Marine Living Resource of India - An overview

Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology (Ministry of Earth Sciences)

Kochi

History of Marine Living Resources Studies in India

Launched in 1881. A paddle streamer of 580 t with

two funnels

Launched in 1908. A steel ship of 1018 tons

1895-96: Lakshadweep, Bay of Bengal and Andaman 1904-05: Arabian coast and Gulf of Aden 1933: JOHN MURREY EXPDITION, Indian Ocean,Fauna of deep water below 100 fathom.

H.E.M.S. ‘MABAHISS’

Great Oceanographic expeditions in the Indian ocean • The British Challenger Expedition (1872-76) • The German Expedition Valdivia (1898-99) • The Dutch Expedition Siboga (1899-1900) • Dana (1928-30) •The Investigator (1887,1892,1893,1952 to 1938) •John Murray Expedition (1933-34) • Albatross (1947-48) • Galathea (1950-52) •The International Indian Ocean Expedition (1962-65): One of the greatest international, interdisciplinary oceanographic research efforts to explore Indian Ocean in which 40 oceanographic research vessels belonging to 13 countries took part. The participation of numerous ships (Vema, Argo, Horizon, Pioneer, Chain, Vega, Anton Brunn, Discovery, Challenger II, Vityaz, Meteor, Diamantina etc.,) belonging to several countries.

The Contributors • 1784: Sir William Jones- founder of Asiatic Society • 1839: Dr. Nathaniel Wallich- Honorary Curator & Superintendent of the Oriental Museum of Asiatic Society • 1841: John McClelland- forerunner of Geological Survey of India (GSI) • 1874-1881: J. Armstrong-MSI’s First Surgeon Natst. • 1888-1892: Lt. Col. A.W. Alcock - Surgeon Naturalist • 1910-1926: Lt. Col. R.B.S. Sewell - Surgeon Natst. • 1947- to date: CMFRI, NIO, DOD (MoES), NIOT,

A global map of the nearly 35 million OBIS records of 120,000 species from more than 800 datasets shows the known and unknown ocean in half-degree squares by latitude and longitude. • Blue areas – represents data aggregated before the Census programme • Yellow indicates – Census’s own expeditions. • Red indicates regions with data from Census expeditions where there were no

prior data.

Data poor area

Observations around global Oceans

Marine Living Resources Total =15042

Centre for Marine living Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine living Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine living Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine living Resources and Ecology

List of species recorded from marine environment in India

Taxa No of species Diatoms 200 + Dinoflagellates 90 + Algae 844 Rhodophyta 434 Phaeophyta 191 Xanthophyta 3 Chlorophyta 216 Sea grasses 14 Mangroves 39 Protista Protzoa 532+ Forminifera 500+ Tintinids 32+ Animalia Porifera 486+ Cnidaria 842+ Hydrozoa 212+ Scyphozoa 25+ Cubozoa 5+ Anthozoa 600+ Ctenophora 12

Taxa No of species Annelida Achianeelida 20 Polychaeta 250+ Sipuncula 35 Echiura 33 Chaetognatha 30+ Tardigrada 10+ Arthropoda Crustacea Copepoda 1925+ Ostracoda 120+ Branchiura 5+ Cirrepedes 104 Malacostraca Mysidacea 75 Cumacea 30 Tanidacea 1+ Isopoda 33+ Amphipoda 139+ Euphasacea 23+ Stomatopoda 121

Taxa No of species Decapoda Macrura 55+ Branchyura 705+ Anomura 162 Mollusca 3370 Bryozoans 200+ Echinodermata 765 Chordata Hemichordata 12 Protochordata 119+ Fishes 2546 Reptiles 35 Mammals 25

Ph

oti

c

Pelagic Organisms

200

600

1000

50

Depth

Ap

ho

tic

Benthic Organisms

Marine Ecosystem

Herbivores

Carnivores

Top predator

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

0 10 20 30 Temperature (°C)

Mixed Layer Depth (MLD)

