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1
Regulation to Reduce Hotelling Emissions
from Ships in California Ports
(Adopted 12/6/07)
AAPA Cruise SeminarFebruary 6, 2008
California Environmental Protection Agency
Air Resources BoardAir Resources Board
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22
BACKGROUND
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33
Emissions from At-Berth Ships
♦ Auxiliary engines provide power for ship’s electrical power needs
♦ Power requirements are specific to ship type and cargo
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44
Health Impacts Due to Hotelling Emissions
♦ Diesel particulate matter (PM)– 70 percent of inhalable cancer risk in CA
♦ Elevated cancer risk near ports– POLA/POLB health risk assessment indicates
potential cancer risk from hotelling emissions (2006) affects:
• 2,000,000 with risk greater than 10 in a million• 340,000 with risk greater than 100 in a million• 87,500 with risk greater than 200 in a million
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55
Health Impacts Due to Hotelling Emissions
(Continued)
♦ Non-cancer annual impacts (2006)
– 60 premature deaths
– 1,800 respiratory impacts
– 11,000 work loss days
– 61,000 minor restricted activity days
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Ship Activity to California Ports (2006)
♦ 2,000 ships♦ 10,500 visits♦ Majority visiting ports of Long Beach,
Los Angeles, and Oakland
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Ship Types
♦ Container ships♦ Passenger ships♦ Refrigerated cargo ships♦ Tankers♦ General cargo ships♦ Bulk ships♦ Vehicle carriers
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Visits by Ship Category (2006)
container
tanker
reefergeneral
passenger
bulk
auto(45%)
(7%)
(3%)
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Hotelling NOx Emissions by Ship Category (2006)
containerpassenger
tanker
reeferbulk generalauto
(65%)(13%)
(4%)
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Shore Power Candidates
♦ Frequent Visitors
♦ Long Hotelling Times
♦ Significant Power Needs
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Shore Power Candidates (Cont.)
♦ Most Cost-Effective for Container Ships, Passenger Ships, and Refrigerated Cargo Ships
♦ Prime Candidate Ports: Los Angeles,Long Beach, Oakland, San Diego,San Francisco, and Hueneme
♦ Two-Thirds Of Capital Costs & Benefits atLos Angeles/Long Beach
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Container Ships♦ 45 percent of total ship
visits (2006)♦ 65 percent of emissions♦ Frequent visitors: 60% of
ships make 80% of visits♦ Power needs: 1 to 7 MW♦ Average berthing times:
– 50 hrs/visit (POLA/POLB)– 21 hrs/visit (Oakland)
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1313
Passenger Ships
♦ 7 percent of total ship visits (2006)
♦ 13 percent of emissions♦ Frequent visitors: 40% of
ships make 85% of visits ♦ Power needs: 5 to 15 MW♦ Average berthing times:
10 hours/visit
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1414
Reefer Ships
♦ 3 percent of total ship visits (2006)
♦ 4 percent of emissions♦ Frequent visitors: 30% of
ships make 75% of visits ♦ Power needs: 2 to 5 MW♦ Berthing times: 20-60
hours/visit
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1515
Other Vessel Categories
♦ Continue to evaluate other ship categories
♦ Proposed requirements for Board consideration within a year
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REGULATION
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Key Elements
♦ Targeted ship categories most suitable for shore power
♦ Provided flexibility by allowing alternative technologies that achieve emission reductions– Can be implemented expeditiously
– Achieves equally effective reductions
♦ Design schedule to obtain reductions as soon as practicable
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Grid-Based Shore Power
♦ Requires capital-intensive improvements to terminals and ships
♦ Proven technology– U.S. Navy– Passenger ships on West Coast– Container ships in California
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1919
Other Potentially Viable Emission Control Techniques
♦ Proposal allows other control technologies to achieve required emission reductions
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2020
Implementation Schedule
Date Reduced Onboard Power Option (Grid)
Emission Reduction Option
January 1, 2010 Ships must use shore power if available 10% reduction
January 1, 2012 Ships must use shore power if available 25% reduction
January 1, 2014 50% visits andpower demand 50% reduction
January 1, 2017 70% visits andpower demand 70% reduction
January 1, 2020 80% visits andpower demand 80% reduction
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Who Does What
♦ Vessel fleets are subject to emission reduction requirements
♦ Terminals must accommodate the vessel fleets– Plan document due in 2009 indicating how
requirement is satisfied
– Follow-up reports
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Regulatory Impact
♦ Shoreside– six ports– 31 terminals– 76 berths
♦ Ships– 1450 ships
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Affected Terminals
♦ 31 Terminals at Six Ports
– Hueneme: 1 reefer terminal– Long Beach: 8 container and 1 passenger
terminal– Los Angeles: 7 container and 1 passenger
terminal– Oakland: 10 container terminals– San Diego: 1 reefer and 1 passenger
terminal– San Francisco: 1 passenger terminal
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AIR QUALITY BENEFITS
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NOx Emissions
0
10
20
30
40
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
TPD
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NOx Reductions
0
10
20
30
40
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
TPD
Auxiliary Engine Fuel Regulation
Auxiliary Engine Fuel Regulation Plus Shore Power
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2727
PM Emissions
0
0.5
1
1.5
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
TPD
Full Implementation of Auxiliary Engine Fuel Regulation (2005)
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PM Reductions
0
0.5
1
1.5
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
TPY
Auxiliary Engine Fuel Regulation
Auxiliary Engine Fuel Regulation Plus Shore Power
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2929
CO2 Emissions for Ship Power Sources
0100200300400500600700
ship engine DG Grid(PUC/CEC)
GridMarginal
Generation
Future Grid?
g/kW-hr
Combined Cycle Power Plant
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Cumulative Health Benefits
♦ Health benefits (2009-2020)– Significant reduction in near-source cancer
risk: > 25-in-a-million risk eliminated– Premature deaths avoided: 280– Respiratory impacts avoided: 8,200– Work loss days avoided: 49,000– Minor restricted activity days
avoided: 280,000
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ESTIMATED COSTS
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Estimated Costs
♦ Overall costs of $1.8 billion dollars (2006 dollars)—assuming grid power is used– 65 percent for ship modifications
– 20 percent for shore modifications
– 15 percent operating costs
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Potential State Funding to Incent Early Reductions
♦ Proposition 1B Bond Funding (Goods Movement)– Staff bringing recommended guidelines to the Board
this month– Funding potentially available for early grid-based shore
power and clean DG
♦ Carl Moyer Funding (Ships)– Staff bringing proposed revisions to the Board this year– Revisions will explicitly address shore power
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Summary
♦ Hotelling emissions affect public health– cancer risks– noncancer risks– climate change
♦ Container ships, passenger ships, and refrigerated cargo ships are attractive candidates for shore power
♦ CARB regulation allows alternative technologies
♦ CARB requirements are cost-effective
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Contacts
♦ Mike Waugh, ManagerProject Assistance Sectione-mail: [email protected]: 916.445.6018
♦ Grant Chin (Staff)e-mail: [email protected]: 916.327.5602
♦ Webpage:Shore Power:www.arb.ca.gov/ports/shorepower/shorepower.htm