mark twain lake/salt river ceap – cswqru columbia, mo overview of the mark twain lake/ salt river...
TRANSCRIPT
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Overview of the Mark Twain Overview of the Mark Twain Lake/ Lake/
Salt River Conservation Salt River Conservation Effects Assessment Project Effects Assessment Project
(CEAP)(CEAP)Contributing Contributing Scientists:Scientists:Robert N. LerchRobert N. LerchNewell R. KitchenNewell R. KitchenKenneth A. Sudduth Kenneth A. Sudduth E. Eugene AlbertsE. Eugene AlbertsE. John SadlerE. John SadlerWilliam W. DonaldWilliam W. DonaldJohn W. HummelJohn W. HummelRobert J. KremerRobert J. Kremer
Chung-Ho LinChung-Ho LinD. Brenton MyersD. Brenton MyersRaymond E. MasseyRaymond E. MasseyHarlan L. PalmHarlan L. PalmGab-Sue JangGab-Sue Jang
Contributing Contributing Scientists:Scientists:Robert N. LerchRobert N. LerchNewell R. KitchenNewell R. KitchenKenneth A. Sudduth Kenneth A. Sudduth E. Eugene AlbertsE. Eugene AlbertsE. John SadlerE. John SadlerWilliam W. DonaldWilliam W. DonaldJohn W. HummelJohn W. HummelRobert J. KremerRobert J. Kremer
Chung-Ho LinChung-Ho LinD. Brenton MyersD. Brenton MyersRaymond E. MasseyRaymond E. MasseyHarlan L. PalmHarlan L. PalmGab-Sue JangGab-Sue Jang
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
National CEAP effort.National CEAP effort. Mark Twain Lake/ Salt River CEAP.Mark Twain Lake/ Salt River CEAP. Water quality research projects in support Water quality research projects in support
of CEAPof CEAP Development and Evaluation of BMPs for Improved Development and Evaluation of BMPs for Improved
Watershed Management. Watershed Management.
TopicsTopics
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
The USDA Conservation The USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Effects Assessment Project
(CEAP)(CEAP) A Cooperative Effort to Assess A Cooperative Effort to Assess
Environmental Effects and Benefits from Environmental Effects and Benefits from Conservation ProgramsConservation Programs
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
The NRCS-led The NRCS-led national national assessmentassessment provides provides estimates of conservation estimates of conservation benefits at the national scale. benefits at the national scale.
The ARS The ARS watershed watershed assessment studiesassessment studies provide provide for more detailed information for more detailed information on conservation on conservation effects/benefits in selected effects/benefits in selected benchmark watersheds.benchmark watersheds.
CEAP has Two MajorCEAP has Two MajorComponents and Reporting Components and Reporting
ScalesScales
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
12 ARS Benchmark Watershed 12 ARS Benchmark Watershed Assessment Studies Assessment Studies
S. Fork Iowa River
Walnut Creek
Mark Twain Reservoir
U. Washita River
U. Leon River
Town Brook
St Joseph River
U. Big Walnut Creek
Yalobusha River
Little RiverGoodwin CreekBeasley Lake
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Mark Twain Lake/ Mark Twain Lake/ Salt RiverSalt River CEAP ProjectCEAP Project
Project Objectives Establish a comprehensive monitoring Establish a comprehensive monitoring
network within the Salt River basinnetwork within the Salt River basin Validate and improve watershed models to
better assess the impact of field- and watershed-scale management practices on surface water quality.
Development and evaluation of BMPs to reduce herbicide, nutrient, and sediment transport in surface runoff.
