market study report on medicinal

MARKET STUDY REPORT ON MEDICINAL & AROMATIC PLANTS (MAPS)

S. No.Content

1.INTRODUCTON -Medicinal & Aromatic Plants [MAPs]

2.OBJECT & SCOPE OF STUDY of MAPs

3.PRODUCT

3.1PROFILE

3.2CHARACTERISTICS

3.3CLASSIFICATION [HS CODE]

4.GENERAL FEATURES OD MAPs

4.1HERBAL MEDICINE MARKET

4.2MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

5.EUROPEAN TRADE

5.1EU TRADE VOLUME

5.2WORLD MARKET TRENDS

6.GERMANY

6.1MARKET POTENTIAL

6.2FEATURES OF TRADING

6.3TRADE STRUCTURE

7.INDIA

7.1STRENGTHS/MARKET SHARE

7.2AS MAJOR EXPORTER OF RAW MAPs

8.ROLE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

8.1AS SUPPLIERS FOR MAPs

8.2CURRENT CHALLENGE

8.3MEETING THE CHALLENGE

9.BARRIERS TO TRADE

10.STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING EXPORTS

11.ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

APPENDICES

Appendix No.APPENDIX

1.TRADE FAIR ORGANISERS

2.STANDARD ORGANISATIONS

3.SOURCES OF PRICE INFORMATION

4.TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

5.LIST OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND DISEASES THEY TREAT

6.TRADE PRESS

7.OTHER USEFULL ADDRESSES

8.LIST OF MAPs IMPORTERS IN GERMANY

9.LIST OF MA Pc IMPORTERS IN EU [Excl. Germany]

10.SERVICES BY ITPO FRANKFURT OFFICE

1. INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants, since times immemorial, have been used in virtually all cultures as a source of medicine. The widespread use of herbal remedies and healthcare preparations, as those described in ancient texts such as the Vedas and the Bible, and obtained from commonly used traditional herbs and medicinal plants, has been traced to the occurrence of natural products with medicinal properties.The demand for plants and plant-based drugs of proven therapeutic value within traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda, Unani Tibb, and Chinese medicine has never been higher. In many countries, including India, traditional medicine is becoming more widely appreciated within all segments of society. Due to population growth and increasing urbanization, the demand for plant-based drugs is rising very rapidly in cities and towns. Worldwide, the increased popularity of non-Western treatments ("alternative" or complementary medicine) is creating a rapidly expanding market for both crude drugs and sophisticated compound preparations. The global annual trade in herbal drugs has recently been estimated at US$14 billion to over US$20 billion with the largest markets found in Europe (-50% of global trade), Asia, and North America.While we may welcome the growth of Ayurveda and other traditional medical systems, we should be very seriously concerned about other trends that jeopardize the future availability of Ayurveda's plant drug sources. Healthy, diverse forests and other natural ecosystems that are the source of the overwhelming bulk of medicinal plants are being degraded, fragmented and disappearing altogether at alarming rates in many parts of the world. At the same time, the cultural diversity and traditional ecological knowledge of the uses and medicinal value of biodiversity that have been developed through millennia by countless indigenous or tribal societies throughout the world is also on a downward spiral.

2. OBJECT & SCOPE OF STUDY

The object of the market study report is to give an overview of the current trade in MAPs, identify the Indian export prospects, constraints etc. and to recommend/suggest strategies for the promotion of Indian exports to EU. The market study has been done with reference to available information on the subject.

3. PRODUCT

3.1 PRODUCT PROFILE [MAPS]

According to the World Health Organization, "a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis". This definition allows for a distinction between the already known medicinal plants whose therapeutic properties or character as a precursor of certain molecules have been established scientifically, and other plants used in traditional medicines and regarded medicinal, but which have not yet been subjected to thorough scientific study.

3.2 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

'It is not possible to assess the volume or value of the trade in all botanicals that are used medicinally because trade statistics do not identify all the plants individually and of those listed, the statistics do not identify medicinal and other uses separately. Products reported as medicinal plants often include gums, spices and plants used in the food industry; certain plant products include those used for teas and infusions; large volumes of plants such as pyrethrum are used in manufacture of insecticides; plants used by the cosmetic industry are also included'.

3.3 CUSTOMS/STATISTICAL PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION

On January 1, 1988, a unified coding system was introduced to harmonise the trading classificationsystems used world-wide. This system is called the Harmonised Commodity Description System (HS) and was developed by the World Customs Organisation(WCO). The system comprises about 5,000 commodity groups, each identified by a six digit code, arranged in alegal and logical structure and is supported by well defined rules to achieve uniform classification.Most of the natural ingredients used in the pharmaceutical industry do not have an exclusive HS Code and are incorporated in a broader product code. As per the information available, a four to six-digit list of the main product groups is mentioned below. These product groups can be further divided into sub-groups to the extent of ten digits.

SITC & HS Codes Code SITCDescriptionCorresponding HS or CCCN code

292.4Plants and parts of plants (including seeds and fruits) of a kind used primarily in perfumery , in pharmacy , or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes, fresh or dried, whether or not cut, crushed or powdered1211

292.41Liquorice roots1211.10

292.42Ginseng roots1211.20

292.49Other1211.90

HS or CCCN codes 1211.20 and 1211.90 are subdivided as follows:

1211.20.00Ginseng root

20 Cultivated

40 Wilde

1211.90Other

-Mint leaves:

1211.90.20 00Crude or not manufactured

1211.90.40Other

20 - Herbal teas and herbal infusions (single species, unmixed)

40 Other

1211.90.6000 Tonga beans

1211.90.80Other Substances having anaesthetic, prophylactic or therapeutic propertiesand principally used as medicaments or as ingredients in medicaments:

10 - Coca leaves

20 - psyllium seed husks

30 Other

40 Basil

50 Sage

80 - Herbal teas and herbal infusions (single species, unmixed)

90 Other

4. GENERAL FEA TURES OF MAPs AND MARKETS

4.1 Herbal medicine market

Herbal medicines, as distinct from pharmaceuticals, are produced directly from whole plant material. As a result, they contain a large number of constituents and active ingredients working in conjunction with each other, rather than a single, isolated active compound. Because the drug approval process and patenting systems do not provide incentives for companies to conduct (expensive and time-consuming) research on the synergistic and collective function of active ingredients in whole plants or plant formulas, botanical medicines are often scientifically poorly understood. However, most herbal medicines have long histories of traditional use, which confirm safety and efficacy, and as documented are used in many regulatory systems to guide the approval of commercial products. Herbal medicines represent a range of product types. These include products sold as raw herb (dried or fresh), and others that are processed to varying degrees, including tinctures (an infusion of herbs in alcohol) and extracts (greater concentration of the active material of the plant with the aid of a solvent).The largest markets for herbal medicines are found in Germany, China, Japan, the USA, France, Italy, the UK and Spain.

4.2 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Medicinal and aromatic plant material is obtained both from plants growing in the wild and from cultivated stock. Collection in the wild still plays a vital role in the use of, and trade in, medicinal and aromatic plant material in Europe, since cultivation has not proved to be profitable for the majority of plants traded. This is because: many plants are difficult to cultivate; many are required in small quantities; the quality of some wild harvested material is supposed to be superior; the costs associated with obtaining plant material from the wild are relatively low.About 2,000 medicinal and aromatic plant species are used on a commercial basis in Europe, of which two-thirds are native to Europe. In the EU, medicinal and aromatic plants are cultivated on an estimated 70,000 ha. Leading species are: lavender (Lavandula spp.), Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum), Caraway (Carum carvi) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). France and Spain are EU countries with many hectares under cultivation.However, in Spain wild-harvesting and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants has declined. There is some cultivation in Germany, where leading producers of herbal medicines have their own plantations for popular products. Finzelberg, for example, cultivates St. John's wort and echinacea in Germany. The area under cultivation, however, is small as cultivation in Eastern European countries is much cheaper.Eastern European countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary and Albania are major EU suppliers of material from medicinal and aromatic plants.

5. EUROPEAN UNION

5.1 EU TRADE VOLUME

Table 1: List of importers for the selected product in 2001 Product: 121190 Plants & pts of plants(incl. Seed & fruit) used in pharm, perf, insect etc

ImportersValue imported in 2001, in US$ thousandQuantity imported in 2001Quantity unitUnit value (US$/unitAnnual growth in value between 1997-2001, %Annual growth in Quantity between 1997-2001Annual growth in value between 2000-2001, %Share in world imports, %

World estimation850,662432,129Tons1,969-6-2-4100

United State of America132,12943,966Tons3,005-4-4616

Japan89,97527,031Tons3,329-3-211011

Germany71,95338,585Tons1,891-15-6-158

France56,35318,585Tons3,0321-1167

Hong Kong(SARC)43,13927,613Tons1,562-20-14-265

Korea, Rep. of Korea39,12233,689Tons1,161-6-3-245

Italy36,04812,039Tons2,994-6-3-44

United Kingdom33,4186,915Tons4,8335-5-44

Canada29,4180No quantity723

Malaysia26,70514,595Tons1,830-53-93

Singapore22,0214,493Tons4,901-8-203

Spain21,78411,461Tons1,901-10-2-103

The above table indicates that among top 12 importing countries having 69% of total import shares for medicinal and aromatic plants in the year 2001, the share of EU countries was 26%.In 2000, Germany was, by far, the leading EU importer of medicinal & aromatic plants. Between 1998 and 2000, however, Germany saw its share in EU imports decrease from 38 percent to 29 percent, while the United Kingdom experienced an increase from 7 to 12 percent. The Netherlands was small importer of medicinal & aromatic plants, being only the 12th leading EU importer.The major importing markets are the EU and USA.In these countries, increased demand for medicinal plants is being fuelled primarily by consumer interest in natural products and remedies, as well as by increasing concerns about the possible side effects of allopathic medicines. Major developing countries such as China and India are exporting medicinal plants, herbal tonics, cosmetics, perfumes etc. There are therefore good prospects for export growth from LDCs in this market. However, markets in developed countries for herbal medicine-especially in Europe and the USA - are highly regulated and are very difficult to penetrate, particularly for developing countries and LDCs whose products have not undergone the stringent tests applied by developed country pharmaceutical manufacturers before mass production.Sales of herbal medicine alone were estimated to have exceeded US$ 12.5 billion in 1994 and US$ 30 billion in 2000, with annual growth rates averaging between 5% to 15%, depending on the region. Meanwhile, the herbal supplements market has had a higher annual average growth rate between 1990-1997 of 25%. Rising global interest in medicinal plants has also created a sustained and largely 'underground' trade in plant materials, many of which are being collected in LDCs in an unregulated manner, resulting in indiscriminate harvest of wild varieties and serious damage to bio-diversity.

