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Index

Abrams, Creighton (American general,Vietnam War), 381

Actium, battle of (31 BC), 427Adrianople; battle of (AD 378), 63;

most fought-over town in history,427

Aelian (Tactics), 4, 157, 417, 431Aemilius Paulus (Roman general), 40Aeschylus on the Persian wars, 23, 25Aetius (Roman general), 62, 63Afghanistan’s democratic election. See

also al-Qaeda; Laden, Osama Bin,407

Agesilaus (Spartan general), 26, 37aggression in the western military

tradition, 6, 10, 414, 416, 418,425

Agincourt, battle of (1415), 88, 89agrarian warfare, 25, 30; Bronze-Age,

18; hoplite, 18, 19, 21, 22; Romanmilitias, 49

air attacks; Gulf War, 392; Six Day War,386; Vietnam War, 377–378, 380,381; World War I, 309; World WarII, 334, 351, 354, 357, 364; YomKippur War, 387

Air Corps Tactical School (USA), 319air defence,319, 387, 392; British

(1930s), 319; Egyptian (Yom KippurWar), 387; German (World War II),344–346; Iraqi (Gulf War), 391–392

airborne forces, 325, 332, 333, 351,352, 372

aircraft carriers, 251; American (1930s),320; American (World War II), 356;Japanese (World War II), 355

Aisne offensive (1918), 283, 305Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of (1748), 183,

184Alans, 64Alba, duke of, 5, 152, 155Alberich (German withdrawal, 1917),

298Alberti, Leon Battista, on angled

defences, 106Alexander the Great, 3, 71, 98, 418Alexius (east Roman emperor), 79Alfonso X of Castile (Siete Partidas), 99Alfred the Great, 72, 76Algerian War (1954–62), 372–374Algonkians, 139Aljubarrota, battle of (1385), 85Allerheim, battle of (1645), 160Alma, battle of (1854), 222Almagro, Diego de (Spanish

conquistador), 139, 140al-Qaeda, 412. See also Laden, Osama

Bin, 403; America strikes back,406–412; America under attack,403–406; Madrid explosion, 411

Alvarez de Toledo, Don Fernando. SeeAlba

Ambrones, 46Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan

(penance of Theodosius), 414American Civil War, 223–225

491

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Index

American War of Independence(1775–81), 190–193

Americas conquered, 67–71, 131Amherst, Jeffrey (British general), 186Amiens; battle of (1918), 309; treaty of

(1802), 213Anastasius (east Roman emperor), 67angled bastions, 106, 108Anglo-Dutch wars, 117, 125, 126,

427Anglo-Saxon military organization, 73,

76Anna Comnena on Frankish cavalry,

79Antietam, battle of (1862), 227, 228,

246Antigonus Gonatas (Macedonian

general), 40Antioch taken by crusaders (1098), 77Antipater (Macedonian general), 40Antwerp, 213; defences (1560s), 107,

112; World War I, 281, 283; WorldWar II, 351, 352

Anzac (Australian and New Zealandarmy corps), Dardanelles campaign(1915), 290

Anzio landing (1944), 342Apache resistance (1880s), 255Appian; on rise of latifundia, 48Appomattox, Lee’s surrender (1865),

238aquila (Roman eagle insignia), 52Arab–Israeli wars, 384–389; 1948–49,

384; 1956 (Suez Crisis), 385; 1967(Six Day War), 385–387; 1973 (YomKippur War), 88–89, 387

archery, 44, 97Archilochus on commanders, 20Ardennes, 282; German counter-attack

(1944), 352; German invasion route(1940), 325, 327

Argos versus Sparta, 32Aridius (Gallo-Roman magnate), 71Aristophanes (war criticism), 414Aristotle on decline of the hoplite, 26Arkan, 422Armada; Dutch (1688), 125, 137–139;

Spanish (1588), 119, 122, 123, 124,127, 427

armoured warfare; British experiments(1920–30s), 317; Germandevelopment (1930s), 316; Six DayWar, 386–387; World War II, 325,334, 346–351; Yom Kippur War,387–389

arms manufacture, 153–154, 340–341,344, 415

arms race, naval, 124, 127, 128, 267;17th c., 125; before World War I,106–114, 268

Army of Northern Virginia (AmericanCivil War), 227, 229, 230, 231, 232,234

Army of Tennessee (American CivilWar), 232

Army of the Potomac (American CivilWar), 224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232,233, 234, 238

Arnhem, battle of (1944), 351arquebuses, 132, 134, 144, 145, 156arrows, 44, 74, 78, 79, 84, 85, 86, 88,