Thermocline Layer

Deep Ocean Water

Oxygen Minimum Zone

Demersal Organisms

Marine Food web Vertical Zones

Marine Productivity

Fishing the marine food web

Major influencing factors/ phenomenon 1. Physical process (upwelling, currents and eddies) 2. Biogeochemistry (Anoxia) 3. Algal Blooms 4. Benthic production 5. Fishery (Demersal trawling) 6. Biodiversity (particularly Endemic fauna and flora)

HABs in the Indian EEZ

Green Noctiluca bloom-

NEAS Feb 2009

Red Noctiluca bloom-

SEAS Aug 2008

Gonyaulax bloom- off M’lore

Oct, 2008

Green Noctiluca bloom-

Gulf of Mannar, Oct 2008

Coscinodiscus sp. bloom-

Off Calicut, Aug 2006

T. erythraeum bloom-

Off M’lore, March 2010

Colour, intensity, endurance and impacts of bloom depends on the nature

of the bloomed species, cell density, age and the state of Sea

Some of bloom forming Microalgae A

:Use

ful

B:P

ote

nti

ally

har

mfu

l by

O2 d

eple

tion

C:

Har

mfu

l, f

ish m

ort

alit

y

452 species of micro algae observed so far, of which 86 are bloom species and ~45 toxic species.

64 70 76 82 88

Longitude (° E)

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Lat

itu

de

(° N

)

INDIA

Kochi

Goa

Mangalore

Kollam

Kannur

Cape

1

2

3

4

5

Okha

Veraval

6

7

1 – Green Noctiluca (WM-SIM) 2 – Red Noctiluca (SM) 3 – Dinophysis sp. (WM) 4 – Dinoflatellates (WM) 5 – Pseudo-Nitzschia sp. (WM) 6 – Trichodesmium sp. (SIM) 7 – Pseudo-Nitzschia sp. (SM)

HAB Hotspots

64 70 76 82 88

Longitude (° E)

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Lat

itu

de

(° N

)

India

Kochi

Goa

Mangalore

Kakkinada

Kollam

Calicut

2008- 2013

Veraval

Chennai

Mumbai

Fall intermonsoon

Winter monsoon

Spring ntermonsoon

Summer monsoon

Seasonal occurrences

64 70 76 82 88

Longitude (° E)

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Lat

itude

(° N

)

India

Kochi

Goa

Mangalore

Kakkinada

Kollam

Calicut

(b) 1958- 1997

64 70 76 82 88

Longitude (° E)

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24L

atit

ude

(° N

)

India

Kochi

Goa

Mangalore

Kakkinada

Kollam

Calicut

(a) 1917- 1957

64 70 76 82 88

Longitude (° E)

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Lat

itude

(° N

)

India

Kochi

Goa

Mangalore

Kakkinada

Kollam

Calicut

(d) 2008- 2013

Veraval

Chennai

Mumbai

64 70 76 82 88

Longitude (° E)

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Lat

itud

e (°

N)

India

Kochi

Goa

Mangalore

Kakkinada

Kollam

Calicut

(c) 1998- 2007

Veraval

Mumbai

Chennai

Centennial changes

Decadal changes in Marine Benthos

Comparison between 1998 and 2012

Environmental conditions were more or less unchanged and the bathymetric variations were prominent

Density of polychaetes increased and crustaceans decreased at most sites – increase in total density

Total biomass decreased, indicating an overall reduction in size of fauna

Increase in dominance of opportunists (polychaetes) in 2012, and decline in crustacean density – not a good trend in healthy ecosystem

Benthos in Arabian Sea shelf (200-1000m) 200m: y = -96.11x + 1452.

R² = 0.691

500m: y = -32.58x + 646.2 R² = 0.266

1000m: y = -7.867x + 288.1

R² = 0.204

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

CAP TVM KLM KCH PON KNR MNG CND KWR GOA RTI DBL MBI-1 MBI-2 MBI-3 PBR

Ab

un

dan

ce(N

o./

m2

)

200m 500m 1000m Linear (200m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

CAP TVM KLM KCH PON KNR MNG CND KWR GOA RTI DBL MBI-1 MBI-2 MBI-3 PBR

Bio

mas

s (g

/m2)

BM 200m BM 500m

200m: y = -0.579x + 9.906 R² = 0.507

500m:y = -0.520x + 9.108

R² = 0.434

1000m:y = -0.247x + 4.930 R² = 0.589

Abundance & biomass of macrofauna decreased towards north, where the influence of Arabian Sea OMZ is strong, particularly at 200m & 500m depth (OMZ core)