5.2 WORLD MARKET TRENDS

The European market for herbal supplements is estimated at over US$ 2.7 billion and for herbal remedies, a further US$ 0.9 billion. GERMANY IS BY FAR THE LARGEST MARKET. The market is growing rapidly at over 4% per annum for herbal remedies and considerably faster for herbal supplements. The US herbal market is nearing saturation and is expected to peak at US$ 6-8 billion in the next few years. Their dietary herbal supplement market is estimated at US$ 4 billion and has been growing at 6-8% per annum. The main producers are manufacturers based in the developed countries,including the large multinational pharmaceutical companies. There are also smaller companies that specialize in herbal products and some have emerged to challenge the multinationals for market leadership in this field. The main products sold are based on plants such as Echinacea and St. John's Wort that were known for their medicinal properties in the consuming countries. Recent research has helped propel the knowledge of other plants from around the world and this has helped accelerate the development of new supplements and medicines. The market share of herbal products made in developing countries remains comparatively low.The major successes have been achieved by Chinese products, mainly herbal supplements. The EU and the US regulations have special provision for herbal medicines that do not use mixtures of herbs. In this respect their regulations are, comparatively, relaxed. But if the exported products contain herbal mixtures and claim curative properties, the rules become much stricter. For medicines, product trials need to be carried out that cost several millions of dollars. Scientific knowledge of the products produced in the developing countries, and of their systems of traditional medicine, is limited and this also restricts the market for their herbal products. As markets grow, the search for a wider variety of ingredients is increasing. 'Phytomedicines' have already started to link traditional medicines with modern (allopathic) medicine, with research and development primarily funded by large pharmaceutical manufacturers. Some developed countries have already included into their national curricula medical, pharmaceutical research of a number of alternative health systems, while traditional medicine is being developed in parallel with allopathic medicine in developing countries such as Nigeria, Mexico, Thailand, Burma, India, China, etc. Countries have started also to regulate the production and sale of traditional medicines resulting in greater consumer confidence. However,there is still a general lack of knowledgewithin the world market about the whole range of traditional remedies available, and demand will grow as knowledge increases. The issue of consumer safety is increasingly important with the USA recently prohibiting the sale of some Chinese products. The developing countries will need to pay increasing attention to this issue. The number of practitioners of alternative medicine in the developed countries is increasing rapidly.There is also growing capability in the use of traditional medicines from the developing countries. This will stimulate demand for products made in the developing countries. Retail outlets for herbal products are increasing rapidly. From being confined to a few health food retailers, herbal products are now carried by a large number of high street chemists. These retailers are interested in product made in the developing countries but regulatory constraints are likely to limit this interest to supplements and cosmetics.

EU Consumption and trends

There certainly is a market for natural ingredients for herbal medicines in Europe. Global demand for herbal medicines has increased dramatically during the last ten years. Herbal medicines represent a range of product types. These include products sold as raw herb (dried or fresh), and others which are processed to varying degrees, including tinctures (an infusion of herbs in alcohol) and extracts (greater concentration of the active material of the plant with the aid of a solvent).Global sales for herbs/botanicals accounted for US$ 17.5 billion of sales in 1999. The major market is Europe, accounting for some 38% of the world market. The leading European market is Germany, accounting for over 50% of the European market, followed by France, the United Kingdom and Italy. The medicinal plant trade is largely conducted through Germany. Most importers are found in Germany and it is the leading market for exporters in developing countries. In general, herbal medicines are growing at a faster rate than conventional chemical drugs. Average annual growth rates for herbal medicines in Europe between 1985 and 1995 were 10 percent, but are expected to slow down to 5-10 percent over the next few years. In the USA, sales of most supplements were flat or down in 2000 following the combination, of bad press and the demise of many of the dot-coms in the Health sector.Trends which have an impact on demand for botanical medicines and, consequently, the demand for natural pharmaceutical ingredients include, amongst others: Consumers seek an alternative or complement to pharmaceutical drugs and modern healthcare. The increase in demand for 'natural' medicine is also strongly related to the rise of the green consumption movement. The entry of large pharmaceutical and Over-The- Counter (OTC) companies has placed botanical medicines more strongly on the mass market. Increased advertising budgets and media attention for botanical medicines have contributed to rapid growth in consumer demand. Increased emphasis on safety, efficacy and quality has resulted in more research and development, a shift towards standardized products, and requirements for high-quality raw materials. This expanded research and development has improved the legitimacy of botanical medicines. Acceptance of botanical medicines by national (Germany and Japan) and commercial insurance companies (USA). However, at a global level re-imbursement is currently decreasing. Some claim that the innovation and expansion of the pharmaceutical biotechnology sector, which is based on natural materials, has produced a scientific and financial environment open to the potential medical benefits of other natural products, including botanicals.Moreover, more and more innovative companies are requesting organically certified raw material or value added products, especially for the development of new products. There is increasing demand for certified raw material and value added products.

6. GERMANY

6.1 MARKET POTENTIAL

European-based companies and German companies in particular, dominate the global herbal supply industry. The biggest herbal raw materials group is Martin Bauer Group, a German-based corporation with annual sales of over US$ 250 million. About 4,000 to 6,000 botanicals are of commercial importance. It has been reported that between 500 and 600 medicinal plants are traded via Hamburg, which made it the world's leading trading centre in plants. However, the position of Hamburg has decreased in recent years. Manufacturers of herbal medicines used to acquire their raw materials from traders, but now some have their own plantations or have direct contacts with producers. Manufacturers of herbal products are increasingly interested in having direct relationships with producers of the required materials, in order to ensure a sustained source and/or to save costs. Exporters should realize that the Internet is an important medium in the sourcing of raw materials for herbal products. A number of users/traders of natural ingredients mentioned that they use the Internet in order to find new suppliers.

Existing and indicative potential trade between Germany and India in 2001(imports reported by Germany)

ProductGermany's Import from IndiaIndia's exports to worldGermany's imports from worldIndicative potential trade in US$ thousand

Value 2001 in US$ thousandAnnual growth in value between 1997-2001,%Share in Germany's imports, %Value 2001 in US$ thousandAnnual growth in value between 1997-2001,%Quantity 2001Quantity unitValue 2001 in US$ thousandAnnual growth in value between 1997-2001,%Quantity 2001(tonns)

121110 Liquorice roots usd primly in pharm,perf,insecticide,fungicide/sim purp0040-509Tons1,234-469540

121120 Ginseng roots usd primly in pharm, perf,insecticide,fungicide/sim purp00195Tons1,809913919

121190 Plants &pts of plants(incl sed & fruit)usd in pharm,perf,insect etc nes2,594-13472,199-239,082Tons71,953-1538,04569,359

The above table indicates that in respect of three major product groups of MAPs being imported by Germany, only one product group is being exported by India to Germany. Therefore, there is a good scope for exporting the other two product groups, which are any how being exported by India to some other countries in the world.Europe is a major world trader in MAPs. At least 2,000 MAP species are traded, of which two thirds (1,200-1,300 species) are native to the continent. The most popular botanical medicines sold in Europe in 1996 were formulated from gingko, ginseng, garlic, echinacea and evening primrose.About a quarter of global imports of MAPs each year are into Europe. In 1992-90, imports to Europe came from more than 120 countries, with 60 per cent of material coming from outside Europe, mainly from Africa and Asia. Between 1985 and 1995, the average annual growth rate in the European market was 10 per cent, with 440,000 tonnes imported in 1996 valued at US$1.3 billion. This is now likely to have risen to well above 500,000 tonnes. Germany is the leading European importer, accounting for a third of both the total volume and the total value of European imports, with France, Italy, Spain and the UK among the other 12 leading importing countries.

