer
Ende
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Back Up
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Beobachtete Energiedichten
ρ ~ kmax4
ρPl ~ (M Planck )4 ~ (1018 GeV)4 ~ 10113GeV/cm3
ρobs ~ (10−12 GeV)4 ~ 10−7 GeV/cm3
Erwartete Energiedichten:
Gravitation:
ρSUSY ~ (MSUSY )4 ~ (103GeV)4 ~ 1053GeV/cm3
SUSY:
ρEW ~ (MEW )4 ~ (246 GeV)4 ~ 1051GeV/cm3
Electroweak:
Fundamentale Probleme mit derVakuum-Energie/Kosmologischen Konstante:
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Zustandsgleichung: w =p/ρ
19
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Zustandsgleichung: w =p/ρ
w =−0.97 ±0.06(stat) ±0.06(sys) SNe + BAO + CMB
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cosmological constant
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
heterogener Datensatz
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Study of - mean deviation- residual slope
A heterogenous data sample
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Test for Tension
high-zlow
-z
mean deviation: OK
Marek Kowalski11.5.2009 PTF, Szczecin
Test for Tension
high-zlow
-z
residual slope: (OK)