Trawl ban effect on Marine Benthos

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

30m 50m 100m 200m

Nu

me

rica

l Ab

un

dan

ce (

no

/m-2

)

I II

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

30m 50m 100m 200m B

iom

ass

(g/m

2)

I II

Density

Pre Ban Post Ban

30m 711 ± 419 ind. m-2

3418 ± 2482 ind. m-2

50m 1310 ± 850 ind. m-2

3917 ± 2856 ind. m-2

• Southwest monsoon - breeding season for many polychaetes

• High abundance of larvae and juveniles in post ban. • Monsoon ban has a positive impact on spawning

success, larval development and settling

Pre-Ban (I): 30th May-5th June 2009

Post-Ban (II): 14th-19th Aug 2009

Jaleel et al. (2015)

Deep-sea fishery resources in Indian EEZ

Delineated distribution pattern of about 536

species which are available in the shelf and

slope regions of Indian EEZ area.

Deep sea and distant water fishery

Region wise catch-effort data for demersal fishery (200-1000m depth)

Region No. of

hauls

Effort

(hrs)

Total

catch

(Kg)

CPUE

(kg/hr)

NW coast 38 32.9 555.7 16.9

SW coast 100 97.4 23328.3 239.5

SE coast 55 54.1 5515.7 102.0

NE coast 53 49.2 4148.0 84.4

A & N

waters

35 31.8 4189.8 131.9

Total 281 265.3 37737.5 142.23

CMLRE

Initiatives

Centre for Marine living Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine living Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology

Latitudinal variation in demersal fishery resources along west coast of India

(Catch/Hr along 200-1000m depth)

Latitude in deg North

CP

UE

in K

g

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Spatial database on trawling grounds along West coast of India

Potential fishing grounds identified along the Indian EEZ

Trawlable fishing grounds along the West coast of India

17 on shelf and 11 on slope

Landing of deep sea shrimp Plesionika sp Area : Kochi (10°02.418’N; 75°36.443' E) Season : Summer monsoon (Aug 2010) Depth : 235m Trawl : HSDT (CV) Effort : 1 hr Catch : 950 kg Bottom : Muddy

DEEP-SEA CRUSTACEAN RESOURCES

- Record catch of Deep-sea prawn, Aristaeopsis edwardsianus (Johnson, 1867) and Metapenaeopsis andamanensis (Wood-Mason, 1891)

Aristaeopsis (Plesiopenaeus ) edwardsianus Off Trivandrum, Lat 8◦ 18.60”N, 76 ◦ 13.72”E at a depth -995m , CPUE- 14 kg/hr

Mixed catch of M. andamenensis and S.hextii off Karwar, Lat 14 ◦ 17.34 N, 73 ◦ 15.00”E at a depth-214m , CPUE- 100 kg/hr

Neohariotta pinneta &

Echinorhinus. Brucus (Cr.318)

Bulk catch of

Lamprogammus niger (Cr.319)

A total of 80 species were recorded

from the bathyal region of the Terrace

off Trivandrum. CPUE recorded as

198 kg/ hr

Record catch of pelagic crab Charybdis smithii by FORV Sagar Sampada in its entire service of past 34 years

Survey area (Off Tuticorin along 200 m depth contours)

Biocomposition of DSL species established

Biomass of DSL Plankton and nekton worked out.

Trophic relations established

DSL Atlas prepared

Myctophid Resources of Arabian Sea

Benthosema pterotum

Data products - Delineation of different eco-bioregions

1

2 3

4

5

6

7 8

9

10

11

13

12

14

14 major eco-regions have been identified within the Indian EEZ

“geographically or oceanographically discrete areas that provide important services to one or more species/populations of an ecosystem or to the ecosystem as a whole, compared to other surrounding areas or areas of similar ecological characteristics, or otherwise meet the [EBSA] criteria” – CBD definition of EBSA

Intensification of OMZ; Pushing out of Mid water Pelagic species from their natural

habitat.

Occupation of this niche by Myctophids??