The 12 leading exporting countries in Europe are led by Germany, Bulgaria and Poland,with Germany accounting for a fifth of the volume and a third of the value. Germany has a large re-export trade. Between 1992 and 1996, Europe exported an average of 70,000 tonnes of MAPs annually, 20 per cent to non-European destinations, mainly North America. Sixty per cent of exports were from just five European countries -Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the UK.Germany is the major European traderin MAPs, being the pivotal country in intra-European trade and acting as a link between markets in eastern and south-eastern Europe and those in the north and west. The German phytomedical market grew at 30 per cent between 1993 and 1995, from a value of US$2.5 billion to US$3.26 billion. The estimated growth rate in 1998-99 was 5- 10 per cent.The UK is the fourth largest market in Europe.Britain lost direct access to suppliers in eastern Europe after the fall of communism, the trade becoming directed to an even greater extent than previously through Germany. Activities are currently under way to re-establish and strengthen former trade links between the UK and eastern Europe.UK trade restrictions differ from those of the rest of Europe. For example, bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis, is restricted in the UK and much of the small trade in this product is re-exported to Europe. There is very little overlap in the UK between trading systems for traditional European herbal medicines, TCMs(Traditional Chinese Medicines), Ayurvedic and Unani medicines. Of the 704 medicinal plant species which have been identified as being traded in the UK, 290 species are used exclusively in TCM with only 33 "cross-over" species used both in TCM and western herbal medicine. Imports of TCM materials were reported to be worth about 3 million per annum, which is far smaller than the western herbal trade. Raw materials for Ayurvedic and Unani medicines tend to be imported directly by individual practitioners on an informal basis.Bulgaria is the most important source country for European MAPs, with average net exports of 7,000 tonnes per annum. Sixty to seventy per cent of MAPs produced or harvested in Bulgaria are exported, mainly to wholesalers in Germany. Bulgarcoop, a cooperative enterprise instituted under the communist regime, is still the main national dealer in MAPs, even in this post-communist era. This cooperative helps growers with cultivation and guarantees to buy an agreed harvest. Since the fall of communism, 50-60 private and small companies, often family-owned, have joined the MAP trade and founded the Private Herb Exchange, which provides similar help to growers to Bulgarcoop and also organises courses for collectors. Turkey exports approximately 28,000 tonnes of MAPs annually, generating nearly US$50 million.

6.2 FEATURES OF TRADING

Medicinal and Aromatic plants (MAPs) are normally traded in dried form (Germany 95 per cent; Albania and Turkey, 100 per cent). Otherwise, they may be traded fresh or preserved in alcohol. Plant parts may be traded in their whole form or comminuted (cut, rasped or powdered). It is difficult to analyse data relating to the international market in MAPs. The industry is complex with little vertical integration. The large number of small and medium-sized companies in the industry are hesitant to share data. Cross-trading between companies is commonly practised, adding to the difficulties of understanding the trade.In most cases, manufacturers do not know the original sources of their MAPs. Most manufacturers in Europe and North America buy from large wholesalers, some of the biggest of which are in Germany. These wholesalers are also hesitant to provide information, for fear that companies might try and bypass them. Many manufacturers prefer working through wholesalers because they can generally be better assured that stocks of reliable quality are available at known prices. Overall, this makes purchase of herbal materials easier and more economic. More direct sourcing is the preferred option only for manufacturers which have very specific standards (organic, ethical, community trade, etc.) and which are able to charge higher prices for the extra costs incurred.

6.3 TRADE STRUCTURE: SOME ASPECTS

In Europe the trade structure is complex and dominated by a few wholesalers (Germany, Bulgaria, Albania). In producer countries generally, the plant material is bought from collectors and cultivators by various types of traders, including local dealers, village cooperatives and district traders. It is then passed on to wholesalers, manufacturers or directly to retailers. The wide range of manufacturers involved can include those engaged in the production of pharmaceuticals, extracts~ , cosmetics, foods and colouring agents. The number of outlets for MAPs reflects their diversity of uses. Material of a species which has entered the wholesale or manufacturing sectors may have originated from various harvesting areas within countries, or it could even have been imported. This makes it very difficult to identify sources of materials and to impose quality controls. The lengths of trade chains and the perceived need to protect information lead to a lack of transparency. A direct consequence is that those at the start of the chains (producer and collectors) have little idea of the market value of the MAPs which they are supplying , nor the means opt discover the value added from source to end-use. In India and Nepal, some NGOs are working to make market information available to collectors in order to give them bargaining power. The lack of transparency means that it is difficult to influence the trade easily in order to improve the sustainability of the source of MAPs. In former Eastern Bloc countries, the trade has changed in recent years from strictly organised , state-controlled systems based mostly on cuntry-wide networks, to free and diversified markets with the increasing number of competing private companies. This has had significant negative effects on the sustainability and conservation of MAPs because previous quotas and controls are nw largely ignored. Only Bulgaria still has a relatively well controlled MAP trade.

7. INDIA

7.1 INDIA'S STRENGTHS / MARKET SHARE: [Relation vis A vis Rivals]

Table: List of exporters for the selected product in 2001

Product:121190 Plants &pts of plants(incl sed &fruit)usd in pharm,perf,insect etc.

ExportersValue exported in 2001, in US$ thousandQuantity exported in 2001Quantity unitunit value (US$/unit)Annual growth in value between 1997-2001,%Annual growth in quantity between 1997-2001, %Annual growth in value between 2000-2001, %Share in world exports, %Report in Comtrade in 2001

World estimation760,178563,407Tons1,349-633100

China144,109160,687Tons897-123-719Y

India72,19939,082Tons1,847-21179

France51,9468,002Tons6,49210-3-27Y

United States of America50,70714,986Tons3,384-34-207Y

Germany50,37413,139Tons3,834-10-5-67Y

India enjoys being the second largest exporter of medicinal and aromatic plants in the world sharing the 9% of the total world export as per the table above. It is also indicates that India leads Germany in export of above MAP product group by 2% share because Germany exports only 7% of total market share on exports.

7.2 INDIA IS A MAJOR EXPORTER OF RAW MAPS

India is a major exporter of raw MAPs and processed plant-based drugs. Exports of crude drugs from India in 1994-95 were valued at US$53,219 million and of essential oils US$13,250 million. Important crude drugs included Plantago ovata (psyllium), Panax spp. (ginseng), Cassia spp. (senna) and Catharanthus roseus (rosy periwinkle). Essential oils included Santalum album (sandalwood), Mentha arvensis (peppermint) and Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemongrass). Seventy-five per cent of total exports from India are sent to six countries -France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, the UK and the US. Other major importers are Bangladesh, Pakistan and Spain.The leading developing country suppliers of medicinal & aromatic plants to the EU were China, India, Egypt, Morocco, Chile, Turkey, and Albania. The imports of medicinal plants considerably.

List of importing markets for a product exported by India in 2001

Product: 121190 Plants &pts of plants(incl sed&fruit) used in pharm, perf ,insect etc nes

ImportersExported value 2001 in US$ thousandShare in India's exports,%Exported quantity 2001Quantity unitunite value (US$/unit)Export trend in value between 1997-2001,%,p.aExport trend in value quantity between 1997-2001,%,p.a.Export growth in value between 2000-2001,%,p.a.Ranking of partner countries in world importsShare of partner countries in world imports, %Total import growth in value of partner countries between 1997-2001, %, p.a.

Total72,19910039,082Tons1,847-2117-6

United States of America40,9475718,601Tons2,201-5-329116-4

Japan5,02974,711Tons1,068111132211-3

France4,62061,796Tons2,572151062471

Italy3,3715429Tons7,85851-3574-6

Germany2,59441,825Tons1,421-13-17038-15

United Kingdom2,35531,010Tons2,33211-12845

Germany is the fifth largest importer of MAPs, wherein the leaders are USA, Japan, France and Italy.

8. ROLE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

8.1 As suppliers for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

In 2000, developing countries were particularly strong in the supply of medicinal & aromatic plants, accounting for 40 percent of imports by EU member countries in terms of value and 54 percent of imports by EU member countries in terms of volume. Since 1998, the share of developing countries in EU imports has fluctuated closely around these levels. China and India, as a result of their long tradition in the field of natural medicine and their vast land area, comprising all climatic zones, were leading producers of natural ingredients for pharmaceuticals. demand for kava kava which is endemic to the South Pacific. Vanuatu is another Pacific island which profited from the increased demand. After 1998, EU imports from Fiji decreased again to their previous level.In June 2002, Germany banned the supply of the herbal remedy kava-kava after reports linking it to fatal liver failure. Britain's Medicines Control Agency (MCA) has proposed to ban kava-kava but a decision is only expected around December 2002. From the box below, it also becomes clear that East European countries were major suppliers of medicinal & aromatic plants to the EU.Although The Netherlands was only a small European importer of medicinal & aromatic plants in 2000, relatively it obtained the biggest share of its imports from developing countries. Kenya and Congo together supplied over 45 percent of The Netherlands' imports in 2000.

