ARABARAB NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

Marek Marek ČČejkaejka

SinceSince 16. 16. centurycentury waswas thethe MiddleMiddle EastEast ruledruled by by

OttomanOttoman Empire Empire

TheThe LargestLargest ExpansionExpansion ofof thethe OttomanOttoman EmpireEmpire

SinceSince 17. 17. centurycentury OttomanOttoman Empire Empire isis weakeningweakening

LossLoss ofof territoryterritory ((mainlymainly in in EuropeEurope))TheThe MiddleMiddle EastEast ruledruled by by OttomansOttomans tilltill 1917 1917 isisinhabitedinhabited mainlymainly by Arab (not by Arab (not TurkishTurkish) ) populationpopulationMany Many ArabsArabs are are influencedinfluenced by by ideasideas ofof thetheWestern Western nationalismnationalism andand selfself--determinationdeterminationPrimaryPrimary targettarget ofof Arab Arab nationalismnationalism are are TurksTurks(not (not ZionistsZionists, , EuropeansEuropeans, USA , USA etcetc.) .) FirstFirst Arab Arab nationalistsnationalists werewere Arab Christian Arab Christian intellectualsintellectuals, not , not MuslimsMuslims

Arab Arab NationalistsNationalists

SharifSharif HusseinHussein fromfrom HashemiteHashemite TribeTribeGuardianGuardian ofof thethe HolyHoly PlacesPlaces in Mekka in Mekka andand MedinaMedina

EmirEmir FaisalFaisal ((SharifSharif HusseinHussein´́s s SonSon))

EmirEmir AbdullahAbdullah ((HusseinHussein´́s s sonson))

OttomanOttoman Empire in 1914Empire in 1914

WW1 WW1 atat thethe MiddleMiddle EastEast

TheThe TurksTurks are are fightingfighting alongsidealongside GermanGerman andand AustrianAustrianEmpiresEmpiresTheThe BritonsBritons andand FrenchFrench wantswants to to defaetdefaet TurksTurks atat thetheMiddleMiddle EastEast1915 1915 –– GalipolliGalipolli DisasterDisasterTheThe BritonsBritons are are lookinglooking for new for new possibilitiespossibilities howhow to to defeatdefeat TurksTurksTheThe BritonsBritons establishedestablished contactscontacts withwith Arab Arab nationalistnationalistleadersleadersTheThe ArabsArabs wantedwanted theirtheir ownown Arab Arab statestate. . TheThe BritonsBritonspromisedpromised to support Arab to support Arab statestate. . ArabsArabs promisedpromised to help to help thethe BritishBritish to to fightfight TurksTurks. .

BritishBritish CommanderCommander andand militarymilitary advisoradvisor

GeneralGeneral AllenbyAllenby andand emiremir FaisalFaisal Lawrence Lawrence ofof ArabiaArabia

Alois MUSILAlois MUSIL

1916 1916 –– Arab Arab UprisingUprising againstagainst TurksTurks

19161916 SecretSecret SykesSykes--PicotPicot agreementagreement

ToughTough battlesbattles in in thethe MiddleMiddle EasternEastern FrontFrontTurkishTurkish armiesarmies are are commandedcommanded by by thethe GermanGerman

officersofficers

vonvon SandersSanders vonvon FalkenhaynFalkenhayn vonvon KressensteinKressenstein

1917 1917 –– DefeatDefeat ofof TurksTurks

CaptureCapture ofof Jerusalem Jerusalem andand DamascusDamascus, , victoryvictoryin in IraqIraq –– endend ofof TurkishTurkish rule rule atat thethe MiddleMiddle EastEastTheThe ArabsArabs wantswants theirtheir statestateTheThe BritonsBritons are are pretendingpretending support support butbut theytheyknowknow thatthat France France willwill not not allowallow itit. . ShortShort--livinglivingArab Arab statestate in in SyriaSyria isis crushedcrushed by by FrenchFrench ArmyArmyTheThe ArabsArabs are are disappointeddisappointed by by BritishBritish andandFrenchFrench approachapproachTurksTurks are are defeateddefeated butbut ArabsArabs considerconsiderEuropeanEuropean superpowerssuperpowers to to bebe a new a new oppressorsoppressors

1920 1920 –– SanSan RemoRemo –– MandatesMandates atat thethe MiddleMiddle EastEast

EuropeanEuropean Dominance in Dominance in thethe MiddleMiddle EastEast

Most Most ofof Muslim Muslim CountriesCountries becamebecame Independent Independent afterafter WW2WW2

TheThe MiddleMiddle EastEast afterafter WW2WW2

-- BritainBritain andand France are France are veryvery unpopularunpopular in Arab in Arab WorldWorld-- On On contrarycontrary, new , new superpowerssuperpowers, USA , USA andand USSR USSR havehave

goodgood possibilitiespossibilities andand trust trust ofof ArabsArabs-- TheThe MiddleMiddle EastEast startsstarts to to bebe thethe centre centre ofof foreignforeign policiespolicies

ofof thethe new new superpowerssuperpowers –– influenceinfluence ofof thethe ColdCold WarWar-- Most Most ofof thethe new Arab(Muslim) new Arab(Muslim) statesstates are are nationalisticnationalistic

((secularsecular), not ), not IslamisticIslamistic-- In most In most ofof thethe casescases IslamicIslamic movementsmovements are in are in oppositionopposition

againstagainst rulingruling regimesregimes in Arab(Muslim) in Arab(Muslim) WorldWorld

GamalGamal AbdelAbdel NasserNasser

MuammarMuammar KhaddhafiKhaddhafi

SaddamSaddam HusseinHussein

BasharBashar andand HafezHafez AssadAssad

YasserYasser ArafatArafat

TheThe generationgeneration ofof charismaticcharismatic Arab Arab nationalistnationalist

leadersleaders had had gonegoneArab Arab NationalismNationalism disappointeddisappointed many many ArabsArabs andandMuslimsMuslimsCorruptionCorruption, , PovertyPoverty, , FailuresFailures in in WarsWars andand PoliticsPolitics, , SecularizationSecularization, , GrowingGrowing Western Western influenceinfluenceDuringDuring thethe ColdCold WarWar NationalistNationalist regimesregimes werewere eithereitheralliesallies ofof WestWest oror alliesallies ofof EastEast –– theythey werewere sometimessometimesconsideredconsidered to to bebe theirtheir vassalvassal statesstatesMany Many ArabsArabs andand MuslimsMuslims startedstarted to to looklook for new for new politicalpolitical alternativesalternativesGoodGood chancechance for ISLAMISTS, for ISLAMISTS, whowho werewere criticizingcriticizing allallaboveabove mentionedmentioned