Electrona sp Diaphus sp Hygophum sp Bolinichthys sp

Lampanyctus sp Myctophum sp

Regime shift and expansion in geographic range of oil

sardine

Year

Lan

din

g (

t)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Oil Sardine Landing (tons) for West Coast of India

Until 1985, almost the entire catch was from

the Malabar upwelling zone and the catch was

either very low or there was no catch from

latitudes north of 14oN along the west coast.

In the last two decades, however, the catches

from latitude 14oN - 20oN and along the east

coast are consistently increasing

Expansion in the geographical range of Oil-

sardine and Indian Mackerel in recent

decades along the Indian coast

Increase in Jelly fish population in the Indian waters???

Off Trivandrum showing Dead Jelly fish washed ashore

Swarms of Salpa sp.

observed during

February-March 2012

in NEAS

Jelly fishes/Gelatinous zooplankton

The jellyfish explosion is alarming for coastal fishery as it consumes the food of the bigger fish

Plausible Causes in rise

Climate change causing waters to warm and stratify Eutrophication leading to hypoxia which jelly fish can tolerate more readily than fish

The proposed changes responded quickly in the squids and act as ecosystem indicators of environmental change by minimum growth rate and maximum production since, the increase in ocean temperatures can cause faster growth and shorter life spans of squid.

India’s squid fishing fleet accounted for 3% of the global squid production and makes up approximately 5–7% of U.S. squid imports

The Indian squid (Loligo duvauceli) is the dominant species, landing about 97% all over the country per year.

Climate change and Cephalopod Resources

Deep Sea and Distant Water Fishery – Survey near Terrace of Trivandrum

Terrace off Kollam

Terrace off Trivandrum

Total 9 operations Avg. CPUE 537.6 Kg/Hr

Lamprogrammus brunswigi

Unusual catch was due to this species

Thanks for patience

Global expansion in the

distribution of PSP toxins-

1970 compared to 2009.

Red circles denote

locations with documented

measurements of PSP

toxins in shellfish, fish, or

plankton samples.

Data:

US National Office for Harmful

Algal Blooms, Woods Hole

Oceanographic Institution, Woods

Hole, MA

HAB incidence growing world wide

Long-term changes in surface chlorophyll in western Arabian Sea

Roxy et al. (2016) Decrease in Chlorophyll – what will be fate of OMZ and Fishery?

Date of Release : 02.12.2010

Has information of FORV cruises conducted

between 1997 – 2010, HABs, Deep sea

fishery, trawlable grounds, Marine Mammals,

Marine Benthos, new records of species of

Indian EEZ, list of publications under MLR and

Human Resource Development under MLR

(Redrawn from Venkataraman and Wafer, 2005)

Diversity of Demersal fauna in the Indian EEZ

Southern

Ocean MLR

FIKEX 1995

Total estimated krill = 850 million tonnes 1% allowed for harvest

Trawl catch onboard FORV Sagar Sampada

Centre for Marine living Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine living Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology

Potentially toxic micro algae of the Indian EEZ

Alexandrium sp.

Amphidinium carterae

Coolia monotis

Chattonella marina

Dinophysis acuminata

Dinophysis caudata

Dinophysis fortii

Dinophysis miles

Dinophysis rotundata

Gymnodinium catenatum

Karenia mikimotoi

Phaeocystis globosa

Prorocentrum micans

Prorocentrum lima

Prymnesium parvum

Pseudonitzschia multiseries

Pseudonitzschia seriata

Green Noctiluca bloom

Red Noctiluca bloom

Trichodesmium bloom

ENIGMATIC SEA PEN - GYROPHYLLUM SIBOGAE- NEW RECORD FROM NORTHERN INDIAN OCEAN

•PREVIOUSLY REPORTED SITES

⁺ NEW COLLECTION SITES FROM ANDAMAN SEA,

Depth : 622-629 metres

Gyrophyllum sibogae Hickson, 1916 PHYLUM : CNIDARIA CLASS : ANTHOZOA ORDER :PENNATULACEA FAMILY :PENNATULIDAE