8.2 Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plant resources: the current challenge

In spite of their significant contributions to public health and local or national economies, sound data regarding either the number or volume of medicinal plant species harvested from wild sources for local or commercial use are generally lacking, or at best very incomplete, in most countries. However, the few studies that have examined this topic strongly suggest that with relatively few exceptions, the overwhelming majority of plant drugs used in Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine are derived from plants collected from the wild, and mainly from forests.In China, for example, an estimated 5,000 species are used in traditional medicine. The annual demand for these plant drugs exceeds 700,000 tons, 80% of which are from wild sources, with an in-country market value of US$1.4 billion. In Indonesia, a total of 1260 species of medicinal plants are reportedly sold in markets, most of which are collected from forests. In South Africa, between 400 and 500 species are commonly sold for traditional medicinal use, of which 99% are harvested from wild sources. In Germany, 1543 medicinal plant species are in import and export trade, 70-90% of which are harvested primarily from the wild. In exports of medicinal raw materials, India ranks second next to China, which exports an estimated 32,600 tons per year valued at US$46 million.As noted earlier, rising commercial demand for wild-source plant drugs in some countries (including India) is occurring against a backdrop of rapid deforestation and/or degradation of species-rich forest ecosystems. The direct and underlying causes of deforestation in most countries currently facing this challenge are numerous, often complex, and related to variety of social, economic and political issues, including the failure to assess and avoid/mitigate the negative impacts of non-forest sector (i.e., agriculture, transportation, energy, trade, etc...) policies and developments on forests and biodiversity more generally. Over-exploitation of medicinal plants from wild sources is only one of many cumulative, unsustainable uses of forests leading to their degradation and devaluation, although its impact can be locally severe.With reference to the exploitation of medicinal plants, a number of inter-related factors in addition to those responsible for forest loss have contributed to the over-harvesting and depletion of key plant species, consequent degradation of forest resources, and the erosion of local self-sufficiency for locally-used and traded medicinal plants: Non-sustainable harvestsby plant collectors have led to the depletion of many medicinal species in otherwise healthy forests. Non-destructive, relatively low-intensity, collection practices for whole plants, reproductive structures (buds, flowers, fruits), root stocks/rhizomes, and bark (for trees and shrubs) have frequently been replaced by destructive harvesting practices that preclude the natural recovery of individual plants and the regeneration of viable populations within exploited forests. A shift from subsistence (local) use to commercial salehas in many locales resulted in larger volumes of certain species being harvested beyond sustainable levels. Increased commercialization of medicinal plants (and other forest products) often has significant effects on traditional resource tenure and user-right arrangements, particularly in relation to tribal communities. This process is often linked to more general shifts from subsistence to cash economies and to the erosion of traditional cultural and religious values within forest-dependent communities. Lengthy marketing chains,i.e., the existence of numerous middlemen involved between collection of plant drugs and their sale to consumers, often severely depresses prices paid to collectors, thereby encouraging over- harvesting to supplement income. Improved transportation networksin the vicinity of biodiversity-rich forests and other natural areas has increased resource accessibility and trade. The process of urbanization has increased urban market demand for plant drugs the influence of these markets on rural resource exploitation. Expanding international tradeoften increases the demand and market prices for particular species, resulting in rapid resource depletion, as has been historically the case for a variety of timber and non-wood forest products from tropical forests since the 19th century.There are an increasing number of plant species of known medicinal value that are threatened with extinction in the wild in the short- or medium-term. For example, the IUCN1 Red List of Threatened Species includes, for India, a total of 319 terrestrial plant species, of which a significant proportion are used in traditional systems of medicine, including Ayurveda. Threatened and endangered higher plants in South India include 36 medicinally important species, including such well-known species as Saraca asoca (Asoka), Pterocarpus santalinus (Raktacandana) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Sarpagandha). Considering that the conservation status of only a very small percentage of plant species has been assessed, the total number of threatened medicinal plant species in India can be projected to be in the hundreds.Current rates of forest loss, forest degradation and depletion (or loss) of wild populations of medicinal plants represent a serious threat to the future of traditional medicine, to the well-being of the majority of the world's population who depend directly on plant drugs for their health care needs, and to the capacity of forests to provide a broad spectrum of essential environmental goods and services. Reversing these trends, and thereby ensuring the future supply of high-quality plant drugs, is a monumental task, but one that is compatible with the large number of local, national and international efforts aimed at fulfilling the noble objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, i.e., conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of components of biological diversity, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources. The resolution of challenges related to the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plant resources is a major test for the CBD, its Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, and the network of local-to-global organizations and initiatives that will determine the success of the CBD.

8.3 Meeting the Challenge

The growing recognition of the importance of forest biological diversity in meeting local (and increasingly global) health care needs provides an important opportunity for conservationists, traditional medicine proponents, local communities and others to work together to develop mutually-supporting solutions to problems associated with forest loss and biodiversity erosion. Sustained and coordinated efforts are needed to transform currently unsustainable practices of medicinal plant "mining" from wild sources to more ecologically sustainable, socially acceptable, and economically equitable production and utilization systems. This will require, appropriate action, and changes, by the full range of society's "stakeholders" involved in the conservation, production, management, marketing, processing, and use of medicinal plants and their derivatives. There are three broad areas in which further work is needed: improved information and awareness-raising; improved in situ conservation and management; and, expanded development of ex situ production options.

BOTTLENECKS/CONSTRAINTS

Medicinal plants have received low priority in national investment, research and export development; as they tend to be considered minor crops. Most LDCs concentrate their research and development on staple crops such as rice and wheat.Threats to the future development of medicinal plant exports from LDCs depend on the structure of the major importing markets. Despite large import potential for medicinal plants in developed countries, market development is constrained by several factors: Capital and R&D:-The capital requirements and R&D facilities needed for entering into major markets such as Germany and France are too costly for small LDC exporters. Their entry into the countries where herbal medicines are not sold as over-the-counter products is also made difficult, as distribution outside food outlets is hard to access and risks are incurred by selling in unlicensed markets without being able to make claims of benefits. Lack of available technology:-Poor local technology as well as skill shortages result most often in inadequate post harvest handling, storage, processing, and packaging resulting in poor quality and low unit values for exports. MSTQ:-LDC exporters lack systems of measurement, standards, testing and quality (MSTQ) required by exporters to ensure their products meet international standards for hygiene, product specification and quality. Lack of knowledge of supply:-Few, if any, LDCs have carried out an inventory of species and sustainable off-take on the basis of gathering or limited husbandry. Prospects for cultivation are yet to be studied. The supply potential is thus virtually unknown. At present, few LDCs have the resources and the institutional capability to advise on policy and regulatory mechanisms to provide consistently high-quality products. Know-how in processing technologies is also deficient, as is the availability of sustainable production processes. Limited knowledge of properties:-There is limited knowledge also of the medicinal properties of the herbs beyond traditional knowledge and belief. This restricts the use and marketability of the plants. A systematic process is required to work with end-users in the developed countries to study their use in herbal supplements and herbal remedies manufactured by them, explore the possibility of selling traditional herbal supplements and tonics and lastly, to examine the requirements for marketing traditional medicines. The sale of the latter requires regulatory approvals that are usually expensive and time consuming, beyond the resources of most LDC exporters. Intellectual property rights (IPR):-An issue of potentially huge importance to the LDCs and all developing country exporters is intellectual property. These plants have been used in traditional medicines for centuries and hence cannot be protected by patent. They can be registered as individual or regional trademarks, with explicit rules of origin. Knowledge of the whole intellectual property rights (IPR) field is limited in the LDCs and access to IPR systems limited. There is evidence of organisations in developed countries taking advantage of lack of IPR knowledge. Recently the European Patent Office revoked a six-year-old patent covering the use of neem tree oil as a fungicide, upon learning that the oil had been used for the same purpose in India years before the patent was filed. Such patents are becoming increasingly common as new botanical uses are discovered -there are close to 70 patents covering neem tree products alone. 'Biopiracy' of plants or genes hurts exporters in LDCs, not only denying them the use over their intellectual property but potentially transferring their rights to foreign companies. Market access:-Market access issues have also constrained LDC export development. Generally, most medicinal plants and crude drugs are allowed without any tariff restrictions in several countries. They are exempt from import duty in Canada, Japan, the European Union and the USA. However, tariff charges in China and South Africa vary between 10% and 20% of the value of goods, depending on product and origin, while Japan levies a 5% tax on imports of ginseng roots, peppy straw, sandalwood and some others.

9. BARRIERS TO TRADE

European Union has a number of regulations to regulate the trade in pharmaceutical sector. The export market in EU is quite large as indicated by import of Indian medicines as Food supplements but the import is impeded by EU regulations. The tariff rates on products related to Medicinal & Aromatic Plants can be referred from the websites mentioned below:- http://www.wto.org/English/tratog_e/schedules_e/goods_schedules_e.htm We may need the relevant HS codes for these products, which can be obtained from the World Customs Organizationhttg://www.wcoomd.org/ie/index.html For non-tariff barriers another website mentioned below can be seen:-http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tbt_efibte.htmThe following websites may also be consulted for more information regarding Medicinal/Herbal products:-Association of European Self-medication Industry:http://www.aesgg.be /links2.html= Herbal medicinal products.http://pharmacos.eudra.orgthen go to Pharmaceuticals.http:// europa.eu.int/comm/research/headlines/12-2001.htmlAn example can be given of a product code 1211903000 Tonquin beans, wherein the TB and NTB are given in the following table:-

for product: 1211903000 Tonquin beans

Tariffs and non-tariff measuresTariff advaloremTariff specificAgreement with the following countriesNon-tariff measures or product description

MFN duties3%

GSP rate0%

Preference for ACP countries0%

Preference for South Africa0%

Preference for Czech Republic0%

Preference for Hungary0%

Preference for Egypt0.6%

Preference for Morocco0%

Preference for Syria0.6%

Preference for Tunisia0%

Preference for Algeria0%

Note:- The tariff advalorem differs from 3% to 0.6% and the preference is given to some counties like South Africa, Czech Republic, Egypt etc. by exempting/non charging tariffs.

