Mario Malički

University of SplitSchool of MedicineDepartment of Medical Humanities

Ethics in Research

Scientific Journals – 36 000

1665. Journal des Sçavans (Paris)

1665. Philosophical Transactions (London)

1860. Slovinski prvenci o naravi i zdravlju (Hrvatska, Beč)

1869. Nature

1879. Index Medicus

1890. Science

1994. World Wide Web

1997. PubMed (PubMed Central 2000)

2000. Croatian Medical Journal

2003. PLOS

>700 000 citations per year in MEDLINE

Integrity of research

• authorship

• information

• references

• reporting

• storing and retrieving

• replicating

• peer review

Integrity of Authorship

PubMed (Authorship – MeSH):

The profession of writing. Also the identity of the writer as the creator of a

literary production.

• Tesla N. On light and other high frequency phenomena.

• Malički M, Jerončić A, Marušić M, Marušić A. Why do you think you should be the author on this manuscript?

• 2900 A. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

• 5154 Aad, G. et al. (ATLAS Collaboration, CMS Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 191803 (2015)

• 1920 – 1; WoS - 1981 - 66.2% more, 2011 – 89.1% (Md=5)

Number of authors

Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 11 new loci for anthropometric traits and provides insights into genetic architecture.

• 1908. Student. The probable error of a mean. (c-518)• 1948. Alpher RA, Bethe H, Gamow G. The Origin of

Chemical Elements. (c-102)• 1978. Hoover WG, Posch HA, Bestiale Stronzo (engl. total

asshole) Diffusion in a periodic Lorentz gas. (c-102)• 1978. Matzinger P, Galadriel Mirkwood. In a fully H-2

incompatible chimera T cells of donor origin can respond to minor histocompatibility antigens in association with either donor or host H-2 type (c-17)

• 1982. Bruce Le Catt. Censored Vision.• 2001. AK Geim, HAMS ter Tisha, Detection of earth rotation

with a diamagnetically levitating gyroscope. (c-10)• 2012. Ocorrafoo Cobange (John Bohannon) 157 (61%) OA

Name of the author

Prestige

• CV

• h-index

• grants

• rewards

• tenure

Najbolji znanstvenici MEF-a 2014

Sharing achievements

• Increase in the number of equal contribution/shared first authorship

• anesthesiology, intensive care, pharmacology

2000. - 0% 2009. - 19.9%

• NEJM: <1% vs. 8.6% ; JAMA: 0%; vs. 7.5% Annals: 0% vs. 3.8% Lancet: <1% vs. 3.6% BMJ: 0% vs. 1.0%

Misuse of authorship

• Gift authorship

• Author cartel

• Ghost authorship

• Coercion authorship

• Ghost writing

• Byline manipulation

• Duplicate publication

• Ana Marušić, Lana Bošnjak, Ana Jerončić• 118 studies: 63 cross-sectional, 32 descriptive, 5 qualitat., 2 RCT • 54 dealt with perception of authorship – no consensus• 54 dealt with byline order: mostly depends on the amount of work:

economics, math, management, physics– alphabetical

WoS - 32.2% 1981. - 15.9% 2011.

biomedicine – first author – most work, mentor - last• 16 studies of authorship misuse:

23% (95% CI 18% do 28%) scientist aware or experienced misuse in the West, 55% (95% CI 45% do 64%) East

5-30% editors

2011 Systematic review of authorship

Authorship criteria (ICMJE) - 4•1987 International Committee of Medical Journal Editors

1) Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND

2) Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND

3) Final approval of the version to be published; AND 4) Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in

ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. (2013)

• 1-63% authors would not be authors under the ICMJE criteria

• Byline changes – up to 44% differences from abstract to full publication

ContributionshipListing of all performed work by the authors, e.g.:

Conceived and designed the experiments: CMS WAF. Performed the experiments: CMS WZ. Analyzed the data: CMS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CMS. Wrote the paper: CMS SE WAF.

Integrity of Information

• Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.

Fabrication – make something upFalsification – manipulate dataPlagiarism - appropriation of another person's

ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit

FFF

• Fabrication or falsification - 1.7% (95% CI 1.2% do 2.4%) of researchers

• 30% (95% CI 17% do 46%) – know someone who did it

• Only 0.02% of all papers RETRACTED• Errata (honest mistakes) – 4% of all

publications, in 24% of those results/conclusions end up different

Integrity of References

• 2011. 34 journals• 2012. 51 journals• 2013. 66 journals• 2014. 38 journalsThomson Reuters punished them by denying them the Impact

Factor

• Incorrect citations 20 %, wrong style (misspells 38%)• Versions and updates of articles not seen by researchers

(including when studies are retracted) – retracted or duplicate publications have same citation rate – before and after notices are published

Integrity of Reporting

Systematic review 2013:comparing trial publications to protocols 40-62% of

studies had at least one primary outcome that was changed, introduced, or omitted

studies that report positive or significant results are more likely to be published

on average, only 50% of clinical trials that are started are published in the scientific literature

• FDA (2015) – of 57 studies for which the FDA found evidence of incorrect blinding, manipulation of data, or not applying inclusion or exclusion criteria – only 3 studies mentioned those problems it in the published article

Integrity of storing and retrieving studies

Many databases, different coverage (MEDLINE; EMBASE; DOAJ; WOS) and the problem of grey literature

No ideal de-duplication softwareDatabase (indexing) errors – 23% of duplicates

wrongly indexed, improper MeSH terms assigned including study types