Salt River Basin
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Mark Twain Lake/ Salt River Mark Twain Lake/ Salt River BasinBasin
Three 8-digit Hydrologic UnitsThree 8-digit Hydrologic Units Nine 11-digit Hydrologic UnitsNine 11-digit Hydrologic Units ~2,500 sq miles in area~2,500 sq miles in area Mark Twain Lake is major public water Mark Twain Lake is major public water
supply in the regionsupply in the region Serves ~42,000 peopleServes ~42,000 people EPA 303(d) list for Atrazine until 2003EPA 303(d) list for Atrazine until 2003
Claypan soilsClaypan soils High runoff potential High runoff potential Surface water quality a major concernSurface water quality a major concern
Extensive USGS hydrologic monitoring Extensive USGS hydrologic monitoring network already in-placenetwork already in-place
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Basin-Scale Basin-Scale MonitoringMonitoring
13 Monitoring Sites13 Monitoring Sites Automated samplers for runoff eventsAutomated samplers for runoff events 2 grab samples per month 2 grab samples per month 9 existing gauged sites9 existing gauged sites Rating curves to be developed at 3 sitesRating curves to be developed at 3 sites
Mass balance for Mark Twain LakeMass balance for Mark Twain Lake Identify 11 digit watersheds Identify 11 digit watersheds
contributing highest loads to the lake contributing highest loads to the lake Identify watershed specific problems Identify watershed specific problems Measurements: Measurements:
DischargeDischarge RainfallRainfall Herbicides (atrazine, acetochlor, Herbicides (atrazine, acetochlor,
metolachlor, metribuzin, selected atrazine metolachlor, metribuzin, selected atrazine metabolites)metabolites)
Nutrients (total and dissolved N and P)Nutrients (total and dissolved N and P) SedimentSediment
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Nested Watershed Nested Watershed MonitoringMonitoring
Long Branch WatershedLong Branch Watershed Evaluate scale Evaluate scale
dependence of dependence of contaminant contaminant transport.transport.
Perform model Perform model calibrations and calibrations and validations from validations from sub-watersheds to sub-watersheds to whole watershed whole watershed scales.scales.
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Goodwater Creek WatershedGoodwater Creek Watershed Surface water hydrologySurface water hydrology
~35-yr record~35-yr record SedimentSediment WeatherWeather Water table depthWater table depth
Water qualityWater quality ~15-yr record~15-yr record NutrientsNutrients PesticidesPesticides Surface and Ground Surface and Ground
waterwater Initial SWAT model Initial SWAT model
calibration is based on calibration is based on this sitethis site
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
#
#
#●
●
●
● ●
●
●
● ●
●
▲
▲
▲
▲Weirs
● Rain gauges
Weather station
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Key QuestionsKey Questions
Will we see differences in water quality Will we see differences in water quality at the watershed scale that can be at the watershed scale that can be attributed to conservation practices?attributed to conservation practices? Yes, but only if sufficient implementation Yes, but only if sufficient implementation
has occurred.has occurred. What if past implementation of What if past implementation of
conservation practices is insufficient to conservation practices is insufficient to affect water quality at the watershed-affect water quality at the watershed-scale?scale?
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Expected OutcomesExpected Outcomes Assess water quality differences at the watershed-scale.Assess water quality differences at the watershed-scale.
Contaminant transport normalized to watershed area or area of Contaminant transport normalized to watershed area or area of specific crop types (e.g. kg atrazine/ kmspecific crop types (e.g. kg atrazine/ km22).).
Loads as a percent of applied mass in the watershed.Loads as a percent of applied mass in the watershed. SWAT Model will be used to determine the most SWAT Model will be used to determine the most
hydrologically vulnerable areas within watersheds (i.e., hydrologically vulnerable areas within watersheds (i.e., areas contributing most to contaminant transport).areas contributing most to contaminant transport). Field verification of the model needed.Field verification of the model needed. Develop ability to model BMP impacts on water quality.Develop ability to model BMP impacts on water quality.
Develop site evaluation guidelines for targeted Develop site evaluation guidelines for targeted implementation of conservation practices.implementation of conservation practices.
Project StatusProject Status Negotiated a cooperative agreement with Missouri Negotiated a cooperative agreement with Missouri
Corn Growers Association to conduct basin-scale Corn Growers Association to conduct basin-scale monitoringmonitoring
Implemented basin-scale monitoring in Spring 2005Implemented basin-scale monitoring in Spring 2005 12 sites installed with autosamplers and area/velocity or depth probes12 sites installed with autosamplers and area/velocity or depth probes Rating curve work to be conducted for nested watershedsRating curve work to be conducted for nested watersheds
ModelingModeling Calibrated SWAT to Goodwater Creek discharge data at annual and Calibrated SWAT to Goodwater Creek discharge data at annual and
monthly time scales; daily discharge more challengingmonthly time scales; daily discharge more challenging Spatial and temporal delineation of crop type to improve land-use input Spatial and temporal delineation of crop type to improve land-use input
datadata FAPRI was awarded CSREES proposal in support of our CEAPFAPRI was awarded CSREES proposal in support of our CEAP USDA-FSA has provided locations of the conservation practices within USDA-FSA has provided locations of the conservation practices within
the Salt Riverthe Salt River
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BMPs FOR EVALUATION OF BMPs FOR
IMPROVED WATERSHED IMPROVED WATERSHED MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Herbicide transport from different cropping Herbicide transport from different cropping systems systems
Precision Agriculture System (PAS) Precision Agriculture System (PAS) implementation implementation
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Herbicide Transport from Different Cropping Systems
Plot-Scale Research ObjectivesObjectives
Evaluate the effects of corn herbicide application methods and application timing on Evaluate the effects of corn herbicide application methods and application timing on surface water quality.surface water quality.