10.STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING EXPORTS

Opportunities for Exporters It is not easy to present an overview of promising products for exporters from developing countries. However, some important points that emerge are mentioned below. There is a big transfer of natural ingredients from developing countries to the pharmaceutical industry for research purposes. Large pharmaceutical companies are engaged in bio-prospecting, which refers to the exploration of biodiversity for commercially valuable genetic and biochemical resources. This type of trade in natural ingredients is research-driven. Pharmaceutical companies study the properties and effects of specific medicinal plants and the knowledge is used with the aim to develop new medicines, which can be patented.This so-called bio-prospecting is strongly dominated and controlled by large pharmaceutical companies. Exporters from developing countries will find more opportunities in the trade of ingredients with known properties and effects, which are not patented and which can be traded freely.In Europe, some 2,000 medicinal and aromatic plants are used on a commercial basis. A number of botanical species are consistently cited by industry representatives in the USA and Europe as the most important today, and likely in the next five years. Echinacea was cited as the top product now and in the years to come, in both the USA and Europe. European companies continue to consider St Johns wort and Kava kava extremely important, while USA industry representatives tended to think both might be in decline due to controversial recent studies and bad press. Other important botanicals cited include: Gingko, Ginseng, Valerian, Goldenseal, and Garlic. USA companies also cited Black cohosh and Astragalus as good performers, while European, companies have had continued success with Hawthorn and Chamomile. Most buyers in The Netherlands are not interested in plant material, but in plant extracts. There are only a few developing countries which are able to supply extracts conforming to the requirements of western industry.

Prospects, Policies & Strategies for LDC

LDCs have the opportunity to expand their global export share of medicinal plants. They should aim to penetrate at the early stages of the value chain by supplying firstly, developed country manufacturers with unprocessed raw materials and then move towards providing herbal supplements before tackling the highly regulated market for herbal remedies.Export strategies for LDCs should aim for the following:-

Improve market knowledge

Export development strategies should seek to increase exporters' knowledge of consumers and end-user requirements and preferences, market access conditions, and appropriate marketing channels and techniques. The preliminary transmission of import requirements and regulations to suppliers and exporters is critical to allow them to reach the high standards of quality and sophistication required in the international markets. Agencies responsible for export promotion and sector business associations are expected to playa crucial role in this respect and their capacity needs to be strengthened. Following this, producers should be trained in sustainable harvesting techniques, sorting and grading, packing and shipping activities to enable them to meet customer requirements.

Research products adequately

The starting point for any programme to develop exports of medicinal herbs and plants after having gained market knowledge must be to map the areas in which they occur naturally and attempt to estimate sustainable off-take. The available species should then be market tested by laboratories and end-users in Europe and the USA to determine which of the available species have the highest market potential. Having identified the scale of the opportunity, the next step would be to examine husbandry and/or cultivation methods, at which point firmer estimates could be made of supply potential. An active programme of marketing herbs and plants to end-users should follow this.

Explore Alternative sales techniques

Alternative sales techniques are also available to the LDCs by taking advantage of the Internet. Dietary supplement sales on the Internet reached US$ 40 million in 1998, an increase of $12 million over 1997 figures. This accounts for only 0.3% of the total 1998 US supplement market of $13.6 billion. However, the rate of sales growth for supplements on the Internet far exceeds that of natural foods stores, mass-market stores, and multilevel marketing.

Improved information and awareness-raising

At present there are significant gaps in the knowledge of the present consumption and projected future demands, as well as trade statistics, for the vast number of plant drugs that are locally used and that enter into local, national and international. In the absence of such information, informed decision-making and planning by industry, policy-makers, medicinal plant producers (or forest managers for wild-source plant drugs), and research and development organizations is severely impaired. There is a critical need to compile, synthesize, and make widely available such information. Major marketing organizations, industrial phytomedicine producers, government agencies, and research institutions all have important roles to play in this regard. At the international level, several organizations have been active in promoting and coordinating such activities, notably the TRAFFIC wildlife trade monitoring program.There is a similar, perhaps more severe, dearth of reliable information on the present and projected future supplies of medicinal plants from wild sources. While there are significant efforts by a variety of organizations at local, regional, national and international levels to monitor and evaluate the changing conditions and conservation status of forest ecosystems and their constituent species, greater public support for such efforts is needed.In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the numbers of useful databases, publications synthesizing and popularizing medicinal plant information, as well as growing public debate and media coverage of traditional medicine and its links to biodiversity conservation and other issues such as intellectual property rights and cultural preservation2. Additional efforts are needed, however, to increase public awareness of the value of medicinal plant resources and their role in public health, and of the importance of conservation and sustainable management of natural forests and other biodiversity-rich habitats for the continued survival and production of valued plant drug sources. Broadened public awareness of the ecological, social and economic importance of healthy natural ecosystems needs to be translated into more active public involvement and political support for conservation and sustainable forest management. Closely linked to this is the need for increased consumer and producer awareness and support willingness to pay for plant drugs derived from sustainable forest management systems. Unless there are sufficient financial incentives to market medicinal plants (or plant parts) collected non-destructively and at sustainable levels, markets (in most countries) will continue to be dominated by plant drugs from "mined", rather than from sustainably managed, wild sources. In some national and international markets, consumer-driven "certification" or "green labeling" schemes similar to those gaining popularity for wood products and agricultural commodities like coffee could provide market-based incentives for promotion of conservation/sustainable management of medicinal plant resources.

Participation in trade fairs

Trade fairs are the best opportunity to establish contacts with the buyers, feel the current market situation, build up databases for multiple uses and to exhibits/publicize the products in which India has strength. The visit of delegations to the fairs relating to MAPs needs to be encourages. A list of some important trade fairs related to medicinal plants is attached as Annexure for easy reference.

11.ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

The role of International Organizations and Collaboration

There are numerous international non-governmental organizations that focus on conservation, social and economic development, and a variety of other relevant issues, have evolved increasingly effective strategies and mechanisms for working with local communities, local NGOs, research organizations, industries, and governments to promote sustainable management and utilization of biodiversity- rich forests in most parts of the world. Through their networking, such organizations are very often able to coordinate technical expertise as well as institutional and financial support in ways that local NGOs or local communities cannot do as effectively on their own. Major conservation and development NGOs often have considerable influence in the development of national and international policies affecting natural resource management, trade, and other issues pertinent to biodiversity conservation, sustainable use, and benefit-sharing.Bilateral and multilateral development assistance agencies are also important sources of financial and technical support for programs aimed at addressing underlying and direct causes of forest (and biodiversity} loss and degradation. Several, such as GTZ (Germany}, NRDC (Canada}, and DFID (UK}, provide significant support to governments, NGOs and other institutions for projects aimed directly at sustainable management and development of medicinal plant resources in a number of countries. While development assistance (or lending by major multilateral financial institutions such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and others} to countries for programs in sectors (agriculture, transportation, energy, mining, trade} that impact forests (or other natural ecosystems} has frequently exacerbated the problems we are concerned with here, there is increasing public pressure and apparent willingness of these institutions to reform their operational policies and practices to avoid negative "cross-sectoral" environmental and social impacts. There is a long way to go in this regard.The Global Environmental Facility is perhaps the major single source of international financial support for projects that directly address the challenges surrounding the conservation and sustainable management of medicinal plant resources. There are at present 7 major current or planned projects funded by the GEF in Egypt, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Jordan, India, Sri Lanka, and the Caribbean (several countries} that address these issues. These projects, are typically multi-faceted but with a focus on local conservation management and community development.Agencies and programs of the United Nations, as well as international treaties, conventions and forums operating under their auspices, are also extremely important elements of the broad array of organizations and activities undertaken at the international level that contribute to the resolution of issues related to medicinal plant conservation, management, development and trade. Several UN agencies serve critical roles in highlighting relevant issues, facilitating international policy and scientific dialogue, and provide mechanisms and coordinate support for effective international collaboration. These include: UNESCO (which administers the Man and the Biosphere program -http://www.unesco.org/mab/), FAO (specifically FAOs Forestry Department -http://www.fao.ora/forestry/- which coordinates the ongoing UN Forum on Forests), UNEP (http://www.unep.orgl- which administers the Convention on Biological Diversity), the World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/en/), and the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/- which seeks to address issues related to intellectual property rights at the heart of many international disputes over access and benefit-sharing vis--vis medicinal plants and their derivatives)

APPENDIX I

TRADE FAIR ORGANISERS

AUSTRIA

IGM

International Horticultural Exhibition, cut flowers and plants

Frequency:annual (28 August-1 September 2003)

Address:Tullner Messe GmbH, Messegelnde, 3430 Tulln, Austria

Telephone:+43 (0)2272 624030

Fax:+43 (0)2272 65252

Email:[email protected]

Internet:www.tulln.at/messe

DEENMARK

DAN-GAR- TEK/DAN-PLANT

technology, cut flowers, pot plants

Frequency:biennial (August 2003)

Address:Odense Congress Center, rbaekvej 350,5220 Odense, Denmark

Telephone:+45 (0)65560100

Fax:+45 (0)65 560 199


Internet:www.occ.dk

FRANCE

Florissimo

International exhibition fair for exotic flowers and foliage

Frequency:every 4 years (March 2004)

Address:Parc des Expositions et Congrs de Dijon, 3, Bd. De Champagne, P.O. Box 108,210003 Dijon

Cedex, France

Telephone:+33 (0)3 80773900

Fax:+33 (0)3 807739


Hortiflor

Florist's trade fair, cut flowers and pot plants

Frequency:annual (8-10 March 2003)