94, 128, 132, 134, 135, 140artillery; 18th c., 194, 197; Flanders

(1917), 300; gunpowder revolution,89–90, 101–113; Korean War(1950–53), 370; Kursk (1943), 346;naval (16th c.), 125–127, 138; naval(late Middle Ages), 118–119,122–124, 128–130; naval(Napoleonic wars), 210–213; Parissiege (1870–71), 247; Passchendaele(1917), 301; Russo-Japanese War(1904–05), 260; Spanish New-Worldconquests, 132–134; the Somme(1916), 294; Verdun (1916), 292;World War I, 287–288

artillery fortresses, 108, 110, 111Aspern-Essling, battle of (1809), 208Assaye, battle of (1803), 214Assize of Arms (England, 1181), 97Assyrian warfare, 16Atahualpa (Inca ruler), 138, 141Athenians, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30,

35, 36, 418Atlanta, battle of (1864), 234,

366–370Atlantic, battle of (World War II),

163–166, 343

492






Index

atomic weapons, 364atrocities, Thirty Years War, 57–58,

375. See also war crimes, 176, 370attack in depth (World War I), 303Attila the Hun, 10, 62, 94–96Augustus Caesar, 54Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 117–121,

204Austrian Succession, War of

(1740–48), 181, 184, 186Austro-Prussian War (1866), 210–213,

241Ayamores, 139Aztecs, 1, 134, 136, 137, 139, 144B-17 bomber, 345

B-29 bomber, 359, 360B-52 bomber, 383Badoglio, Marshal Pietro (Italian leader

1943–44), 342Baghdad captured (2003), 408Bagration (Soviet offensive, 1944), 347Balaclava, battle of (1854), 222Balkan Wars, 268–269, 330, 396–399Balkans campaign; German (1941),

48–52, 331; Italian (1940),131–147, 330

Bank of England, 9, 182, 215Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss (Union

general), 232, 233Bannockburn, battle of (1314), 86, 87,

416Bar Lev line breached (1973), 387Barbarossa (German invasion of the

Soviet Union, 1941), 96–98, 333Barcelona taken in 68, 70, 95Barret, Robert (The Theory and Practice

of Modern Wars, 1598), 101Barwick, Humphrey (English military

writer), 156bastions, 106, 112, 148–154, 172battalion attack column, revolutionary

France, 197battering rams, 81; medieval, 80battle doctrine; British (after World

War I), 317; British (World War I),299, 301, 304; French (after WorldWar I), 317; French (World War I),298; German (1924), 315–316;

German (World War I), 295–296,301–302, 304–305; hoplite, 18–23;Macedonian, 34–36; Roman, 44–45

bayonets, 170, 174, 230Bazaine, Francois Achille, (French

marshal in the Franco-Prussian War),246, 329–330

Beachy Head, battle of (1690), 126,343–344

Beck, Ludwig (chief of the Germangeneral staff, 1930s), 316

Bede, the Venerable, on Hadrian’sWall, 4

Behr, Johann, on decline of the fieldbattle, 171

Belgium invaded; (1914), 279–282;(1940), 325

Belgrade (Balkan War), 396, 401Belgrade bombed (1941), 332Belisarius (Byzantine general), 67,

68Benedek, Ludwig von (Austrian

general), 241, 243Bergen-op-Zoom besieged (1622),

161Berlichingen, Gotz von (military

entrepreneur, 16th c.), 150Berlin; bombed (1943), 345; taken

(1945), 353Berlin Decree (1806), 205Bernhardi, Theodor von (German

general), 250Berwick-upon-Tweed besieged (1333),

102Bf 109 (Messerschmitt) fighter aircraft,

446Biak, battle of (1944), 357, 370–372Bicocca, battle of (1522), 155biological weapons, 425Bismarck, Otto von (Prussian

statesman), 239, 379–383Black Hole of Calcutta, 187Black Prince, 89Black Sea fleet, 395Black Week (Boer War), 257Blackhawk helicopters, 394Blair, Tony (British Prime Minister),

407Blenheim, battle of (1704), 177

493






Index

blind bombing system (World War II),330

Bloch, Ivan (Is War Impossible? 1899),272

blockades; American Civil War, 225,235; Anglo-French (1939), 323;Calais (1346–47), 95; Napoleonicwars, 205

Blucher, Gebhard Leberecht von(Prussian general, Napoleonic wars),209

Blucher, World War II German heavycruiser, 324

Bock, Fedor von (German general,World War II), 322, 327, 328

Boeotia plain (Greek battleground),25, 27, 36

Boer uprising (1880–81), 254Boer War (1889–1902), 256–259Bohemia, Hussite revolt, 90Bologna defences (1381), 105Bolshevik Revolution (1917),

302–303bombards, 101, 103Bomber Command (Royal Air Force,

World War II), 318, 344, 345, 360bombing; 1930s doctrine, 319; battle

of Britain (1940), 329–330;Germany (World War II), 344–346,351–352; Iraq, 389–392; Japan(1945), 359–361; Pearl Harbor(1941), 354–355; Vietnam, 360,381, 383