FEATHERY SEA PEN-PENNATULA INFLATA- NEW RECORD FROM NORTHERN INDIAN OCEAN

Pennatula inflata Kukenthal, 1910 PHYLUM : CNIDARIA CLASS : ANTHOZOA ORDER :PENNATULACEA FAMILY :PENNATULIDAE •PREVIOUSLY REPORTED SITES

⁺ NEW COLLECTION SITE FROM ANDAMAN SEA,

Depth : 629 metres

MUSHROOM SOFT CORAL - ANTHOMASTUS GRANDIFLORUS- NEW RECORD FROM INDIAN OCEAN

Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill, 1878 PHYLUM : CNIDARIA CLASS : ANTHOZOA ORDER :ALCYONACEA FAMILY :ALYCYONIIDAE

•PREVIOUSLY REPORTED SITES

⁺ NEW COLLECTION SITE FROM ANDAMAN SEA,

Depth : 629 metres

PH

YLU

M E

CH

INO

DER

MA

TA

BENTHODYTES SP.

ASSOCIATION OF GORGONID & BRITTLE STAR-

ASTEROSCHEMA SP.

DEEP SEA CRINOID

BRITTLE STAR

VOUCHER SPECIMENS COLLECTED DURING CRUISE 334

Anoxia driving fishery out of region

Cochin

Mangalore

Bottom Dissolved Oxygen (ml/L)

• N2O budget along western shelf is revised.

• Gases production is maximum during southwest monsoon, more so in the eastcentral Arabian Sea (11-17° N) w.r.t N2O due to anoxia. Monthly variation of GHGs off Cochin

Echinoderms of the south eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) shelf

Survey at 241 sites in the SEAS from 30-250m using grab and dredge to study diversity of echinoderms

• Echinoderms constituted 42% of epifauna in the continental shelf • Highest diversity in southern transects, dominated by ophiuroidea and

echinoidea • Common species: Ophiura kinbergi, clypeaster rarispinus • Near absence in the 150-250 m depth zone and low diversity in the north • Distribution patterns influenced by sediment texture and DO availability

Echinoderms 42%

Crustaceans 31%

Molluscs

19%

Fish 4%

Others 4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

No

. of

spe

cie

s

0

10

20

30

40

50

No

. of

spe

cie

s

Ophiura

kinbergi Clypeaster

rarispinus

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

Benthos

• Shelf region is highly productive during

summer monsoon.

• Multi-fold increase in phytoplankton

abundance during Jun-Sept due to injection of

nutrient rich upwelled waters and terrestrial

discharges.

• Zooplankton abundance also increased during

May-July but not as clear as phytoplankton.

• Benthic abundance follows closely with their

pelagic plankton and showed significant

increase in June-July coinciding with fish trawl

ban period.

• Increased supply of food from pelagic column

coupled with trawl ban facilitated increase in

benthic production during June-July.

An unusual occurrence of the deep-sea

polychaete Piromis bifidus (Fauvel, 1932) from

Bay of Bengal

(FORV SS Cr. 346 Leg-II , Stn. 07, 500m, off

Vizag, 17°09.535’ N, 83°24.116’ E, Bay of

Bengal)

Piromis bifidus (Fauvel,

1932)

Scoloplos (Leodamas)

latum (Chamberlin, 1919)

Stations covered during FORV Sagar sampada

Cruise # 344 &347 at Northern Arabian Sea

and Central Indian Ocean

Sampling locations : FORV Sagar sampada ongoing Cruise # 349 in the Andaman waters

Myctophids from Central Indian Ocean

DSL organisms from Central Indian Ocean

Diaphus andamanensis (

new sp)

Lampedna anomala (new record)

Animal Discovery Diaphus andamanensis (new species) from

Andaman Sea

Lampedna anomala first findings from

from Andaman Sea

Spring average (March-May) of SST (°C) from ICOADS (1x1°)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

19

60

19

60

19

61

19

62

19

63

19

64

19

65

19

66

19

67

19

68

19

69

19

70

19

71

19

71

19

72

19

73

19

74

19

75

19

76

19

77

19

78

19

79

19

80

19

81

19

82

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

Dipole Mode Index

Climate change and Tuna fishery

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Years

29

29.2

29.4

29.6

29.8

30

Tem

p (

°C)

Tuna (Yellow fin) distribution and IODs