Address:BEPP- Bureau Europen de Presse et de Publicit, 44, avenue de Grorge V, 75008 Paris, France

Telephone:+33 (0)1 49521400

Fax:+33 (0)1 49521442

GERMANY

IPM

International trade fair for cut flowers and plants, equipment and florists' requisites

Frequency:annual (30 January- 2 February 2003)

Address:Messe Essen GmbH, Postfach 100165, 45001 Essen, Germany

Telephone:+49 (0)20172440

Fax:+49 (0)201 7244248

E-mail:[email protected]

Internet:www.ipm-messe.de

IFLO - International Floristik Messe

Floricultural trade show

Frequency:annual (17-26 August 2003)

Address:Messe Essen GmbH, P.O. Box 100165, 45001 Essen, Germany

Telephone:+49 (0)201 72440

Fax:+49 (0)201 7244248

Internet:www.messe-essen.de

GAFA - International Gartenfachmesse

International trade fair for horticulture

Frequency:annual (March 2003)

Address:Messe Kln. Messeplatz 1,50679 Kln, Germany

Telephone:+49 (0)221 8210

Fax:+49 (0)221 8212574


Internet:www.koelnmesse.de

ITALY

Miflor

Flowers, plants, equipment

Frequency:semi-annual (21-23 February 2003)

Address:Padova Fiere, Via Tommaseo 59, 35131 Padova, Italy

Telephone:+39 (0)049840 111

Fax:+39 (0)049 840570


Internet:www.padovafiere.it

THE NETHERLANDS

International Hortifair

Equipment, flowers and plants

Frequency:annual (5-8 November 2003)

Address:Amsterdam RAI, P.O. Box 77777, 1070 MS Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Telephone:+31 (0)205491212

Fax:+31 (0)205491894


Internet:www.flowertradeshow.nl or www.hortifair.nl

SPAIN

Iberflora

garden and horticultural technology show

Frequency:annual, (17-19 October 2003)

Address:FMIV, Avenida de las Ferias s/n, P.O. Box 476,46080 Valencia, Spain

Telephone:+34 (0)6 3861100

Fax:+34 (0)6 3636111 and 3644064


Internet:www.feriavalencia.com

UNITED KINGDOM

Horticulture

International Flower & Plant Trade Exhibition

Frequency:biennial (February 2003)

Address:Nexus Media Ltd, Nexus House, Swanley, Kent BR8 8HU, United Kingdom

Telephone:+44 (0)161 7764460

Fax:+44 (0)161 7776524


IFTEX

International Flower & Plant Trade Exhibition

Frequency:biennial (September 2003)

Address:Nexus Media Ltd, Nexus House, Swanley, Kent BR8 8HU, United Kingdom

Telephone:+44 (0)1617764460

Fax:+44 (0)161 7776524


APPENDIX 2 STANDARDS ORGANISATION

INTERNATIONAL

The World Health Organization

Address:Avenue Appia20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland

Telephone:+41 (0)227912111

Fax:+41 (0)227913111


Internet:www.who.org

EUROPEAN UNION

European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA)

Address:7 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London E14 4HB, United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)17l 418 8400

Fax:+44 (0)171 418 8416

Internet:www.eudra.org

Comit Europen de Normalisation (CEN)

European Normalisation Committee.

Address:Third Countries Unit, Rue de Stassart 36,

B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

Telephone:+ 32 (0)2 5500811

Fax:+ 32 (0)25500819


internet:www.cenorm.be

AUSTRIA

sterreichisches Normungsinstitut (ON)

Address:P.O. Box 130, A-1021 Vienna, Austria

Telephone:+ 43 (0)1 21300

Fax:+ 43 (0)1 213 00650


Internet:www.on-norm.at

BELGIUM

Institute Beige de Normalisation (IBN)

Address:Avenue de la Brabanonnelaan 29,


Telephone:+ 32 (0)273801 11

Fax:+ 32 (0)2 733 42 64


Internet:www.ibn.be

DENMARK

Dansk Standard (DS)

Address:Kollegievej 6, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark

Telephone:+ 45 (0)39 9661 01

Fax:+ 45 (0)399661 02


Internet:www.ds.dk

FINLAND

Suomen standardisoimisllito r.y. (SFS)

Address:P.O. Box 116, 00241 Helsinki, Finland

Telephone:+ 358 (0)9 1499331

Fax:+ 358 (0)9 1464925


Internet:http://www.sfs.fi

FRANCE

Association Francaise de Normalisation

Address:Tour Europe, 92049 Paris la Defense, France

Telephone:+ 33 (0)1 42915555

Fax:+ 33 (0)1 42915656

Internet:www.afnor.fr

GERMANY

Deutsches Institut fr Normung eV (DIN)

Address:Postfach, D-10772 Berlin, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)302601 0

Fax:+ 49 (0)302601 1231


Internet:www.din.de

GREECE

Hellenic Organisation for Standardisation

Address:313 Achamon, GR-1145 Athens, Greece

Telephone:+ 30 (0)1 2120100

Fax:+ 30 (0)1 2286219


Internet:www.elot.gr

ITALY

Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione (UNI)

Address:Via Battinotti Stassi IIB, 1-20133 Milano, Italy

Telephone:+ 39 02 700241

Fax:+ 39 02 70106106


Internet:www.unicei.it

IRELAND

National standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI)

Address:Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland

Telephone:+ 353 (0)1 8073800

Fax:+ 353 (0)1 8073838


Internet:www.nsai.ie

LUXEMBOURG

Service de l'Energie de l'Etat (SEE)

Address:Departement Norrnalisation, B.P. 10, L-2010,

Luxembourg

Telephone:+ 352 (0)46 9746 1

Fax:+ 352 (0)46 97 46 39


Internet:www.etat.lu/see

THE NETHERLANDS

Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut (NNI)

Netherlands Standardisation Institute

Address:P.O. Box 5059, 2600 GB Delft, The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)152690390

Fax:+ 31 (0)152690190


Internet:www.nni.nl

PORTUGAL

Instituto portugus Da Qualidade (Ipq)

Address:Rua Antnio Gio, 2, P-2829-513 Caparica, Portugal

Telephone:+ 351 (0)21 29481 00

Fax:+ 351 (0)21 29481 01


Internet:www.ipq.pt

SPAIN

Asociacin Espaola de Normalizacin y Certificacin

(AENOR)

Address:Genova 6, 28004 Madrid, Spain

Telephone:+ 34 (0)91 4326000

Fax:+ 34 (0)913104032


Internet:www.aenor.es

SWEDEN

Standardiseringen i Sverige (SIS)

Address:P.O. Box 6455, 11381 Stockholm, Sweden

Telephone:+ 46 (0)8-6103000

Fax:+ 46 (0)8-307757


Internet:www.sis.se

UNITED KINGDOM

British Standards Institution (BSI)

Address:389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL,

United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)208 996 90 00

Fax:+ 44 (0)208 996 74 00


Internet:www.bsi.org.uk

APPENDIX 3 SOURCES OF PRICE INFORMATION

International Trade Centre (ITC)

MNS Medicinal Plants & Extracts

Address:Palais des Nations, P.O. Box 10,

1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland

Telephone:+ 41 (0)227300111

Fax:+ 41 (0)227334439


Internet:www.intracen.org

Agra Europe Ltd.

publisher of 'The Public Ledger'

Address:80 Calverly Road, Tumbridge Wells, Kent,

TN1 2 UN, United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)1892533813

Fax:+ 44 (0)1892 544895


Internet:www.public-ledger.com

INTERNET

Herb crop shop

(at Herb Growing and Marketing Network)

www.herbworld.com/cropshop

Sites for retail prices for herbal materials include: www.herbmarket.com/ http://libertynatural.com

APPENDIX 4 TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

AESGP Association of the European Self-Medication Industry

(At the site you can find contact details of EU national organisations)

Address:7 Avenue de Tervuren, B-I040 Brussels, Belgium

Telephone:+ 32 (0)2 735 51 30

Fax:+ 32 (0)2 735 52 22


Internet:www.aesgp.be

European Federation of Pharmaceucial Industries and Associations

Address:Avenue Louise, 250, Box 91,


Telephone:+ 32 (0)26262555

Fax:+ 32 (0)26262566


Internet:www.efpia.org

The European Pharmaceutical Wholesaler Association (GIRP)

Address:Avenue de Broqueville 40. B-1200 Brussels,

Belgium

Telephone:+ 32 (0)2777 9977

Fax:+ 32 (0)2 777 3601


Internet:www.girp.org or www.euro-keys.com

A source of useful addresses is the Internet site of GIRP(The European Association of Pharmaceutical Wholesalers)(http://www.girp.org/).

