marine corps fmfm 2 1 intelligence 30 september 1980
DESCRIPTION
Marine Corps FMFM 2 1 Intelligence 30 September 1980TRANSCRIPT
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1201. DEFlhITIONS
b. TARGET ACQUISITION. The detection, ,denWi-
c.non, ud kouxn of t target II, sufficiem detad to pernut
the cffecave cmpkyment of veaponr
c. TARGET ANALYSIS. Intelliga~ wbicb portrays
and louta the componenb of a target 01 tq,et campkx
ItId uldiam IP lublembibty ral r&tin importmoc.
d. TARGET INTELLIGENCE. lntelligcna which par-
tray8 and buta tbe camponcn~ of I tar@ or target
complex a4 indicatea it8 vulaenbility and relative impw
tllla.
c. TARGET LfST. A limmg of tug& vxbztumi and
psomul@ed by the (CNOI echelon of cammud: it containa
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f. TARGET MATERIALS. Graphic. textual. tdulu, 01
other p~~~ntaticw of target intclligcnrr. prirmrily d-4
to support opcratto~ awwt deqad tyta by one o,
more upon vtenu. Target matert.h are ul,t.bk for
trunrll& &lung. exccubng, md nabmttt wch opr.nttQnr.
1202. TARGET ACQUISITION
a. SOURCES AND AGENCIES. Tqet ,cput,t,&,,, i,
the detectton. idcnhfiution, and location of a mt b,
sutfwent dctad to pcmut the cffecttvc emprovmcOt of
weapons. Every saurct and agency th., un p,,,,,& info,_ m.tmn mncemux tarseta must be expbited. Some of these that arc partwutarty s&niftcmt UI target reqtihoa UC:
( 11 rawer itlotenaf. Provm. Tawt matetub come
m several fomla to fit a VUtety of opentiona. lnrluded in (he
target matcnals program are the u t-et maeriab program
(ATMP) and the bcttcal target mater,& pmgnm (TTYP).
(2) xacd lnteNf#enca Proceufngsyrrsm (V,Ps,. Tbii
data base 1s wadable wtbin the mtntclgenee center (IC) of
the amphdwous command htp (LCC). This system provides
automated storqc. retneval. and diimin.t,on of urgct
r&ted ,rcuiiece.
(3) FzllF /bmnci. AR FMF agcnuw. from comb,,
ruts to mtelligena rpect.tisb ,CUM. ehou!-, be tasked to
pro*idc appivpaatc lnfomutmn reglr&blg targets.
b. REPORTING. Infomuhon r@& tugeta mast be
rcpwtcd erpeditioudy to 111 interested commands m order
to pcmut me tar the plannmg and CICCU,~~ o, appr.,pr&e
attacks. Furthermom. these repoN should. whvt po&,e,
cont,m ~ltficknt informstmn to pen,,,, a detakd wt
antlvsls.
1203. TARGET ANALYSIS
a. Target uulyais ia an csential step UL the p,oduction of target mtelbtence. A swwted form for ,a@ ,nalysra
u contamed by appendix AD.
b. The tqtct mtelliince produced th,o,,gb target
analyw s used to make the follormg dctermmauon:
. which targets should be lthdced?
. wut u the target dasiftcation and priotity!
. When and how oten should the tuget be ,t,,&ed?
. wlwb is the moat ~ppmprutc fire support nlew to Ita m ltwkblg the tqe,
(1) Lamtfon. The target must be prcclsely located
in orde to facdiute effective ,ttack under au candrtloru of
vidbility. WIterr map *ecuracy wdl permit, tar@ should be located to ritbii 10 meten.
(2) Allihdo. The tar@ altitude must hc gwcn carectly in ordn to pemut the ,wcunte delivery of werat,
wupom. mtilkty, and NGF.
(3) IkxrWion. The target ia dentlfied as 10 tt.5:
(a) TYP hde.r.
(b) Si. shape, and atntude, ,ncludu~ the
length, wdtb. he&t (where approprute), and genera, &ape:
i.e.. round. oblong. rtn&t. cwvcd. urwdu, etc. Athtudc
dcaPlks tbe @id be.rw or rzunuth of ,he ma,or ax,s of the
target and shoutd be given to the nearest 100 rmls.
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(4) Yufnemblty. The vtdncmbibty of a target
depend, on fhc follawng:
(b)
M, be nerraury to destroy .n entire target tf the destructton of on of ie campenents WU udtiee. For example. a rrtbvad
yard m&t be tied up by destruction of a witch, o( a cem-
mad port could k temporudy panty& by dcstructmn of
rb ~mWllle.tW III-M.
(5) Rceupembffity. How lcq will it take the dam-
aged tqtet to be reinforced or replaced? Thin infomutton
YI nncaauy to dctcrmme the timing and frequency al strikes
q.mt the t.Wb.
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for ti rcttom buo whirh die wget list u Lnded: I.c.. tune
and type of fue. acd for the dusfiuhon of targets.
utegartzed a9 to innwna on phaa of the ampbibii
0peolu.
b. For extended o~ntmna ahorc. each command
dopb a taxwtfng system that bat smb its mqnremenca.
Rcgudkr of the system wed, the dutie. of the mteU&noc
offiw remain ullw. In that be mut contmue to
wqire. pmdua. amI divemuute tar@ mtdligence.
1206. TARGET INTELLJCENCE OFFICER
a. Muine dividom sad mast MACTFi have a target
intdligwe offiar (TGTINTELO) authortwd u, the G-2
scstioo of their headquarters by cutrent tables of oryru-
utton. He pafonm bia dutk uada tbc at.ff met of
the G-2 and wotks dwdy nth mpaaentatwer of the G3
,ectxon and tii ruppor( monttnatmn canter (FXC).
b. The duna af the MAGTF tawzt vltdlisncc offimr
UIdUk:
(2) Ronde tan@ inteuigmce to tbc target mfor-
matic4 ofticer for UK in the pmpmtmn of the ampbtbii
twkfometytfkt.
c. The tarset intd&ewt officez numtaim dose and
mnttnuou iiuon with the target mformatbm officer (TIO)
u, the FSCC to e- comtmwx and tidy crhqe of
inforrruttoa ax-l tuget badligena. Duting opcntmlv the
TIOwi,hwewxsstocnomuw qwtltla ot infamuhoon
thuiarqrtedovervutousfireulpportnetI.
d. Siw tabka of -tica do not pmvtde for a
TCTlNTRL.D b&w division or landing forcz (MAGTF)
k.d,thecommadamayd~tc&inf~byS.2orone
of hia .&twits u the TGTINTRLO.
1207. TARGET INFORMATION OFFICER
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(2) Pmcwensnr. CINCLANTFLT and ClNCPACFLT
hare pmmul3ad instruchonr re&ii the pmauamlt
of map and dutu for their mspwtie YIU of intaut.
(4) Topa,qAic Campmy. ThhetopwwfdemmpnP
M auppkmmt the n.xnul m.p supply by tbe pmpambon of
a limited number of -es_ OwhYa, onrpintl. dcetdIe+
and map mhtltuta (much u photomap) for the MAGTF.
See FMFM 44. &ngnnr Orm~Iionz for L dctaikd diswian
of thii olganialtion
b. SPECUL SECURITY OFFICRR. Tlda fmwhon in
wally rcqumd at b-de md h&her level stzffs for contra4
and hmdling of specid ulteni3ena. The procedum far thh
function are mntamed in DOD lmtnrction 5200.17W?)
whfsh is lV&bk dlmugh specml lecl&y ohiar duM&
1302 STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES
a. GENERAL. Them arc hvo typea of SOPs of concern lo tbc uueu@ence oftiicer. lhey are the intdligencc s?xtlo
SOP and the wut intclligmce SOP.
b. INTELLIGENCE SECTION SOP. l%e lntellkencz
offfar prepsmi the for the muthe wtintia of the irateI-
l&m areaon. Tk fomut and mntcnt of the SOP depend
ooUKlcIdof~sommud.therulurroftheopn(ioru.
ami the de&u of the inh@na oftica. fJaaUy. the
SOP shouu a&n tuka to the uH)II( mcmbm of the
section to - the oldcdy. effiaent. and tin+ xcom-
plbbmcnt of all redpwribilitia under the co@wk?e of the
i&l&aKe omcer.