Bonaparte; Joseph, 205; Napolean. SeeNapolean

Borodino, battle of (1812), 206–207Bosnia, 400Bosnia-Herzegovina (civil war), 396Bosnian Muslims, 396, 398Bosnian rebellion (1876), 255Bosnian Serb group (Arkan), 422Bosnian Serb offensives, 396, 398Boston besieged (1775–76), 190Boulogne taken by Germans (1940),

328Bourges taken by Pepin I (762), 70bows, 85–88Boyle, Roger, earl of Orrery, 148,

153

Bradley, Omar (chairman of theAmerican joint chiefs of staff, KoreanWar), 368

Bragg, Braxton (Confederate general),231, 232, 234

Breeds hill (battle of Bunker hill),190

Breitenfeld, battle of (1631), 153,159–160

Brest-Litovsk, peace of (1918),302

Bretigny, treaty of (1360), 89Britain, battle of (1940), 329–330British Expeditionary Force, 268;

World War I, 282, 283, 287, 294,299, 300, 304, 309; World War II,327, 328

broadsides, 117, 122, 123bronze weapons, 134–137Brooke, Rupert (World War I poet),

312Brooke, Sir Alan, chairman of the

Chiefs of Staff, 431Brunswick, duke of (Prussian general,

French revolutionary wars), 198Brussels taken; (1914), 309; (1940),

328Brussilov, Alexei (Russian general,

World War I), 297Budapest, battle of (1944), 348Bueil, Jean de (Le Jouvencel, 1466),

96Buell, Carlos (Union general), 228,

229Bulgaria; Germany ally (1941), 331;

surrender to Soviets (1944), 348Bulge, battle of (1944), 352Bull Run; first battle of (1861), 225,

226; second battle of (1862), 227Buller, Redvers (British general, Boer

War), 257, 258Bulow, Karl von (German general,

World War I), 282Bunker hill, battle of (1775), 190bureaucracy of war, 55–56Burghal Hidage, 73Burgoyne, John (British general, War

of American Independence), 192burgs, Anglo-Saxon, 72, 74, 76

494






Index

Burma; occupied by Japan (1942–43),355; recaptured by Britain(1944–45), 358–359

Burnside, Ambrose (Union general),227

Bush, George H, W. (US President),392, 429

Bush, George W. (US President), 406,408

Butler, Benjamin Franklin (Uniongeneral), 232, 233

Buxar, battle of (1764), 188Byng, John (British admiral),

211Byzantine warfare, 74–75cadet schools (France, 1700s), 195

Cadiz raid (1596), 124Caesar, Julius (Roman general), 4, 53,

54, 62, 63, 93, 98, 101, 418Cairo (Union riverboat), 224Calais blockaded (1346–47), 95caltrops, 79Camberley staff college, 250Cambodia invaded; by Americans

(1970), 381; by Vietnamese (1978),383

Cambrai, battle of (1917), 301–302Camden, battle of (1780), 193camp followers, 87, 154, 161Camperdown, battle of (1797), 211,

427Campo Formio, treaty of (1797), 200Cannae, battle of (216 BC), 4, 45, 158,

273, 431cannon. See artilleryCanturino, battle of (1363), 87Cap Colonna, battle of (982), 78Cape St Vincent, battle of (1797), 211,

212Capet, Hugh, king of France, 76, 80Capital ships, 117, 120–124, 125, 126,

355Caporetto, battle of (1917), 303caravels, 128Carcassonne; raided (1355), 89Carlos II of Spain, 177Carnatic War; first (1744–48), 183;

second (1749–54), 183

Carnot, Lazare (military leader, Frenchrevolutionary wars), 198

Carolingian dynasty, 4, 68, 70, 71, 75,76, 80

carracks, 128Carrhae, battle of (53 BC), 45, 53Cartier, Jacques, on Algonkians, 133Casablanca meeting (1943), 342Cassel, battle of (1328), 86castles, 77, 95, 104, 415casualties, civilian, 399–401; 20th-c.

civil wars, 421–424; Algerian War,373; Belgium (1914), 281; Belgrade(1941), 332; Boer War, 259;Hamburg (1943), 344; Japan(1945), 361; Leningrad (World WarII), 336; Rotterdam (1940), 327

casualties, military; 20th-c. civil wars,421; British (1918), 309; French(1915), 287; German (1918), 308;Italian (World War I), 291;Napoleonic wars, 210; nativeAmerican (16th–17th centuries),141–142; Okinawa landing (1945),359; Passchendaele (1917), 301;Soviet (World War II), 363;Stalingrad (1942–43), 340; theSomme (1916), 295; Verdun(1916), 293; World War I, 311–312

catapults, 31, 102cavalry, 79; 16th–17th centuries, 149,

154, 159; battle of Omdurman(1896), 252; charge of the LightBrigade (1854), 222; Greek, 26;Louis XIV’s, 170; Macedonian, 32,33, 34, 35, 37, 38; medieval, 76,77–80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90,91, 92, 93; Napoleonic, 201;Roman, 56, 76; World War I, 300