European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP)

Address:Argyle House, Gandy Street, Exeter, Devon, EX4 3LS, United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)1392424626

Fax:+ 44 (0)1392424864

Internet:www.exeter.ac.uk/phytonet/escop.html

Naredi

Federation

Address:Zavelput 7, 1000 Brussel, Belgium

Telephone:+ 32 (0)2 2186679

Fax:+ 32 (0)2 2177900


Internet:www.naredi.be

Nehoma

Association of Netherlands producers and importers of phytomedicines

Address:Uiterwaardenstraat 13,8081 HJ Elburg, The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)525686001

Fax:+ 31 (0)525685905


Internet:www.nehoma.nl

Neprofarm

Association of the Netherlands Self-Medication Industry

Address:P.O. Box 27, 1270 AA Huizen, The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)35 6970821

Fax:+ 31 (0)35 6970822


Internet:www.neprofann.nl

Natuur & Gezondheidsproducten Nederlands (NPN)

Address:P.O. Box 373, 3850 AJ Ermelo, The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)341 554023

Fax:+ 31 (0)341561772


Internet:www.natuur-gezondheidsproducten.nl/

MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THE DISEASES THAT THEY TREAT

Quinidine, suppresser of out-of-sequence heartbeats from the bark of Cinchona sp. quinine, antimalarial from Cinchona sp. pilocarpine, glaucoma treatment from Brazilian Pilocarpus sp. picrotoxin, used worldwide as a nervous system stimulant from Anamirta sp. L-Dopa, treating Parkinson's disease from Mucuna sp. bromelain, anti-inflammatory from pineapple Ananas sp. scopolamine, sedative from Datura sp. digitalin and digoxin, heart drugs from foxglove Digitalis sp. atropine, powerful pupil-dilator from belladonna Atropa sp. curare, muscle relaxant (notably used in surgery) from Chondrodendron sp. ephedrine, decongestant from Chinese Ephedra sp. ipecac, emetic and dysentery cure from Central American Cephaelis spp. sennosides, laxative from Senna sp.

MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR TRADITIONAL TREATMENTS

1. Tuberculosis is the number-one cause of death; traditional treatments include: Alepidea amatymbica Helichrysum capitatum with Scabiosa columbaria Casearia aspera (which is reported to be as psychotropic as Cannabis sativa)2. Most common diseases:Upper respiratory tract infections (Lengana) Artemisia afra for common colds and coughsSkin infections Dicoma anomalaWounds and sores Geranium caffrum for clean wounds3. Diarrhoea and vomiting (in children) .Geranium caffrum and oral

FLUIDS

4. General body aches and pains; arthritis and rheumatism Malva parviflora5. Hypertension/diabetes Sutherlandia frutescens Trifolium burchelianum Melolobiun alpinium Tephrosia semiglabra

Malawi

1. Malaria Aristolochia petersiana2. Anaemia Alternative Eulophia species3. Respiratory tract infection, e.g., pneumonia Cassia petersiana bolle4. Diarrhoea Acalypha sinensis5. Childhood diseases, such as measles Ceratotheca sesamoides6. Sexually transmitted diseases (general) Tamarindus indicaSyphilis Cassia petersiana

Zambia

1. Malaria Dialiopsis Africana Pterocarpus angolensis2. Upper respiratory tract infection(bronchitis) Mangifera indica3. Diarrhoea Mangifera indica with Cassia abbreviate3. Malnutrition Pterocarpus angolensis is used to treat mouth ulcers in malnutrition4. Sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhoea) Erythrina abyssinica

United Republic of Tanzania

1. Malaria Cinchona succirubra Cinchona ledgeriana Cinchona hybrid Artemisa afra Azadirachta indica2. Diabetes mellitus Centella asiatica Runex urambarensis3. Epilepsy Hyptis suaveolens Vismianthus punctatus Ficus bursei4. Gonorrhoea Ozoroa mucronata Markhania obtusfolia5. Asthma Grewia sulcata

APPENDIX 6 TRADE PRESS

GERMANY

Drogenreport

Addresss:Artemisia e.V., StraBe am Westbahnhof,

06556 Artern/Thuringen. Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)34663256-14

Fax:+ 49 (0)3466 3256-20

Zeitschrift fr Arznei- und Gewrzpflanzen

Addresss:Agrimedia GmbH. Spithal 4,

D- 29468 Bergen/Dumme, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)58459881-0

Fax:+ 49 (0)58459881-11


Internet:www.agrimedia.com

ITALY

AGRO food INDUSTRY

Addresss:Teknoscienze, Via Aurelio Saffi 23,

20123 Milan, Italy

Telephone:+ 39024818011

Fax:+ 39024818070


Internet:www.teknoscienze.com

Fitoterapia

Addresss:Indena S.p.A. -Viale Ortles,

12- 20139 Milano, Italy

Telephone:+ 3902 574961

Fax:+ 390257404620


Internet:www.indena.it/fitotrp.htm

UNITED KINGDOM

European Journal of Herbal MedicineNational Institute of Medical Herbalists

Addresss:56 Longbrook Street, Exeter.

Devon EX4 6AH. United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0) 1392 426022

Fax:+ 44 (0)1392498963


Internet:www.ejhm.co.uk

Nutraceuticals International

Addresss:54-55 Wilton Road, London SWIV IDE,

United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)20 7828 7272

Fax:+ 44 (0)2078280415


Review of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants

Address:CAB International, Wallingford Oxfordshire,

OX10 8DE, United Kingdom

Telephone:+44 (0)1491 832111

Fax:+44 (0)1491 833508


Internet:http://hort.cabweb.org/Arornatic/ramphome.htm

INTERNATIONAL

Herbalgram American Botanical Council

Addresss: P.O. Box 144 345, Austin, TX 78714-4345,

USA

Telephone:1-512-926-4900

Fax:1-512-926-2345

Internet:www.herbalgram.org

Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants

Address:The Haworth Herbal Press, 10 Alice Street,

Binghamton, New York 13904-1580, USA

Telephone:+ 1 607 722 5857

Fax:+ 1 6077226362


Internet:www.haworthpressinc.com

Nutrition Business Journal

Address:P.O. Box 371769, San Diego, CA 92116-1769,

USA

Telephone:+ 16192957685

Fax:+ I 6192955743


Internet:www.nutritionbusiness.com

An interesting source of magazines in the field of medicinal herbs iswww.herbnet.com/press_p5.htm

APPENDIX 7 OTHER USEFUL ADDRESSES

CBI/Accesguide

(CBI's database on European non-tariff trade barriers)

Address:P.O. Box 30009, 3001 DA Rotterdam,

The Netherlands

Telephone:+31 (0)102013434

Fax:+31 (0)104114081


Internet:www.cbi.nl/accessguide

Committee for the Assessment of Phytomedicines

Address:Van Hoornestraat 2, 2581 VG Den Haag,

The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)703587528

Fax:+ 31 (0)703587528

Internet:www.ctf.nl

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

Address:International Environment House, 15, chemin

des Anemones, CH-1219 Chatelaine-Geneva,

Switzerland.

Telephone:+41 (0)229178139/40

Fax:+ 41 (0)22 797 3417


Internet:www.cites.org

FI Data Services (www.ingridnet.com)

Address:MK Distribution Centre, Bradbourne Drive,

Tilbrook, Milton Keynes MK7 8BN,

United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)1908365200

Fax:+ 44 (0)1908265252


Internet:www.ingridnet.corn

Earthscan Publication Ltd.

Address:120 Pentonville Road, London, N1 9 JN,

United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)20 7278 0433

Fax:+ 44 (0)207278 1142


Internet:www.earthscan.co.uk

European Advisory Services (EAS)

Avisory company specialising in European and international food and nutrition policy (incl. herbal supplements).

Address:50, Rue de l' Association, B-I000 Brussels, Belgium

Telephone:+32 (0)2218 1470

Fax:+ 32 (0)2219 7342


Internet:www.eas.be

European Directorate for the Quality of Medicine

Address:Council of Europe, B.P. 907, F-67029Stnlsbourg, France

Telephone:+ 33 (0)388412883

Fax:+ 33 (0)38841 2771


Internet:www.pheur.org

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

Address:Ac Avenida Hidalgo 502, 68000 Oaxaca,

Mexico

Telephone:+ 52 (0)95146905

Fax:+52(0)95162110


Internet:www.fscoax.org

GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fr TechnischeZusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

Address:Dag-Hammarskjold-Weg 1-5,

65760 Echborn, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)619679-0

Fax:+ 49 (0)619679-1115


Internet:www.gtz.de

International Chamber of Commerce

Address:38, Cours Albert ler, 75008 Paris, France

Telephone:+ 33 (0)1 4953 2828

Fax:+ 33 (0)149532942


Internet:www.iccwbo.org

Netherlands Association for Phytotherapy

Address:Rijksstraatweg 158,6573 00 Beek-Ubbergen,

The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)246844301

Fax:+ 31 (0)246844301


Internet:www.fyto.nl

Skal(internationally operating organisation. inspecting and certifying sustainable agricultural production methods and products)

Address:P.O. Box 384, 8000 AJ Zwolle,

The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)384268181

Fax:+ 31 (0)384213063


Internet:www.skal.com

Traffic Europe(Joint wildlife trade monitoring programme of WWF and IUCN)

Address:Waterloosteenweg 608, 1050 Brussels,

Belgium

Telephone:+ 32 (0)2 343 8258

Fax:+ 32 (0)2 343 2565


Internet:www.traffic.org

International Council for Medicinal And Aromatic Plants

Address:51 Boulevard de Montmorency, F-75016 Paris, France


Internet:www.icmap.org

LIST OF MAJOR IMPORTERS FOR MEDICINAL & AROMATIC PLANTS

1. Alfred Galke

Address:Postfach 1120, 37535 Gittelde, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)5327 86810

Fax:+ 49 (0)5327 5420


Internet:www.galke.com

2. Bionorica Arzneimittel GmbHPhytotherapy.

Address:Kerschensteinerstr. 11-15, 0-92318 Neumarkt,

Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)9181 23190

Fax:+ 49 (0)9181231265


Internet:www.bionorica.de

3. Buchler GmbHTrading house for quinine

Address:Harxbutteler StraBe 3,

0-38110 Braunschweig, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)5307 93121

Fax:+ 49 (0)5307 93131


Internet:www.guinine-buchler.com

4. Cealo (Caesar & Lorentz)

Address:Herderstrasse 31, 40721 Hilden, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)210349940

Fax:+ 49 (0)228 4220593


5. DHUHomeopathy

Address:Postfach 410280, 76202 Karlsruhe, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)721409301

Fax:+ 49 (0)7214093263


Internet:www.dhu.de

6. FinzelbergBio-extracts for the pharmaceutical industry.

Address:Koblenzer Str. 48-56, Andernach, 56626,

Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)2632 9240

Fax:+ 49 (0)2632 924040


Internet:www.finzelberg.de

7. GehrlicherProduce all galeric forms of phyto-extracts from more than400 medicinal and useful plants for the pharmaceuticalcosmetic and food industry.