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c. UNIT INTELLIGENCE SOP
(b) Promote effiaency m mtelligena func.
timm3 nthin the mmmmd by pmvidii uufomuty m
appl*ltloa of routine pmccdwcd and tee
(2) Ihere is no prwnbed romut for a tit imel.
ligence SOP. Each unit should edlblbb appmphte SOPs c
baaed on Its own rcquiremctr and inarmctions from higher
hudquuten. See *ppendix AE for I sample outline for I
!lN, intdliiencz SOP.
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SECTION 14
TRAINING
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14D2 BASIC INTELLIGENCE TRAINING
a. INTELLIGENCE SUBJECTS
. Nature and pwpme of comb.t mtellipencc.
. SamqdHapbne.
. Defeme winat ho&k efforts toard subrem,ooo
b. RELATED SUBJECTS
. vrp, chat. and photo readii.
. IJae ot .*adabk Cans of cvmmlm,cno.
Obwvatton and reporting: cmpbas an obIectwe
reportbY$ of facts r&et than sub,cc*w rcp.xtulg
or interpretItmn or fxts.
. camouflage.
Swnnl. wasIon. mwtana to intenoptlon,
escape. and the US. Cede of Condct.
1403. TRAINING OF NONINTELLIGENCE
PERSONNEL OF COMBAT AND
COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS
Ronlntcuiie Feramnel of mmbat Md combat luppoti
lINta UC rut.Je,t to oecasmnd employment a8 membera Of
recolUldllllOC pamk. 0bxcvatio peas, and Iiiening posts.
AU pdots may have oppottu~ties to observe temm not
under our mnmd. Further. normaI combat employment
pkcra such pcnonncl in poisitiom whe,e they frequentIy
observe and came m cant& wth the enemy. Aecotdiiy. Is they oompnae a potentiaUy &able source of intruigence
infomution. In addifion to those aabIectr ruted in paragraph
14002, the foILwing should bc bad&d in the inteUiqcncc
truningoftbescpamNlcI:
a. INTELWGENCE SUBJECTS
(1) Grwnd (IlIft
. Scoutins and ~troII@, day and n&t_
. Ohmtim post techniques. proadu~~. &
a(UtplWt.
s Techwues of employment for remote sensor.
smimd awwdkwe radar. and night obscr-
v.twn dcnces.
(2) Air Unit& Tedmques of ~rUl nnU obserrttma,.
(3) .&and Ground units
(b) Detukd truing in the orwuution. tachca
and tccbmques. ad equtpment of host& umts of the type
bkeIy to be encountered a( obwwd by them.
b. RELATED SUBJECTS
(1) Reporting of inform&on to include the ~mpor-
tance of tbnelinebs. xtity, and danty; and. Ior ground
units. the prcpaatkm of tield mesaw. owiava, and ek-
menwy sketches.
(2) Ekmenury term,noIogy used ,n descnbii
topogmphic and hvdmgmphk futures.
1404. TRAINING OF PERSONNEL M UNITS
AND AGENCIES WHOSE PRIMARY
UISSION INCLUDES OBSERVATION
OR RECONNAISSANCE
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. Orqm,lr,~on. ,ac,,a and ,echmqueq and equip
ment of the enemy.
. CouteMtcLUience and xcuntv fnasurcs.
. Obsewanon md rcpoltulq.
. \Iap and imrgery reading: mdttay sketchit.
. Remotc XRM,X. gound surre&na ,A,,
pllnnulg coMdent10ns. and equpment caps
bdiha.
b. In addition. ofken and ~lencd ctdutcd prmnnel
&wdd be tnmcd m the f&wing sub,eeb u ,equud bv
,belr dunes
* Emmaoon of the enemy nt!mt,on, to *elude detcrmm.tion of enemy ap&ljtin and ,,d,,cr.
dd,bh.
1406. TRAINING OF INTELLIGENCE
SPECIALISTS
Inteh,tenec spa&t tern psmel such aa ,mqcy
m,crpre,aon ,-. mtcrrogatortitito, te,ma, counter-
mtcUi,ynce teams. and interpreter teuns recmve spwabud
Lnvung m accordanoc wtb ,hnr no,m,l employment.
MditionaUv. they should rcfewe ,mmmg in the rub~ecrs
contuned in panprph 1405. Cktukd diin of such
training whxb u wuUy accumpluhed a, formll inteljigcncc
s&ok u not wbin the scope of thu mmwl. When
speci&t lntsljiince personnel am to bc attached ,o the
VAGTF for a gwcn opcntmn. they should be jomed ezrjy
cnou& to ,ran wth the m,s wtb whom they wU be
functmmn~ m combat. in order that they mzy become
tharowldy mtegntcd mto the mtelligence orguuutmns ot
these wuts.
1407. INTEGRATION OF INTELLIGENCE
TRAINING
camtul integntion of the mtdliince tranlry pr.qram
wtth other ,rtiw, enbanccs the value of both the mtcl-
liina and the nonlntelbgenn ,n,nmg. Each UN, should
reach that porn, m tnmmr in whxb appmprutc ,n,elbgence
*ctwihc. arc done autom*hcaUy u part of ita basic ,a&.
The mtelliince o,ticer ho&l camfully study hL un,,s
hun,q scheduk to determme my pmuMe subjects in which
some phu ot intelbgencc trunmg would be .ppmpnatc.
Then. in coordin.tlon wth the off, mponable for that
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COMBAT INTELLIGENCE themllImunL
(1) F?epare mte&gence studlea OR all other alus of b. COUNTEIUNTELLICENCE
. the wxld whew Ihe camand ma&hi be cnmrmttcd. Thex
studio do not hare to bc nnttm. but the materiala sbovld bc (1) Pnpue rmmtcnntellynee PkM to slpport av
oguurrd to perma npd pmdumon cmtmgcnq pkna aeagwd to the eommmd.
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(2) EMIre tit pcmod of the mmmud arc pmp
sty dared and that - list8 ye kept current.
c. ADMINISTRATION
(3) Renew pktu pmmu&ed by hi budqwrten
for NP md &at stodpdcs to determine d the d of the
c.Jmrrmd are utwticd. and udtute xtio for -tlc
w.
(4, Advke the personnel oftice, of rcqutementa for
k,t,xd mtdiiqence pewmel wttbbt the command and
rerommesd the a&mtent of wch pamand to vanoua
biiets and unIta Wltbin the unnmand.
(.+ Ensure that d m&ntzed items of intdliicc
equptttmt se on hand and tn pmper mantenlncc and
butwe letion to corn* any diipandu.
(6) MabIt& frequent lkkon wtb the inteuiinet
effkem of kgber. adjxent. and lower commands m order to
keep &eMt ot tbeu 61tuatto atId the tquvcmek for
LWMfmCC.
d. TRAlhING
(2, conduct the intdtigenoc tramtng of rnteuttnec
pct8oMcl of tbc mmmMd.
(3) u every exe- tcJ tat the nudity and
mmpktencm of SOP.. ud make chat&a u rcquved.
(4) Pkn, cooldbute, and supew!ac nnwte sensor
tntnma ot the SCAMP and other untta of the cwmmd.
lM3. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION
COMBAT INTELLIGENCE
(2) Propa and ptcsmt an INtLi mteuiincc bding
to the mttlmuuiu. bk tiff. d otba Interested personnel.
Tbk k nwmrlly gkea orally. mJrins muimum use 01
lplphk aids.
(3) upon recctpt of me mmmmderr pknNn$
3utdMct. prepare ail mittal intelligence CatlmatC. 11 tune
permtts. tbk estiuute k notm9ny wntten. Subsequent
uturutw are uaully prepsred and gwen Omu. where
pcdubk. mtelligeKe psmmei tram subordinate cummznds
are pooled to ass&t in the ptT$umtlo of the mtcwJencc
study ud edtmute. Tbk estimate mllsl be c.xnpkted early
m plltmuts, nnoc pntio~ of it appca in otbcr stat*
QhmrtCd.
(4) Dctemlbw (he CommMd~ intcuigenee rcquuc.
merits. pcyJue a mlkction p+ e- tba appropnrte
otden and rqti are unt. and utperv~~~ the cdkchon
effort. Since. during the pktmmg phase. the \IACTF
depend8 abnod exdumveh on bit&r and adjacent commads
for infomutimL rcquca should be slbmtncd a.9 SOOn
as pcable VI mdu to pctmit these cammmdt the
max~wtt powbk &m-z tn awenng the IiAGTFs
ttqUtVttUt%
(6) Pmducc and dkcemuute mteibgenee.
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(8) Acqum and rndulyzc *arms. pmvtdtw the mtel- shdd be postponed wad after cmbukatto. when poeable. !+ence thu bumed to the tire support cowdiitw 01 hi Lc.va and lrhny ate teduccd (~adwliy. >mec any sadden
reprexntattrw. cuIt*ent wll gwe Me 1 speculrtton.
(9) S,rr the VAGTF wdl be embadwd on revem,
,hhlps. pkn ,ot d,scm,,,,u o, intornutmn md ,teU.ccc
whdc the !dAGTF ,I embarked are developed UI mordmatton
w* tbc lmplubiolu tack force mtelbgenee ottiecr.
(10, cootdtue wtth the permel otfiar ad the
loglsttcs ottictr regalii the hudlittgot uptwcd personnel.
documents. ud mamaL
(11) I cootdittatton wtth the tWS3. prepare
wxdtruted. detuled rcconnutwce ad sunedkce pluu,
j _ t&ii all c0Ucett.3 agectea.
(6) Cenw*hlp u strwed connmntly.
by rrch mdwtdual Y empburzed. ace thu I the only rally
ctfecuvc cvwxma pwrlm. It may be desmble to
~~lmett cewnng mrd snd tekphonc u,k before
e,badt.tto M empbaw.e surty teds. Ako. the
parsslon of dvnes u omully forbtdde. uni permlul
caICM arc ngJdly contrc4kd.
(7) Prepam the eountcrmtclJiicncc plln t, ksuce
IS part of the intelliiena *ox.
(8) To minuntze the prohahdity 01 ktcr comptxmuse.
recommcdationr thotdd be stbrmtted regtdinq the
~kcttoo ot embulotto mttd reheat4 area md the
vlectlo of mutes and ttmea for (he mo~eme, to the
cmbatiatmn area.
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(13, PLn wth the CEO. requtteme~ for votce .d
d,gjtal c.,mmtmtcat,a li&a. emrdlnate the use of mmotc
mmr dab brJrs wtth the amohtbkua task torte WeUwnee
b. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
19) The ,mportrce of thev measwes c. be appe-
cutcd vhc the uque opponuntncs for esptorugc durw
the pk,% phue am understood. The natm ad extent
O, fnendlv rcuviuea. otk~q wdcrprcad opportuntty tar
mfonnam collectton. EIW ,tomutw rerwdiw the
upen,, to be moat sucepttbk te eompmm~~c dunw tbk
phw. unlcr pmpcrly protected.
(1) Estabbdt tamcted a- for pkw. Thav
amas am guaded. 2nd entry u etn4kd by a speeui acczm
its,. CmtteMteUi,?ecc teuM coduct freqtx, uwpentoc
ad Cahtaha of these areas.
c. .ADIlINlSTRATION
(2) Pktg mtomtltto Is nkaxd only 0 a need.
t&now bass. Common sew IS mquvcd to detcmune the
s,ze md mmpwtio t the eed-to.kw group. It my
be ecssry to mitkte action to obtam ckatacm tot rcrtam
members ot the corn&.
(3) AU ~terui teietrw to the opntro t.5 we
appxoptutc sattnty clutatiutto. Grtam iterrur whtch arc
puuadarly semttiw ate &cd. not to be umcd lonvatd
ot banalto comtad posts or VI amtaft flymax over enemy
held terms.
(4) Detcmtmc if code wmbob = ecuew for
markmg of vchi& aid opnmrul eqtttpme,. If so. they
arc ttsd to corer extshng tacttul mukig.
(2) lnittate ~etta to obtatn necessary map xxi
&arts. Coordbutc wtth the otfiar as@d rcapo~dtty
for atwage. bawl&. ad isue.
(3) Renew the MAGTF tnteUiicc SOP and the
mteU@ece scetto SOP, ad make teqtwed chanpea.
(4) E,,we that the ,tcUiicncc sw1t.z pe~sonnei ad
equ,pnmt are ready tar embark&m.
(5) If pncmabk. atrage for locattnn the MACTF
mtrlligaxz section mth the mtphtbiotts task terce
itell&eor sectto. thmby rcnnttttg a joint vlteU&cc
center.
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d. TRAINING
(1) Fia. mordbute. Md svpmr ulylutmblute
intdbgence tnmbq rcquucd by the commaI.
(2) fntelulfy bamm3 of intelligenec pelwmel
1504. AMPIUBIOUS OPERATION
(EMBARKATION PHASE)
a. COMBAT INTELLIGENCE. Commenct tbc,c.mt cd-
kctton. pmcemng rnd diimuution of blteuI3w.e ntb the
lnteui3cnc tection of the lmphlb~ tatk torte and cou-
hnw c.mrdlMted reca llnwanccandame~~
b. COUNTERlNTBLIJCENCE
(2) Ensue that ContaCt between Ibe troop and
&Ji,nt. both en mute .nd in the embarkation ue.. u kept
to 111 rbsolute mInImum.
(4) E- poatwe ldenhhatlon ot all ~MN to
be embarked.
(5) hK to the new&y to huupo* and mardull
luge amouota of cgwpment, the tbrut of sabotage mu be
at its greatest durm3 the cmbarkahon pbw. Fmpr meaura
an n- ta deny the enemy x.xm to the many p&en.
ttdly lumtlve bt3eu ptwotcd.
c. ADMINISTBATION
(1) Establish the mtelligcnce re(ion in wgacd off&
rpacca aboad ship.
1505. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION (REHEARSAL PHASE)
. . COMBAT INTELLIGENCE. Tclt plw for the
mucmon of blfomution ud the pfoeam3ulddimcmi.
ruhan of intelligence indudiq the rewm&taec md
slweiumce &.
b. COUNIWUNTELLICENCE
c. ADMINISTRATION. Ted c.,mmunia&,,u. ,taff pro.
ccduw. and the pmriawu of the MACTF inteil&na SOP
ud the mteuiia aectlnn SOP.
1506. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION
(MOVEMENT PHASE)
a. COMBAT INTELLIGENCE
(1) Produce and &muute intdiigencr u obtained.
(3) Mtiuin a CGiltuluvlg mtdligeac cslimlte.
(4) Suwmta with the amphibious tnk force intd-
ligcnces&ontheelnvtiwdthcmoMlivlnctud
surlcdlulcc plul.
(5) Remamend .pp~pn&e duttfst w nx&icabona
to the rcsm Mluulcc and nn*cdlulec &la
b. COUNTERlNTW.LlGENCE
(2) Aettnte the joint intclbsenee center if not p (1) Belmvt reawionl on mf.nmm# the Imop
noudy done. ,b.,ut Dday. H-!mur. de&n&d land@ budw, hebcopta
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1507. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION
(ASSAULT PHASE)
(7) Supervine w!h Ihc amphtbiau ta.& force utel-
JJJce 5wtJon the eXeEtH) of the reconaaaluc and
sunuUanu pJan.
b. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE. Supcms. tJw accom.
plirhmmt of mtmtermtcJJ~ence epeatiolu m accordance
w+Ja the muntetmteU&ncc pJan. included ye the
foliowl~:
I. COMBAT I>TELLICENCE (2) Estaisk -ty agaimt sabotage for dl mdJwy
instaJlatir.a and for rhosc etvihan mstaJJatio~ to be kept
(1) Pmduec ud dlssemmate ,nteJJiimce a, obtamed. In opcntkln.
(2, OimemlNtc urgent !nfomlrtton and Lntdliinct (3) EstabJii mlmtcMtdJ~ece mtermgatmn center
by the fastest pomblc meam to the umta or wff amtvxts adjacent to the pnsoner+f.ru mtermgatmn centet or
tJut rqture It. other secure M.
(3, Hamam a cOtmumg ultr.Jltgena esttmate. (4, Establd~ cmnJfan contml me- mch u hcck-
porn& ident&atioon car&, ud curfew m cwdiiwn
(4) Rena the cdkcuon plan .a rqwmd. WltJt the pcmonneJ officer.
(5) Pmndr tvqet tntebnee to the FSC or his (5, Loate and rcco*er COtrabMd mater!& swh
tCplWWJVC. u amu. exphwi*e% cmnmlUUnon equipment. food.
medfcll aupplics. or other items whld, tune not hen sus
(6) Supemac the aecompluhmcnt of inteUiin= rendered in accordance w*lth pmclamatmns.
rehvitier m rccodannce xltb the mtdUJence annex. lnduded
arc the folJowlng: (6) Entorte c.ampJJance wth camou!lw,e and hhck-
Ot &ttom.