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),447; Vietnam, 383

centre-of-gravity concept (Clausewitz),110–111

centurions, 42, 43, 446Chaeroneia, battle of (338 BC), 35, 36,

427chain-mail armour, 84challenge-and-response dynamic, 6–10Chalons, battle of (AD 451), 62, 63

495






Index

Chamberlain, Joshua (Union general),230

Chamberlain, Neville (British primeminister, 1937–40), 321, 322, 324,329

Champagne offensive (1915), 287Chancellorsville, battle of (1863),

229–231Charlemagne, 67–71Charles I of England, 152Charles II of England, 171Charles Martel, 68, 70Charles of Lorraine, 185Charles the Bald, 70Charles the Bold of Burgundy, 98,

105, 149Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 100,

108, 112, 113, 119, 151, 161, 173Charles VII of France, 90, 99, 103Charles VIII of France, 154, 155, 162Charles XII of Sweden, 110, 174, 175Charles, Archduke (Austrian general,

Napoleonic wars), 203, 207Charleston, battle of (1766), 192,

193chassepot rifle, 244Chateau-Thierry, battle of (1918),

307Chattanooga besieged (1863), 231,

232Chechen Wars, 394–396Chelmsford, Baron Frederick Augustus

Thesiger (British general, Zulu War),253

chemical weapons, 393, 425Cherbourg; besieged by Henry V, 89;

taken by Americans (1944), 349chevauchee, 88, 90chevaux-de-frises, 447Chickamauga, battle of (1863), 231,

232China; attacked by Japanese (1937),

353; early artillery at sea, 118;gunpowder weapons, 101; siegewarfare, 417

chivalry, 82, 92, 98Christine de Pisan (Les Faits d’Armes et

de Chevalerie, 1409), 99, 102Churchill Winston, 290

Churchill, John. See MarlboroughChurchill, Winston, 310; Dardanelles

campaign (1915), 288, 290; onbattleship numbers, 268; onoutbreak of World War I, 266; onWorld War I stalemate, 287; WorldWar II, 324, 329, 341, 342, 361

CIA. See Central Intelligence AgencyCimbri, 46city walls, 16, 18, 27, 47, 56, 58, 61,

64, 66–67, 71–73, 76, 79–81,89–90, 102–109, 112, 123, 138,146–147, 172

civil war, 421–424, 425; American,223–225; Bosnia-Herzegovina, 396;Lebanese, 423; Spanish, 321

Civitavecchia defences (1515), 106Clark, Mark (American general, World

War II), 343Clausewitz, Carl von (On War), 5,

110, 389Clemenceau, Georges (French premier,

World War I), 299, 311, 428, 431Clinton, Bill (US President), 394, 396,

402Clinton, Sir Henry (British general,

War of American Independence),192–193

Clive, Robert (East India Companysoldier), 187

Clovis (Merovingian king), 71, 415clubs, South American weapons, 135,

137, 140Coalition forces, 392, 409Coen, Jan Pieterzoon, on trade and war

in 17th-c, Asia, 11Cohen, Eliot A., 429, 430cohorts (Roman legion), 49–51Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 168–169Cold War, 58, 348, 362, 365,

369–370, 389, 425Collingwood, Cuthbert (British

admiral at Trafalgar), 212Cologne bombed (1942), 344colonial empires, 362, 363colours, regimental, 152Columbus, Christopher, 129, 131–133Combined Bomber Offensive (World

War II), 341, 344, 346, 363

496






Index

commandos; Boer, 256, 257; German,in Soviet Union, 333

commercial advantage; motive for war,178, 181–184; power-base for war,213–216

commissars (French Revolution), 164,197

commissions purchased, 195Committee of Public Safety (French

Revolution), 198Compagnie des Indes, 187Compagnies d’Ordonnance, 99companion cavalry (Macedon), 32computer revolution (1980s), 365concentration camps (Boer War), 259Concerning Military Matters, see

VegetiusConcord, battle of (1775), 190Conde, Louis Prince de (Louis XIV’s

general), 171condotta (late-medieval military

contract), 96Conduct of the Defensive Battle (1916),

296Congress of Vienna (1815), 220conquistadors, 130Conrad von Hotzendorf, Franz

(Austrian general, World War I),286, 296, 297

conscription, 64, 65, 174, 180, 196,201, 210, 252; American (VietnamWar), 379–380; and drill, 417;French (Algerian War), 373

Constantine (Roman emperor), 58Constantinople, 67; besieged (1453),

104; defended by Byzantine fleet,74–75; