marine biofilms: part imarine biofilms: part i...
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Marine Biofilms: Part IMarine Biofilms: Part IIntertidal
OEST 740033108033108
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Outline
IntroductionEffects/Implications of biofilms to sediment propertiesFormation of StromatolitesBiofilms as a Refuge for pathogensRole in metal contaminationBiofilms as food sourceBiofilms as food source Conclusion/Summary
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IntroductionIntertidal
Highly dynamic systemPeriodic fluctuations in environmental parametersMicrobial processes critical to remineralization of nutrients and primary production
BiofilmsBiofilmsProvide a protective and stable microenvironment against fluctuating conditionsmicroenvironment against fluctuating conditions
Thus, it is important to understand small-scale influences of biofilms to fully understand larger-influences of biofilms to fully understand largerscale processes within intertidal systems
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Biofilms in the intertidal
The high density of cells in sedimentsThe high density of cells in sediments increases potential quorum sensing activity
Facilitate more efficient utilization andFacilitate more efficient utilization and biotransformation of carbon and other nutrients, waste removal and more effective resiliency to environmental stressors
Localization of extracellular enzymes yImportant in efficiencies of larger-scale transformations of OM by bacteria
Conversion of DOC to POC
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Biofilms in the intertidal
Biofilm EPS forms cohesive matrix surrounding particles in intertidal sedimentsImportant consequences for sediment propertiesp p
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Biofilms in intertidal
Diatoms and cyanobacteria canDiatoms and cyanobacteria can be large contributors to biofilms in intertidal sedimentste t da sed e ts
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EPS in sedimentsEPS in sediments
Donan Trap – sequestering andDonan Trap sequestering and concentrating ions (e.g. Ca 2+)Form hydrated gel protects againstForm hydrated gel – protects against desiccationUV i di i l l iUV irradiation can alter polymer matrix –acts as ‘pliant matrix’ responding to
i l di ienvironmental conditions
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Roles in sediment stabilityy
Tolhurst et al. 2003
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Biofilm effects on sediment tiproperties
“biofilm gel effect”biofilm gel effect
Decho et al. 2003
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Biofilm effects on sediment tiproperties
Decho et al. 2003
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Biofilm effects on sediment properties
“Biofilm gel effect”Biofilm gel effectEPS-sediment traps photons more effectivelyEnhances forward scatteringEnhances forward scatteringIncreases porosity
I li tiImplicationsDown-welling photons can penetrate deeperPhotosynthesis can occur at greater depthsReduces shading effects and increases ability of surface-associated and densely packed cells to acquire solar energy
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Intertidal StromatolitesLayered sediment macrostructures formed through interactions offormed through interactions of biological organismsExample of extreme biologicalExample of extreme biological mediated sediment stabilizationEPS binds Ca2+ and inhibits S b ds C d b sgeochemical precipitation of CaCO3
Partial degradation of EPSgby SRB leads to restricted CaCO3 precipitationCaCO3 precipitation
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Refuge of pathogens
Pathogenic bacteria enter intertidal systems g yfrom terrestrial and freshwater sourcesSurvival is linked to association withSurvival is linked to association with aggregated flocsWhen freshwater meets saline water:When freshwater meets saline water: increase in cations and enhanced floc formation and aggregation of suspendedformation and aggregation of suspended DOC, silts, and clays
EPS acts as protective refuge and buffers cellsEPS acts as protective refuge and buffers cells against potential stresses
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Concentration of contaminationConcentration of contamination
EPS can bind and concentrate a range ofEPS can bind and concentrate a range of metal ionsMicrobial EPS range of pyruvate ketalsMicrobial EPS – range of pyruvate ketals uronic acids, phosphate groups
I i bi di itIonic binding capacityCd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Pb2+, etc. are efficiently chelated by EPSPotential increased by UV exposure
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Biofilm as food sourceBiofilm as food source
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Biofilm as food sourceBiofilm as food source
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Grazing as a control of biofilm abundance
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Trophic transfer
Association of metal-Association of metal-EPS may significantly enhancesignificantly enhance bioavailability of metals in marinemetals in marine systems
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SummaryThe presence of a biofilm matrix alters a number of physical and biological properties of intertidal sedimentphysical and biological properties of intertidal sediment environments.Biofilms occurring within the intertidal also influence human health providing a refuge for human pathogens and providing a pathway for trophic transfer of metal contaminates.However, the overall contribution of intertidal biofilms to larger-scale ocean processes remains largely unknown. In order to fully understand larger-scale processes within intertidal systems it is important to understand the small-scale contributions of biofilms.scale contributions of biofilms.