(a, EEIi are mswered. deleted when stidii.
ad new EEIr added as rcqwed. (7) PubUsh effective CountelagM.
(b) lntcJUgcneccdlect~on &are rcmmplJ&d. (8) Conduct rawtty checka of aJl aleu vluted
by WI troops putlcuJ.dy command posts, to dctvmvlt
(c) Gptuxd pcrronnd. document,. and matettel if my wmpmmtling materul bu been uudvertentty left
are exploited fully. bdlind.
(d) Maps. charts, and pJmtogr@a are dtunsd (9)F.stablhh uwlteneconMmY8ncc meMt!rea in .
mddiiutoiaarequrtd. DJordiNhml mtb the opewiom off&r.
(e) Reports UC wbmttted on bme tn tJu popet (10) Seize. exploit. and protect munterintdligence
fotmu. t=fw%
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C. ADMINISTRATION (6) Report the status and rudincaa of rcmotc swwor
equipmen* to the c-2.
(1) When dbwtcd. dies&e the jomt inml~nce
center and dispke the YACTF mtelL&nce sectxrn
*re.
b. COUNTERINTELLfCEhCE
1508.
a. COMBAT INTELLlGENCR
biiphie repo* on memben of the
eivilim popullcz who have been obeened w mva~ted.
(1) Complete studies of the memy concemm3 hi0
orgntrrhoh we.pm and equzpacnt. tactical doctrine.
ud mmb*t efficient. llledc studiu, abn3 Wltil any other
matcnJ deemed apptopnate. am fonvuded to higher head.
quarters.
(3) Ev.lute md report on the cffecnvenem of the
c.wnteMtel&eacz tams, techniques and pTocedure6. and
equqxtwnt emplayed.
(4) Enbute aad report on the effeetweness of
coimterintelligenct opentmm mnducted in the opennon.
(2) submit Ii& of comctioru to existm3 map charts. and ama atudicr to appmptiate hcdqwtcn u
mid.
E. ADMINISTRATION
(2) Renew tbc plam for stockpdin3 of INpa ud
charts to luppwt contmgency operattonh and ncommcrd
changes rqued.
(3) Renew the MACTF u,teU&encc SOP md the
intcu&eme ~chal SOP. and nuk.e cbatwer u requual.
c
c
(5) Evrluate ml rep~ti on the cffectiwws, of d. TRAINING. Resume mtelliima tnming. with
draacminauon of ryreting vlromlruon to .ppropru*e t-ii cmpiusls on those areas which combat hrs proven we in need contml agegcncxd. 0, the gwtcst attewion.
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SECTION 16
AIR INTELLIGENCE
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(d) Debnefinaof comht crews.
(2) Ross (i.e.. evdlute and W-t) the miketed
mfornutton to:
(a) Detemdne its probabk s-y. sigmfiance,
mdbnpotianx.
(b) Deternine the &&ionec of the mformc
tiobn L( it related to the ucampliskment of the uruts Wdon.
(3) Dirsmmatc the pmmaed intdliincs by penodic
mteu&nce report?. apecld mtelbgma rem. lnt4iincc
summazxh termn and wutbn atudie% atlutton *w. and
bnefii.
b. YWELLANEOUS DUTIES. Miwdlaneout duties of
tbc ,lz bIteSigwlcc orfiw and bia ECMO arc to:
(3) cooldIMte rqldrementa for mapa and dutt and
control Ihcir diimuutws
1604. TARGET INTELLIGENCE
1605. TARGET INFORMATION
lb2
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FMFM 2.1
. Sekcm the OdNttec.
. DetcnnuKs the umber of Y)*e mquucd bad upon the pmb,bdities and damage level desrd.
1607. TARGET SELECTION
b. The opentiana scctmn wdl PI. tbe owmz.tton ot
the stnke UNts. rendnvour paws. ud appmadl mtes to
the tam++.% The OpmtmM sectIon mu not diit the type
ot f.,,matiom to be usd on the mtsion. but they wdl
excrclse certam coodbtatiw to c- th.1 the tqeta
UT ha it the proper time. tbst the different aubodirute
UN~J understand rho w ludii tbc stnkc. md that Jl
ruts 0, a pmcti type arc cmplavLrq nmdu trctlcs.
1608. FLAK INTELLIGENCE
Flak mtcllqcncc u that put 01 tachcal air mtcUrence
concerned wtb the colkctmn. cvahut~on. and diimrutmn
of intelliqence tegadmg the enemv gmtmd-to-w defenses. It
mduder the c&iliho and ltmthho~ of spcafk enemv
uutaU~hons to defend @nst au attacks. Flak b dewed
imm the Gemtan tam for antiwaft artd!ay and. z1
presently wed. ,nciudcs all enemy ground-toa dcfenswe
werpona. This seetmn dii the elements of flak
intelligenrr. so- of mformation, and tbclr .ppliati.n.
16D9. ELEMENTS OF FLAK INTELLIGENCE
The ultimate objective of tlak inteUi,yncc I to pmnde tbc air mmp0l~nt with a~ accurate rppnisai of UIC cifco-
t,ve,,cs, of the enemy zq.,tmd.tour defense means. Thu
a. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS. Perfomunn
ch,mnmsha of the enemy au defenw weapona m&du~
tbclr ruqe. nte of fit, and other techruul data.
b. LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION. Lwhon ud
&,tifiitiea o, the .w deferme xupmu mcludbq the type
ad number of weapona in an area: wbcthcr respons am
INnuluy. ~tomatiully. or radar contmued: and whether
weapons arc fucd of mobik.
e. PASSlVE CONSIDERATIONS. Pawe eonadentmns
luch Y terram. camouttqc. dwermon, etc.
1610. SOURCES OF INFORMATION
The mf.,rmation an enemy a,, defew from whrch
mditln mt~ll&nce u based is aequucd by the iollowlng
Illem:
a. ,AER,AL IYACERY One of tbc moat reliable
meti of loutino: enemy ai defense wtallatmna is
*rough the Interpretam of cutTent aerul lnqwy. In
addition te loatmg the guna and Mavle hunching mtes.
good tmqery pmrdes intomutton of the pmbablc fre
control svstem UC&. Current nmqery mterpretihon methods
are up&k of detectq and drffcrent,atmg between most
M,OI type, of weapons and frcdihes.
b. ELECTRONICS RECONNAISSANCE. Elecuonia
mco,maua,,ce (bv obtauuxq m,onnatmn 0 location, mnge,
and freq,,enc,a .,, enrmy radar equipment) u able to pronde
techrum, d.1. ~pp,imblc to the dcqt of etfectwe elecfmscs
countem~asures. See FVFM 23. S&wb lnreflfgencel
Efectronie W%re Opemhw (U). for further de,& of
rkctmw_a RC-XIIIILSSU~CC.
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1611. APPLICATION OF FLAK INTELLIGENCE
ezokvgy. Sm.& routine nd.s.,~ m,y be b&fed by a smyle
officer. Combat bmtii are generally caductrd at the
group level ante tbla u the level in Mume aviatmn which
Flak bltdligena Y uauuy pcpucd I, the hiiet air mmully hu svailabk atI pertinent intdtiience infonnat~on
mmponat c&km of ontmudiatbeprticvluUU. pertunins to arqncd InuBoM. Thi# bneftblg u genenuy
Effective t&k aoaiyaia dependa on wailable data v attended by ali pattci~ating perxwnel. Lkpendii on the
chc NP and Iwtiorl of battle lntilirmR ile&hom. number of Pdoota bwd*ed. old ntcbt leaden 0, tbw
oftiters briefmta arc conducted to emwe they bwc the blfomution twxied to execute their [email protected] mistas_ upon
c,,mpktien of tkc muion. pdou and - 1~ debmfcd.
.%b dehicfuyl supply vabubk infomuhon ,qding the
uec*~~ of the mimw and itl effect won the enemy.
h&ala any Information mlding to the mub of the ssipd 1613. CONDUm OF BRIEFINGS mimon. mfomutioll reauwed bv the cdkctim dan of b!dux
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AND WEATHER
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17.2
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Fire 17-l. Conuve Beach.
t
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t.