Develop equations to predict herbicide concentrations in surface runoff.Develop equations to predict herbicide concentrations in surface runoff.
Herbicides studied – atrazine and metolachlorHerbicides studied – atrazine and metolachlor Cropping SystemsCropping Systems
CS1 – mulch-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast and incorporated.CS1 – mulch-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast and incorporated. CS2 – no-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast, not incorporated.CS2 – no-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast, not incorporated. CS5 – no-till; corn-soybean-wheat rotation; herbicides broadcast, not incorporated; CS5 – no-till; corn-soybean-wheat rotation; herbicides broadcast, not incorporated;
adaptive approach used to determine atrazine rates and timing.adaptive approach used to determine atrazine rates and timing. Split applications, reduced pre-plant rates, post-only application. Split applications, reduced pre-plant rates, post-only application.
Corn phase of the rotation was monitored during the growing season Corn phase of the rotation was monitored during the growing season from 1997-2002.from 1997-2002.
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Runoff and Herbicide LossesRunoff and Herbicide Losses††
CS1CS1
(Mulch Till; C-S)(Mulch Till; C-S)
CS2 CS2
(No-Till; C-S)(No-Till; C-S)
CS5 CS5
(No-till; C-S-W)(No-till; C-S-W)
RunoffRunoff(mm)(mm)
59.7a59.7a‡‡ 67.3a67.3a 70.8a70.8a
AtrazineAtrazine(g ha(g ha-1-1))
24.9b24.9b 55.0a55.0a 55.3a55.3a
Atrazine Atrazine (% of Applied)(% of Applied)
1.61.6 2.52.5 5.75.7
Metolachlor Metolachlor (g ha(g ha-1-1))
15.0b15.0b 24.7a24.7a 8.48.4
MetolachlorMetolachlor(% of Applied)(% of Applied)
1.81.8 2.02.0 2.02.0
†Six year averages.‡‡Means within rows with different letters were significantly different ( = 0.10).
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Herbicide ConcentrationsHerbicide Concentrations
Days After Application0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Con
cent
ratio
n (
g L
-1)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
CS10
100
200
300
400
500
600
CS10
100
200
300
400
500
Days after Application
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
100
200
300
400
500
600
CS2 CS2
Atrazine Metolachlor
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
General Model for Predicting General Model for Predicting Herbicide Transport in Surface Herbicide Transport in Surface
WaterWater
tkeQ
RaC
Where:Where: [C] = Computed atrazine or metolachlor concentration [C] = Computed atrazine or metolachlor concentration
(µg L(µg L-1-1)) R = Herbicide application rates (µg haR = Herbicide application rates (µg ha-1-1)) Q = Runoff measured for the events (L haQ = Runoff measured for the events (L ha-1-1)) t = Time after herbicide application, dayst = Time after herbicide application, days a, k = a, k = CoefficientsCoefficients
tkeRaQCLoss
Rearranged to solve for loss (i.e. total mass transported):
tkea*100
R
Q[C]*100applied of %
Rearranged to solve for relative loss:
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Herbicide Transport from Different Cropping Systems
Conclusions
No-till systems (CS2 and 5) did not reduce total runoff No-till systems (CS2 and 5) did not reduce total runoff compared to the mulch-till system (CS1).compared to the mulch-till system (CS1).
Herbicide loss was generally higher for no-till than mulch-till Herbicide loss was generally higher for no-till than mulch-till cropping systems.cropping systems.
A generalized model for estimating herbicide concentration A generalized model for estimating herbicide concentration was developed based on the observed exponential decrease was developed based on the observed exponential decrease in in concentrationconcentration combined with combined with flowflow and and application rateapplication rate. .
A key management challenge for claypan soils is A key management challenge for claypan soils is development of a cropping system that both minimizes soil development of a cropping system that both minimizes soil erosion and reduces herbicide loss to surface runoff.erosion and reduces herbicide loss to surface runoff.