Address:Robert-Koch Str. 5, Eurasburg, 82547,

Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)81798015

Fax:+ 49 (0)8179 778

E-mail:gehrlicher [email protected]

Internet:www.gehrlicher.de

8. General Extract Products

Manufactures and sells botanical extracts utilised asingredients in the production of food, health andpharmaceutical products.

Address:Brauereiweg 19, Flensburg, 24939, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)4614902076

Fax:+ 49 (0)461 4902077


Internet:www.generalextractQroducts.com

9. Kaden Biochemicals GmbH

Botanical substances, rare sugars and special extracts.

Address:Porgesring 50, 0-22113 Hamburg, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)40 736045-0

Fax:+ 49 (0)40 736045-45


Internet:www.kaden.de

10. Henry Lamotte GmbH

Trading house for quinine.

Address:P.O. Box 103849, 0-28038 Bremen, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)4215239-0

Fax:+ 49 (0)4215239-199


Internet:www.lamotte.de

11. Lichtwer Pharma AG

Pharmaceutical producer, specialising in plant remediesphytopharmaceuticals.

Address:Wallenroder Str. 8-10, 13435 Berlin, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)3040370-0

Fax:+ 49 (0)30 40370103

Internet:www.lichtwer.de

12. Madaus AG

Development and manufacture of modernphytopharmaceuticals.

Address:Ostmerheimer Str. 198,51109 Koln, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)2218998-0

Fax:+ 49 (0)2218998- 701


Internet:www.madaus.de

13. Martin Bauer GmbH & Co. KG

Bio-extracts for the pharmaceutical industry.

Address:Dutendorfer Str. 5- 7,

D-91487 Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0) 9163-88-0

Fax:+ 49 (0) 9163-88-312


Internet:www.martin-bauer.de

14. Ratiopharm GmbH

Medicins.

Address:Graf-Arco-Str. 3,89079 Ulm, Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)73140202

Fax:+ 49 (0)731402532


Internet:www.ratiopharm.de

15. Salus-Haus

Address:Bahnhofstrasse 24, D-83052 Bruckmuhl,

Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)8062 9010

Fax:+ 49 (0)8062 9147


Internet:www.salus.de

16. Spreewald-Pharma GmbH

Phytopharmaceuticals.

Address:Kuschkower StraBe 9, D-15910 Groditsch,

Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)7614909161

Fax:+ 49 (0)7614909125


Internet:www.spreewald-pharma.de

17. Weleda AG

Medicins and skincare products.

Address:Postfach 1320, 73503 schwabisch Gmund,

Germany

Telephone:+ 49 (0)7171919-414

Fax:+ 49 (0)7171919-424


Internet:www.weleda.de

18. Abtswinder Naturheilmittel GmbH & Co. KGGewurzstraBe 1-3D-97355AbtswindGermany+49 (09383) 97110+49 (0 93 83) 22 10

19. Hellmuth Carroux GmbH & Co.Hamburger StraBe 11D-20304HamburgGermany+49 (0 40) 3 55 39 00+49 (0 40) 35 53 90 33

20. Finzelberg GmbH & Co. KGKoblenzer Stra8e 48-56D-56603AndernachGermany+49 (0 26 32) 9 24 00+49 (0 26 32) 92 40 40

21. Daniel Groz Soehne KGGrngrabenstraBe 52-54D-72458AlbstadtGermany+49 (07431) 93540+49 (0 74 31) 93 54 80

22. ISO-Arzneimlttel GmbH & Co. KGBunsenstra8e 6-10D-76258EttlingenGermany+49 (0 72 43) 1 06 03+49 (0 72 43) 10 61 69

23. Kampmann GmbHBremer StraBe 23D-49794LingenGermany+49 (05 91) 7 10 80+49 (05 91) 7 10 83 00

24. Nichimen Europe plcAm Wehrhahn 33/Wehrhahn-CenterD-40090DusseldorfGermany+49 (02 11) 3 55 10+49 (02 11) 3 55 11 50

25. Wala-Heilmittel GmbHBosslerweg 2D-73087Bad BollGermany+49 (07164) 9300+49 (0 7164) 9302 96

26. WEIMER PHARMA GmbHIm Steingerust 30D-76414RastattGermany+49 (0 72 22) 50 40+49 (0 72 22) 5 24 78

APPENDIX 9

LIST OF MOSTIMPORTANT EU IMPORTERS

ITALY

Aboca di V. Mercati s.s. Az. Agraria

Address:Loc. Aboca 20, 1-52037 Sansepolcro (AR),

Italy

Telephone:+ 3905757461

Fax:+ 390575749130


Internet:www.aboca.it

Bonomelli Srl

Address:Via Mattei 6, 40069 Zola Predosa (Bologna),

Italy

Telephone:+ 390516170411

Fax:+ 39051750571

E-Mail:[email protected]

Internet:www.bonomelli.it

Hammer Pharma

Herbal extracts.

Address:Via Galileo Ferraris 44, Caronno Pertusella,

21042, Italy

Telephone:+ 39029665121

Fax:+ 390296651250


Internet:www.hammerpharma.it

Indena

Address:Viale Ortles No.12, Milan 20139, Italy

Telephone:+ 3902574961

Fax:+ 3902 57496290

Internet:www.indena.it

SPAIN

Extractos Natra

Producer of plant extracts, imports raw materialmainly from West Africa.

Address:Camino de los Hornillos s/n,

46930 Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain

Telephone:+ 34 (0)961920851152

Fax:+ 34 (0)96 1920445

Internet:www.natra-group.com

Laboratorios Dr. Vinyals S.A.

Address:C/Granada, 21-25, ES-08740 Sant Andreu de

la Barca, Spain

Telephone:+ 34 (0)93 682 06 68

Fax:+ 34 (0)936821647


Internet:www.vinyals.com

UNITED KINGDOM

de Blac and AssociatesInterest in trading with primary producers andrefiners of any natural products.

Address:West Wing, Flint Hill House, Winwick,

Northants NN6 7PA, United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)1788510058

Fax:+ 44 (0)1788510057


Internet:www.deblac.com

48

Buckton Scott Group (B.S.G.)

Multi-national organisation active in manufacturing.

Address:Black Horse House, Bentalls,

Pipps Hill Estate, Basildon, Essex. SS14 3BX,

United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44-(0) 1702 560600

Fax:+ 44 (0) 1702 560606


Internet:www.buckton.com

StanChem International

Trading house for quinine.

Address:4, Kings Road, Reading, RGI 3AA,

United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)1189580247

Fax:+ 44 (0)1189589580


Internet:www.stanchem.co.uk

Vitabiotics Ltd.

Interest in plant extracts.

Address:Beresford Avenue, Wembley,

Middlesex HAO INU, United Kingdom

Telephone:+ 44 (0)20 8902 4455

Fax:+ 44 (0)20 8902 4466


Internet:www.vitabiotics.com

NETHERLANDS

American Sport

Manufacturer of food supplements, interest in plantextracts.

Address:P.O. Box 2783, 1000 CT Amsterdam,

The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)204350010

Fax:+ 31 (0)204350018


Internet:www.vitamins.nl

Arnold Suhr Nederland International B.V.

Medicinal and aromatic plants, powdered extracts,Natural colours.

Address:P.O. Box 6024,3600 HA Maarssen,

The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)302481010

Fax:+ 31 (0)30 2414636


Internet:www.arnoldsuhr.nl

Banner Pharmacaps Europe B.V.

Manufacturer of food supplements, imports rawmaterials via agents

Address:P.O. Box 5037,5004 EA Tilburg,

The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)134624100

Fax:+ 31 (0)134624124


internet:www.banpharm.com

Biohorma

Raw plant material and plant extracts.

Address:P.O. Box, 8080 AA Elburg, The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)525 687200

Fax:+ 31 (0)525 683932


Internet:www.biohorma.nl

Caldic Chemie B.V.

Works via partnerships and representation, thenatural products part of their business is modest, plantextracts (ginseng, ginkgo biloba).

Address:P.O. Box 21122,3001 AC Rotterdam,

The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)'94136420

Fax:+ 31 (0)104047458


Internet:www.caldic.nl

Jan Dekker International B.V.

Plant extracts.

Address:P.O. Box 10,1520 AA Whomerveer,

The Netherlands

Telephone:+ 31 (0)756479999

Fax:+ 31 (0)75 6403830


Internet:www.jandekker.com

BELGIUM

ORFFA Belgium Pharma B.V.

Provide

market study report on medicinal

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