/----------- mnauis WAVES
/----------7
Fii 17.2. A Cmluve Sborelble.
17.5
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17-6
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/ ___________
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(e) Offshors Mad,. Shorelinea we often pm.
&ted by @oup of small &nda of wnoua srze whrch ke so
clou to the madand that they crute a complicated warn
of w&,wys lmmediitely offsbore. ThL ,omuon presnts
dsriou, problems to both the .ttxker aad tbc defender. If the
defender orgudza most of the unportrnt indtndurl idands.
he Ia able to bfmg fue to hu on the attwker *mm many
dbectiom aa tbc rttackii force attempta to thrud iu way
anto tbe mast of the mainland. Rauta of appmrch tbmwb
tbae Mllndl mto the muntand may be ,ortuolM .nd mane.
ted. The st,S+ power of M amphibiius rrsrult &add not
be diip,tcd by the asavdt ot off&we ,s,.n& betorc the
laRdbIg on the man buehed of the ludmg area 15 com-
meneed. The &land, may be u&ted and ,eddue.d indeud by
emxedve mm, Wmgs. after rhtcb they MY otter the ,tt.dcer ,enes of farombble artillery powmu from x hieh to
support the landii as well w masks for the rvvmbly past-
tionr of landii craft. Offshore lauds may be dtfficuh to
defend if (he ataker hu commsd of the ar .nd sea at the
tune .nd p&e of i.nding. (See t-&s. 17.7 and 17-8.)
(I) FIoren shorel. If the shorelme bordcn arctIe
or sub,rct,c xm or u swept by mid currents. ,,I) facucal con-
fiit!a u liable to altem.tion by freezmg of the adjacent
IoATalmm
F&e I7.7. CaStal Ida& in Poranon of the Defender.
e
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FMFM 24
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Ii.9
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(3, Con&n, and cover are d&r&k for both tbe
a.& and the defenm. If troap .xn more fowud under
the concublunt of Woods. the chanced of *dtienng lurplse
are gTe.ar. If hoop can mow pmtnted from enemy rbw
by ditches. embukmenb, or w& the attxk wdl be more
cffectwe. A dcfcndn seeks to defend behind an M whid,
ba mrer for (he defendii troop ad concc~nt for thek
organnation of the gound. but dos not offer the cnem)r
ooCKd r~dleh
(4) The mobiity of the mntmand L COMdered m
detemtmmg av&bk covet and cowedmen,. Cover am!
~oneabneat are dearable dwmg tmop morement~ by any
means. Rautcr which afford good CoveI and concc~nt educe the rulncnbility of I movmg fomr to detectton .nd to dc&uctton by fw.
c. ORsrACLE3
(1) An obstacle YI any natural or araticid tetnm
fcatux which stop or unpedea mditary mowmat. Natural
obstade. indude riven.. stmams. can&, lakes. swamp. ddfs.
steep dopci dens woods, ~un$e%. deszb, mountum.
aties. ud - typm of tan&able roil. Artiticid obstaclea
are work, of ~orurmchon and destzwtton executed to stop
o, unpede m,bt,,y movement. They indude mmetield~.
mters. mtitmk ditcba. trendxs. abstts. roadbloc& dclib-
cc&y lloodcd ueu. ucu catted with bxdoglcd
ud &rmal agents. extensive rubbk. form fbw. tree
b,o,&m cawed b, m&s tii ud aresa contamuuted
wtb widud nudes mdltion.
(2) ot&clcs, to be fully effective. mlut be covered
bv obsrmtio., asd fii. Howew, eve undefended obatwla
may ctwmdiz an attacker ml0 cal~entratm~ wbieh are
easer to detect and arc smtable for nudea attack. Obstadw
-ndtada, to a diction of attwk favor the defender
by dowb,g the enemy. for@ hii into wncxnttiot
that tend to occur whde n- obsudes. and hokiii
Ihe .ttadKer for a longer tune lmdn the effectiw fkw of the
d&n+. Ohuder parallel to M axis of dnncc may gwc
the attacker Rank pmtection. However. par&l obstaclea
may bltafere wb latenl moemr,ttt and cootdbution
d. KEY TERRAIN FEATURES
b bmed on the m&on of the command. Terrain funtm
selected are tbcde wbicb in our conkol giu UI . muked
ad** in the acLvmplisbment of our minton. or which Q
If seized or contmlkd by the e-,, hinda matldlY the
accomplishment of the mimon For exampk. a bnda over
an lmfo&ble rtvef may gI*c aceam to the oppc-dte dwe
without mquiring ul aad, m+ng. cofltml of * mad or
cad center may redvet the encmyc ability to resat our
ad.,na. A levd de.mtg in rough ta,.bt m, be the oh
.wsabk Ming field for &mobile opnttona Kq krmm
arten with the level of command. For nunpk. to tbc MAF
commmder. L *ae town may afford muked nlvant4a aa
a communrution center. but to . battalion eammuda. the
htgb ground which domutatea ttu town MI be mow unpor-
tmt. and tie tom itself may be an obsade. Ob8tadea arc
rarely key termbt futurea. Tbe b& gmurd dommatma a
river.. rather tbut the river ttsdf. t uwdly the key tenam
feature for tbe lower Iad, wmmuldn.
(2) Key terrun. in uldition to kttluencing the mu&n
acmmphzhment, b ddo bigkly cigntfieau in appiybtg combat
porn. Conh.,l b not enawed only by r&we .ttd occuprhon.
seizure aad phrstul oaucanq it key tenam futurea bv r&ively large forea may not be fusible. Dcmnlcuvc fka
d&wed by longange mea,. un destroy for-a phvsdly
armpytq key tetnm. Tite comma&, control key t-
and woids demuction of bb fotcu wkile keepmg the enemy
from g,ining oontrol. 6mrol indudea m.neuver. auwd-
lance. security. ud employment of effective TJCS. Tecmin
which permit, o, denies -wer m.y be key temin.
T.etiul use of terrain often ia directed .t itlauaw me capabiity for applying e0mb.t pow% ud at the same time
focuang the enemy blm LFQl which read, in reduction of
his J&q to apply hts tvmbat power. Temm which wnmts
01 denta maneuver nuy be key temb. The effect of tcrfam
0 rnanever. application of WInbat powxr. 2nd pahon
of force integrity are eonaidnations in aelecting key temm.
Its control. and tactical us.
17.10
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(4, I the defenre. key trmin futurea are uaully
wthin tbc a8mgc.d sector md within or behind the selected
dcferuive ,m.. These futurea are wmdly:
(b) Temi which penutr the defender to corn
UI obetade by fut.
(c) Importmt oommutuutlon cudm which
atfeet cammud. cmnmwucattons. ud the we of -es.
c. AVENUES OF APPROACH
(1) Crovnd Aucnvu ofApproach
(b) A v4q appmwb giver the dra
fom some eovu from enemy dbvct fne and some concal-
mmt from cnmty oboenation. A v&y ppQKh btdudts
the tloomr of the alley, dopa of the &es, ud mdiy
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f
Fii 173. A Topcswhtc
e
17.12
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e
Fii 17.12. An Aerul Photwwb TM Hu Ree Rid& aad Stmm Lb14
17.13
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c (c, A modtfic.tton of layer.tmtiw m.y k
~eeompliskd by uung the same color s&me. but cmpha-
stzily the contotn bttes onlv. Thu method is qluckcl but
no, as rtectfe
17.15
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Fii 17-18. Same Termi aa m Fiwe 174. Now Altered
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tmtte~vc~ mom ,a provtdd. ad. sarbequcnt adnncr
ftomtbebcxhcabem&Lattydii.Can-
vcncly. Utc c.astaJ pkm hu certattt dimdntttqe~.
Attdkty. NJ guntut. attd sttal bomba&xnt an.
hbldemi by the lack 01 prommen, [email protected] pmtB:
bamdartn ad ob,ccttvcs sc dtfticult to locate o the
mtmd: md the zxtlvlte.ttce of dwectmt may be
difficult tot sma wt,. If UK ~uttd ts wooded.
tern-ca ryncks wdl bwc diftictdty scorn--
plidlbq tbev -mu. Arntba anuidmtion In
rcgwdtotlatgI.xmd*tbttbstlMbaoftbc~dl-
hcd uuully w, not be located 011 4 dcfmdve
temm.adlotetmopowdlbet?qlvcdfwtbe
pmtectlon of the tti. tbul bmdetttta the upabdity
of the cntbx iom to adwa ttdmd rwtdly.
Broken C-d. wbctc the v%wnd Ia ehatp4y btdtm.
Y UI tbe but ot exte~ve wd dunes M L low coastal
pktcau. the attrdter ha. the rdvmtqe d wtul
freedom tmm ho&e obsrv~tw. Aho. a nena 01
mtall compattmenta md corndots littt the extent oi
defenavc ttru. However. the defender pmvidcd ntb
an mf-bute sewa ot du.Uov. lo4 dckyu$ p~~ttanr
front wbtcb to slow the Itoll aazute of the bacb-
had. Gircctton attd mntml may be cmmnly
difficult.
co&d uounsw wbete moMUUU twolch
ditwly upon the se.. the kck of buehu of wfticknt
sue to ac.wlmdatc a large fota may rqum the
rej-xtto of an othmg dewable k&w M. How-
cm. thcte at.2 atcttMiut~ witkb may twos lmtdt
tmops. Steep ground try be my lightly defended ot
eve e&eted entwely by the defmder. tbll.
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FMFM 2.1
Pmttthns i lkbdy equtpped force to xiac It ad
abtam tacttcal rurpnr. ALo. domttutittg t- rmy
benptdlyxkedaduaedtopmtecttbekdb3gof
them.btforaovetbc.che.rbkbuec.,rctedbytbk
vtzed tetnicl. when the motmtabM are rpuated
fmm the bcsb by smtly twmg cmtttui. the defender
hu the .dnntw of c.xttinw &ervati.x of Le
kttduyuuut~tilheudriveotttoftbem.,,mtai
mus. Altb&t e,tamely m,& m0unt.b~ yt
dtffictdt to attwIt. it k &a diffkadt far the defmdcr
tosupportbkpIttioNbtstdt-ntktyptetnttl
may offer excaUctlt oppothmitk8 for tbc UT of beli-
e4ptetbomc 01 aim truswtcd fotcer t., block mve.
ment of tbe defudcri - to tbe Mbtg are..
The a.&er may be able to achkve sttrpmc bv
kndi# vltexpctedly on a rat&ted beach Md mauc
a taptd movettxnt wet the ~tttnl ternin bmxt by
xcu.-w tbc purs utd tvuka of qger by tbc UK of
helicopterbome or air txuapotied facea.
Teme,. Tcmciw is common abaq coasta which
bare Wc from the sea rt itttetmaettt inter&.
The tactxal aspects of tbae fomvtiw ndI depend
Iat& pat the w/a Lrd stnpttem of the cliff.. If
the escarpments ate butters to alI iygu of troop.
thsu smtmtb must be ncutmJkul 01 wzed by hcb-
mptcrbome M ai? trup&cd form wit& the
temamt# urtdt tmow tore ktenJly to a pceeabble
pxt.If.uumoreoftentbecue,tJtetkamDyh
sttmtotmted by infawn. frontal amuit may be tan
effeeme. if the atack k by frontal uvtdt, the
suppottbtg wupo# of &atdt koop lay be It& to
neutmbze deemtve poatwn in the f.cea ml .lo,q
the I-,~ of the chffs. llte deftthve rytux of the
fomutlon will flcibtate me mtrd of utch rue, but
weftd prtot pkN& eslmr# tbe comdtlm of
wpp3rhg tires mm the lu- 6ckut.s of the
mxrplet& u -tkl to the pmemtton of a
temmi ccast.
(b) Compomnan~aon. TIae t&f of the &
Dodd beak down into a eotttputmentltiocl wbicb pemtttr I
unit on YI mditiul beach to utablbh ita om limited
bachhead on defuuibk ground in a anull retnut mmput-
tent. It sbmdd be pomble to untte ltui expand these Ibutted
berdtbcdda 0, lapult troopa into Mtcceamvdy kt@t tctnm
cmnputmmtsutiltbebeuhbudkocnrpiad.
fc)Rou&aof&a~ Ahdiqmnrhovldbe
choemwhtch&wtJteforcetmkblgthekndiBg.or.rub-
vqwnt force. to mow out Of the uu. Tbe fora ehould at
be tqttted to drlnec &rot& cattt&untivety tmpwabk
17.19
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covered mutesof admnce.
Tcmm affcnng manmum pmtecaan from enemy
fucs. both nudur and nonnudea,.
ObwwM pants.
Swtabk conditiona for the landing md operationa of
hcbcopterbome forca and tbelr early b&up with
WIfxY forces.
Temm mutable for logrstie opentmns.
(d) Obrder
&end. The tctnm of the knding area should pernut
t rapbi nlwcnunt of the iNt*l YaYc* ml& to COnI.
madii ternin. N*turd obatadu are e1tber utdiwd
to the advantage of the atacker. modifti in their
Nmrd form. 01 rroded. If a .Cl. lake. swamp. or
Lagoon can be ublked to proted a flank of the
attarkbtg force. it should be exploited to the grutedt
pwibk advantage. Siiy. an obet.ck m,y &
included m the force bachhad fine. tbw eltmuuting
the mcaslty of actually ocepymg the grolmd. (Sac
fw. 17.19.) Thu. . beach M which might otherwise
be wceptable will be uneat&actosy if it k baded by
lutunl tcmfn oks-tsckd such LI riven. lakes, or
n.mpn Smc+ detailed knmvkdge of the terrafa in.
landii opntian ia mucb - Lbmted than in land
warfare. edPeciauY mnammg the anuua unib,
PutievLr attention Ia given to all natural ohada
War* of Ma,,. Work, d mar, are not rvturd obatr-
de,. but the effect of buildii se. walk, pwm.
fences. duns. and.. d&u. and other co~truchon c1
Lb.t of M ok&de. whetba 01 not they bxve been
intentionally comtructed for defenwe puwoses.
Also. obsudu may ,ppar in the form of obemtctions
ud rubble created by the premvnton bombudment.
Nudea weapon detonated just offshore fmm a
IMdii buch. or in the b&tom8 Of shdlow bubom
M nren may produce I alter with a bp which wdl be
1~ obstade to runyhon. Even if the lip ~teelf is not
a,, obsmde, the intc~e radfftion pmduced in the c
watu and. on adjoii land arms. pmbably would be an obstadc. at lcut for a few days.
Cmwd aa OII Obrrocb. Soil tnfffcabil~iy u the
ability of sad to support mditaty InffiC of a given
de&y. Thii tiffubd~ty vana wtb sod compostion
and wettbcr CondItiona (See Fii. 17.20.) wbm the
wutber 16 dry. most dry mda wdl suPPat mditw
tmftic_ Horcw. when the wather I wet, certain sods
became Impssable to milftw kaftic and thus.
m,,st,tute an &&de. Fturhea are often dunctened
bywmetypofsud.WhmthewdkIowc.buvg
~&de4 ud equpment are moved through it tib
great difftctdty.The sand an dao be an obstadc in
other ways; i.e.. in uu3iq repeated mdfUnCttOlu
& StoppageI Of .tomatx IvcaPona when the uaul
offshore wmd rpruds it duougb the meduninu of
such *upon& In pkmlfng an opemtmn. tnftiabdihl
durtscmkprepadfwthekndingua.Tht& .
charta indicate the magnihde of an obsucle the Sod
,tldf wdl FoMtitutc to mditw tnfRe w&da set
wathn caditions. Soil tnfficabiity mf0mutic.n u
17.20
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FMFM 2.1
Fii 17.20. Gmd Its& Be .n Obaade
17-21
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FMFY 2.1
IiS! aDomATE TO oooo. vm DlmmllT. Auwmlm MLwuTllEn
17.22
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FMFH 2.1
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FMFM 2-l
mnforammts. wnt-m my be ahk .h to enfdade the ada of these sm.U pomontones 01
pamtr If the sdknt k & psliwda or pmmo,
tory. the glmfve upport dup lgwltr enjoy freedom
of utton It su and can take poattom *a rtie *t
both sides of the aalknt and thus provide dor
support by aeepq the fmnt of the dranq
amudt troop Huv cooctmtmN of enemy forced
and mrtenal on krge pelvrwlu M p-ntoria
may be dealt wttb effectively by the cmpkymen,
of nuclear rmmttto~ fvtd by Suncvc support rhip.
-ThrNtureofibetmunntbin~Lndinquu
affecta employment of an support. In pktmmg 841
employment. I, I neaswtom&c.8hdyafthe
nd$e system. If then Y L &es of tidga which nut
more 0s kt4 papali& to the dhectmn Of .ttxk.
the mmmamier may plan to ublk4 dose support
urmtt mtb manmum cffectivenca, in the neutxd.
iumn of enemy powtom on mm sbpa by the
emplorment ot m&n and nonnudur ord~uncc.
However. If the ridge syrtem Is a scna of r!dga
nw~ or les parnIle to the direction of an.&. the
employment of dose suppwt limrft may be some-
rbat m.utcteA. In the ktter euc. the dimcnon of
lircnrt awra-h to the targa may be Limited to.
nm strught toward or direstly way from the front.
and the rffcalveneas oi the In VJppart H reduced
further by the intmdetmn Of certain safety lequim
mata for both nudar ud n0mtude.r re.pom.
- 4ltbowb c&am t- fuhua may completdy
resktet the employment of naval gutBe, thee nmc
fwurea may Impose M sxb limwton on the uw
of dae UT support. Thesefore. depending on the
number of aircraft waikbk. the cnmmandaanuk
air rupport. not only to wppkment NVJ glmfve,
but for kwta which ue bucwsibk to nw.l
guntii. very rnountiMu9 termIn and a low ceding
My rcsllt in egli@bk .#I opentiol& e*etl thwgb
other mndittona may be aubbk for k&i
wentions
. Ffdd Ones .dw,,e. pmblmu kddcnt to the nnpkvmont of &Id u$lkry am denttoll to
tbae of mnvcrdiolui M vufue. Horem. UI
planldw the ucly entpkymmt of f& utilkry. the
commudrr #.a c.reful c.,nidemtton to the ferm-
bitin of PLdq artdkry on o&y& w.km% where ,t
011 be loated Y) to be athin effeetwe nngc of
the kndbtg area. The utubrtion of adjacent s&o& for
thk purpaa k cspwiauy important w&l 1 ,tudy of
tkc temtn within the kwikg area indiatea that
cwdition there atx unfwombk for the early empkce-
malt of fii utilkry.
. Tank Suppaf. Tanin ia I tn.jot limiting factor m
ti wufuc and only thm@ . pop, evdutkn of
tbeteminun. mmmwin determmc when and how
best to employ hk t&s_ Good I& bucbea
b&cd by fatdy opm ,e,,sb, .nd ch.r.ctmzed by
I*@ + et gcti nsbw wound. shovld ptscnt
no diffmdty to the employment of tanks. Such a
situuton offer8 unlimited pmmbilsti for the effectwe
empbwnent of medwdxd urmbbsd arma task
faczd and dmldd be UFdLwed to the utmost.
. Eflect of Ted on ti Empt,yment of Hdfmpw.
home foren. FM the general effects of termin on
hdiaptabome forces. see FMFM 33. Heffcopter.
bomeowmtfmu
. Obadea Te,mim fe.Ma rbkh do nat bmda the
&mae of the mtmdck# troop may prwe to k
ob&da to lo&tic support. Fn example. bridgea ud
defii are mm@ing pants which pmvide lumhve
tqw to enemy aiz and utilkry. Canvemdy.obstades
17.21
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Ulten tbc temm I anrlyzed wtth respee, to the
rstabkhment of * bacbhud. II Is ccc- t-it to
dctermux ulc maor compsttment of ca.rul taxam
*btcb-i most wtcd to the az.a 01 the _ult urn,.
fderllv. a mqor compwtmcnt should closelv appmr-
mute tbc r&t uze. but tf tbr gmnd is very broken.
I, mm be M- to m&de urd gmup tqthcr
wwml mmpubncnt., On tbc other hand. the torcc
ma)r k too small for the temm forma m the locrl,ty
and thlll mu k myred to llcd wltb 0C t1ank open.
the its. 17-22.17-23. and 17.24.)
17.25
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MFM 2.1
I I
Fi 17.33. In Certain Typr of Temm, the Miw Foroc May Not
a9 Abk to OccFq AU of the D.xmNnt Computmentr
17.36
t
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FMFM 7.4
(4) .%*shon
Aft... m c.altuhm of the vboreline and ,ts
related CoMtd le..& lmi afta a c0Mdcntl.m of tb.x
beacbu w&h ,ve vekted to the kndii fom objectwe ,Od
meet the navrl e.mvidentmns wotved. spenfie beach., ax
vlccted which best suit the kwiii force wbenw uf
maneuver. The rkcmn k b.sed upon, mawxkmuon o, the
uvud knd wrfvc temm futovc obwvation. Ii&. of fit, cow. and mn&cnt. ohdu. ad c.ammuNatlorY. An c.dutuul must be made of bagutx rquucmenu With rape.3 to the dwactenha et .ul.nn h~dwa. The hrh
mwt &a. a rapd mo.emet ot arpplia acrov. at. md then
sboukl be uessbk adjacent are.. for the adeqlvte drspmd
of supplQ and equpmeat wbxh accumtdate dunn$ the
udcadii of wudt fhipplnk To m- the speed of
udoadmg opmtioa& it I deumbk that be&a lure a
gal* to modrnb undcn..ter grmiknt ad . havd surface
whkhpnmItrthcbu~ofautypmotluldtng.hihipmd
watt adftidently dor to tbe .ho.elbw to pevmat dry and
mptd debarkatmn acd movement mknd of tmops. vohkla,
eqrpment. and suppbes. Such be&es do not reqwc tune-
- spend beach v.xd vu.taq to acmmmodate
wbcckd and tnckcd .dud.s, a&kzy, and heavy eqrpmsnt.
Ternin fva,,rev whih ,re detiiled from ,cavud ad wh,eh
may bc utdked by the defender to cnrd.de the Ming beach
ami ,ts appowbca vhould WI& hunly in the xkctmn ot
ludlcg be&es
(b) lbe rumbe. of buchrr veqwed for an
opemtion depend. upon the ace of he Wxluw force .nd
dKxbsmcofmuwu.c..A~aruwitbnumemu
autvbk bu..ha k punculuty demnbk a.3 pmmt. the
ata&. to wbkve dii~ - umly.
(C) nm buohcl aeketed dwuld poeur not
only vmtabk rod Md sbdf gmdknt. and ap.biutKI for
dcvrhwnmt of s.a+u&w fuditka, but h&d vko
have udftcicat CUD for vddck. fvom Lbe bexhu. smu
abomwtydum~mwthudmdtopveventamsc.s~oa
the bacbu. the buda exik and tmftiabtlity avc of vital
Mportwt.
17.27
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FMFM 2-1
1704. HYDROGRAPHY
c. HYDROGRAPHK FACTOR5 IN THE
SELECTION OF A LANDING AREA. In planrung an
amphibksn opmeon. the prmcipd pmblenu dependent
upon hydrqnphic facton UC:
(4) llle mmpmiticn of the belch r&ted to
itaintluenceoathebewhbgudretmctingofWb%g
craft and tifkability for pemmmd and vehicles
(6) The loumn of lvtumi obstader Y related
totbelrmaumaontbebadliiorlaluib#mftMd
tbe dabukiq of pmonncl ud equipment.
d. SOURCES OF ENERGY WHICH ACT UPON
BEACH. The aowes of eneay rbicb ati dii upon
thebe&anditsviardtyarewmda,wwa,udeumnu.
Tbw. fnrtl are LvMuntly uyblg in iotcmity and
dbeukm and are reaponsiMe for tbc mobik cburcter of
the beach ~Kle. An erpaed be& will dunge ausondly
,m, nth cl&, were atom,, dtholyh ,,I nearly erery cse
it WIU revert to Itl nmm. The effect of ewqy components
will be mnddered in same detad &we a ndemunding
of their *alon is a cwsuy rcquuite to beach blterpre-
tatial.
e. IDEAL BEACH FOR AMPHIBIOUS LANDING. A
bead, with no ohrmetioru or defema vlwnd or land-
rud;mtbdcep*Rtndaetoshorr;rith.firmbdMt
mck bottom: mm mbdmum tie. clnrcnt. or surf: ntb
gmdimtwhi&wiupwaittbebuchiJqandntnctlon
of d typa of M@ craft and ddpn under a3 mnditiona
of btd at any d&cd tbne. md not cxtive for the usz
of *chid-; with excellent tntficability; and with adequate
exiu for pcmmmd and *chider would be an ldul beuh.
(See Bg. 17.25)
f. HYDROCRAPHIC CONDfTlONS WHICH CAUSE
CASUALTIBS TO LANDING CRAFT
1738
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PMPM 2-l
,._ ._1 C.
_-
_. _ ;..&Li--._. =- .-. _. ---:_. ____- .-- _ -.
z>*--. ;;y _
._.. _.---IIU - - --_..*y--. ..,__
_. -a >--. ., -Cm....--.-.--_ _r.;._.&.
- _ ---e--m . I._ r ,._ ..--z._y.e.~~.ry--.-y~,.
. Tbc dumcter of the breakers. he&. and
prod.
g, SOURCLS OF HYDROGRAPHIC LNFORMATION
(1) Sourrc. Amikbk. Sama of hydrogmptuc urlor-
IlUtionUZ:
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FMFV 2-l
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FMFM 2.1
(b) Cycloid& The more choppy or nclmdal
waes may spmq UP qwkly VI een . f&y modmte brenc
and break euJy at the crest. They NR cloa togctbet. tend to
bounce L boat m *II immmfortablc faehtoh and m&e
steerw dlfticult. If they ut taken on the beam. they m.y be
dmqemus. rspc&y to ban that UC not decked oer.
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i UNDERWATER GRADIENT
(1) &wml
(b) The falkwbcg gmdknt scale, developsI by
tbebudtemwJnbwi.rssmnduduithmuly~c.ua
widdl UC c.xwmcd with hydmgapby:
steep. . . . . . . , . . . , .w.m Ihan 1:15. Madenb. . . . . . . . . . _I:15 to 1:30.
Gentle . . . . . . . . . . . .l:3oto1.60.
Mild . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:60t01:120.
steep.. . . . . . . . . . . .v
bkdmte. . . . . . . . . w cede . . . . . . . . . . . x t.mi..............Y fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . z
cc&. .......... .l:31to1:60
Miid. ............ .l:61 to 1:120 Flat.. ........... .Fktterthul1:120
1732
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FMFM 2-l
(a) Charts. The
gradient M mldom be obtamed directly from bydrognphtc
dwts. Howcvcr, offshore sadicnts suftiinent for ma
nrngat~antl purposes can be obtrmed and the oifthom
gadrdlent may be of asatan= m mmputmg ncamhore
gradient.
(b) Sterwc+e. f/a Slondwd .&&I Canem.
The diffcnnec m depth bemcsn ho pomu ,a dstetmlned
tt-~-fJ~ by measnms the dtffercnce in p.nU.x
ktween tbe Image 0 m oerLppq pail of photogtphs
Tbu method rqulrts mtetpretcm bllned m stereo.
campwgmpb methods. mnspuwt water. undiitwbed by
nveU ot Iat@ wwcs. but with surtact tuftled by wind tippia
and tcccwuablc bottom fcatuta. Under ideal conditmns.
leeuncy can be obtamed to wtbbt pbu ot mtmu 1 foot.
(c) r%toima?ery Itupret.tf0 , waou. A
r&tionsb,p eusta between w.c fen@,. elonty, and depth
of water; the dutrncc betreen v,u, ,da,,cmg ,,a, ehaU.,w
water becoma smlilcr nmi the spwd deercrscs. This change
u mawtable on photagmpbs. Waves tend to +n themselves
pataIM to the contow. depth. may be appmxbtmted from
the chatwe m angle of the w.es to tbc shoreline. Under &.I
condmons, depths detetmmtd from wae e,oc,t,ea.nd ware
lengths wdl be accurate to vltbii 3 feet. Depths obtabwd
from nleuurrmenrs of w*e iengtba ill be dlghti less
rccunte.
(d) fhotofmwry btetprelotwn of W~,.rliru.
The edge 01 the water eatsbli sll lpptortmate cotour. Thcrcrorc. ,f the tune of pbatoc,aphy u known. tbe clev~tmn
01 this contour to the local datum may be taleuiated tram
trde trbla A vnes of swt,u conducted at arymq tide
stages wd, pro& mformanon for contounnq of the bad,
area between huh sd low ttde levels. *here tidal range
cweeda 6 to 8 teet. an xccuney of ? feet or les, can be
obtamcd.
I employed u1 ampbtbiova opmtionr sty lnddy m aite.
shape. WC@. and purpose. They bare one tbbtg ,,I mmmon:
they hre been dengned wttb emtam spenfic tr,tures to
pmut them to run up on a beach ad diiw,c tbeu load
through the bow. However. thisdoe. not mc,n th,t they can land on .ny buda. An LCVP m.y be able to run m on a
flltly t%t beach until it is atoppal In about 1 to 2 feet 01
w.tn from where the troops wde as!n-e. An L.5T pmpu
a differmt pmbkm. The ship baa I keel dope of about
I:60 and a beach gradient of that ntm or steeper 16 tequued
to buch tt.
(4 Stmp fJmiertm,tn Clodlent. From the fore-
gouts pangmphr. tt may rpplr that the steeper the gradient.
the mare favombfe the buch. This u ttue for touchmq down.
but there ate other less fwxable tactrxs. Although the
rgwmdtng takea pirce at the bow, the steepr the gndient.
the less the abipi bottom is tn cantact wtb the beach Thu.
whetwet there is . ctrent along the bath. vhenercr the
surf is hewy. or whenever stlong ctossnnds head on to the
beach. the ship will broach. Holding lines may be placed on
the beach and engittca may be kept gomg. but unlesl con.
ditfons are f~*onMe, it wdI be necessary for ship and watt
to retract Md wait until conditlont are better.
(a) InJlon Underlmur Topanmphy. The ,mpor-
tannce of beach dopa to the surf bm bes m 1,s ctfeet on the
4th of the wtf zone. The breaker Ime. whrch represents
the seaw.td bmdn of the surt zone. it found where the
depth to the bottom equala about 1.3 uma the sgmfiernt
bteaket he&t. Thus. wttb (-foot breakers. the breaker lute
u located whete tbe depth of the bottom it about 8 feet,
rrgvdlcss cd beach dope. Off a cry steep beach xub a dope
of 1:lO. the btuket bne for 6.foot breskers ui only about
80 fee, from me ehotclyK: wherea, otf a tlat belch wltb a
slope of 1:50. the btaket line k about 400 feet from the
thotdbtc. Off a wty steep bueh, then may be no lmes 01
foam inale the b&r line. and after brukmg. cash wae
n&w *idmtly up the shote fact and hits any badted cntt wltb gat force. Off P flat bewb, *em Ill h numerou
Unea of ad- foam khveen the btuker bne ad the
ahwelim: the energy of tbe wwct wdl be cxpcndcd dunnS
the alvlnrr tbtoaqb the ,utf tone. and tbete wdl be only a
gentle upnrh .nd b&tush on the beach.
1733
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FMFM 21
with of anf axle.
w.ve length.
Period of breakers.
Hei& of breakers.
Type of breakem.
An& .t tich ,mf strikes be&.
Numbcroflinaofbrmkem.
e
1734
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FMFM 2.1
17.35
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FMFM 2-1
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Fii 17.27. ~&mm showing How Waves Swing Twether
ave. 1 n&t.
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FMFM 2.1
. Fii 17.29. 1730. and 17.31 are examples
of the throc ECIIUII typed of bmakem.
(6) Rei&m.kip Belumn Lkp;h aad Height of
Brwkiw. Wwo of modente steepness. gmented m deep vster but advancmg oe . &xl& bottom m cab,, wertber. buk when they reach the pomt whnc tbc depth ,a ,,o
mole dun 1.3 tbnw Y cm.* .a tbcu own h&t. In shallow
ate. the pnod re- constant. but the speed ami ,e,,&
dcatvc and the form of tbc wwc b. Neu shore.
the spsd depends upon depth alone, uul therefore. the
depth M be computed if the wave period an be deter.
mmed. Fmm dais. the he& of the aeragc b&e can
bc dctctmwd. The ntm b&wccn the he@ of the brrakker
and the depth of water whew tt bm& M eonndembly
under different condamlu of wmd, e. ud cutrent.
(7) Speedof Bmkwr llle apeed ol a belkcr
depend upon the depth of bm&mg. Since the depth 01
bmkinq u daecdy r&ted to the hc&er h&t. the a@
of a bmlker depends on ,h he& onlv. for example. a
Moot b&e advances at 9.3 knots. (See ftg. 1732.)
1737
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