Implementation of a Precision Implementation of a Precision Agricultural SystemAgricultural System
OBJECTIVE: OBJECTIVE: From a 14-yr history of water and soil From a 14-yr history of water and soil quality and spatially-variable crop and quality and spatially-variable crop and soil information, to develop and soil information, to develop and assess a precision agriculture system assess a precision agriculture system that will improve farming profitability that will improve farming profitability and better protect soil and water and better protect soil and water resources when compared to past resources when compared to past management practice.management practice.
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Field 1 Research Site36 ha field established for
research in 1990
Cropping System (1991-Cropping System (1991-2004)2004)
CS1 – mulch-till; corn-CS1 – mulch-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast and incorporated.broadcast and incorporated.
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
200 Years of Erosion200 Years of Erosion
The spatial variability in soil loss over the last 200 years controls the soil quality, water quality, and crop productivity patterns currently observed within this field.
0
5
10
15
20
25
Mar-91 Mar-93 Mar-95 Mar-97 Mar-99 Mar-01 Mar-03
Nit
rate
-N (
mg
/l)
2.3 m
7.0 m
9.7 m
0
5
10
15
20
25
Mar-91 Mar-93 Mar-95 Mar-97 Mar-99 Mar-01 Mar-03
Nit
rate
-N (
mg
/l)
2.7 m
8.5 m
11.5 m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Mar-91 Mar-93 Mar-95 Mar-97 Mar-99 Mar-01 Mar-03
Nit
rate
-N (
mg
/l)
2.7 m
8.5 m
14.2 m
0
5
10
15
20
25
Mar-91 Mar-93 Mar-95 Mar-97 Mar-99 Mar-01 Mar-03
Nit
rate
-N (
mg
/l)
2.7 m
6.8 m
14.4 m
0
5
10
15
20
25
Mar-91 Mar-93 Mar-95 Mar-97 Mar-99 Mar-01 Mar-03
Nit
rate
-N (
mg
/l)
2.7 m
6.8 m
13.4 m A
B
C
D E
TotalResidualN (kg/ha)
780
520
A
B
C
D
E
Decade TotalDecade TotalNitrogen Fertilizer Nitrogen Fertilizer Left on the FieldLeft on the Field(N fertilizer – Grain N)(N fertilizer – Grain N)
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Atrazine Persistence
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Spatial Variability in Average Crop Profit (1991-2004)
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Priorities Identified for the Priorities Identified for the Precision Agriculture SystemPrecision Agriculture System
Production(profitability)
Surface WaterQuality
Soil Quality(sustainability)
Ground WaterQuality
1. Reduce costs2. Achieve stable yield3. Improve water use efficiency
1. Reduce sediment loss2. Reduce herbicide loss3. Reduce nutrient loss
1. Greatly reduce topsoil loss2. Improve soil structure to enhance infiltration3. Build organic matter
1. Decrease nitrate leaching
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Whole Field: no-till grade to remove ponding problems variable rate P, K, and lime variable rate N for wheat and corn
PAS Management ApproachPAS Management Approach
AA Area A.Area A. 2-year rotation of 2-year rotation of
wheat-cover crop hay-wheat-cover crop hay-soybean.soybean. no crop during droughty periodno crop during droughty period no soil active herbicidesno soil active herbicides cover crop during high erosion cover crop during high erosion
timestimes perennial crops reintroducedperennial crops reintroduced
BB
Area B. Same as A but with grass hedges in the channel
CC Area C. 2-year rotation of
corn-soybean
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
SummarySummary CEAP will facilitate:CEAP will facilitate:
Water quality assessment at the large watershed Water quality assessment at the large watershed scale.scale.
Modeling to:Modeling to: Identify hydrologically vulnerable areas within Identify hydrologically vulnerable areas within
watersheds.watersheds. Assess water quality impacts of BMPs.Assess water quality impacts of BMPs.
Integration of research over multiple scales.Integration of research over multiple scales. Develop site evaluation guidelines for targeted Develop site evaluation guidelines for targeted
implementation of conservation practices.implementation of conservation practices.
Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO
Project Partners Project Partners
Missouri Corn Growers AssociationMissouri Corn Growers Association USDA-NRCSUSDA-NRCS University of Missouri- Columbia (UMC) Water University of Missouri- Columbia (UMC) Water
Quality ExtensionQuality Extension UMC School of Natural ResourcesUMC School of Natural Resources Food & Agric. Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)Food & Agric. Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) MFA, Inc. CooperativeMFA, Inc. Cooperative Clarence Cannon Wholesale Water CommissionClarence Cannon Wholesale Water Commission