Marine Classification

What Makes something alive?

Characteristics of Living Things

Life requires 2 things to existMatter- 13 elements make up 99% of mass of living things

Energy- Capacity to do workLife needs energy to perform processes of life

Reproduction, growth, movement, eating, etc.

Living things are made up of cellsCells are the smallest whole structure that can be defined in a living thing

Matter and Energy in Living Systems

How do living things obtain matter and energy?

Obtaining Matter and EnergyAutotrophy (trophikos=noursishment)

Obtain energy from the sun or from chemical processes

Self feeding

Heterotrophy (hetero=other)Obtain energy from consuming other organisms

Processes involved in obtaining energy

Respiration

Photosynthesis

Chemosynthesis

Respiration

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs perform respiration

Process of releasing energy from a carbohydrate to perform the functions of lifeOccurs in mitochondriaRelease of energy from breaking down sugars

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy

Photosynthesis-AutotrophyPhotosynthesis

Occurs in chloroplastsSolar energy captured by chlorophyllOxygen by-product

Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O ----> 6O2 + C6H12O6

Chemosynthesis- Autotrophy

Process of using energy-rich compounds to create energy-rich organic compounds

Instead of sunlight being the energy source, chemical energy is the energy source

Chemical energy is from minerals in hot springs or from methane in deep oceans

The diversity of marine life

The ocean is home to a wide variety of organisms

Marine organisms range from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest animal in the world (blue whale)

Number of known marine species: 250,000

Classification of living things

Organisms can be classified into one of three domains of life:

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya Figure 12-1

Classification of living things

Organisms can also be classified into one of six kingdoms:

EubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia

Figure 12-1

Classification of living things

Archeabacteria

Prokaryotic (no membrane bound nucleus) simple cells

Extremophiles common in the ocean

Live in hydrothermal vents\

Oldest life on earth

Eubacteria

Also prokaryotes

Bacteria are responsible for many necessities of life, ex nitrogen fixation, or healthy bacteria in our digestive tract

Classification of living things

Protista

Very abundant in oceans (what we call seaweed)

We classify these into divisions instead of phyla

More complex cell structures, cell wall and membrane bound nucleus (eukaryotic)

We will study these way more next!!!!1

Fungi

Complex cell structure

Decomposers, not very common in marine environments

Classification of living things

Plantae

Only about 200 marine plants have been identified

Submergent plants live completely underwater

Emergent plants with roots underwater and rest of the plant above

We will talk much more about these in the next unit as well

Animalia

Most complex of all kingdoms, we will study these extensively 4th quarter : )

Taxonomic classification includes the following increasingly specific groupings:

KingdomPhylum (Division for plants)ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Classification of living things

Classification is a way or organizing characteristics of life

We use binomial nomenclature (2 names)to name specific organisms

For example- humans are Homo sapiens

Notice the H is capital, s small case, and the whole name is italicized

Classification of living things

Names used in taxonomy have latin origins and usually mean something related to the organisms characteristics

For example- Homo sapiens, means “wise man”

Taxonomic classification of selected organisms

Category Human Killer whale Giant kelp

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Protoctista

Phylum Chordata Chordata Phaeophyta

Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebrata

Class Mammalia Mammalia Phaeophycae

Order Primates Cetacea Laminariales

Family Hominidae Delphinidae Lessoniaceae

Genus Homo Orcinus Macrocystis

Species sapiens orca pyrifera

Classification of marine organisms

Marine organisms can be classified into one of three groups based on habitat and mobility:

1. Plankton (floaters)Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae)Zooplankton (drifting animals)

2. Nekton (swimmers)3. Benthos (bottom dwellers)

Plankton: Examples

Figure 12-2

Phytoplankton Zooplankton

Nekton: Examples

Figure 12-4

Benthos: Examples

Figure 12-5

Life cycle of a squid

Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stages

Squid are considered meroplankton

Meroplankton- spend par of their life as plankton and part as nekton or benthos

Haloplankton- spend life as plankton Figure 12-3

Symmetry3 types of symmetry

Asymmetry- non symmetrical

Radial- more than one line of symmetry

Bilateral- only one line of symmetry

Distribution of species on Earth

The land has more species because it has greater environmental variability than the ocean

Most ocean species are benthic because of greater environmental variability compared to pelagic environments Figure 12-6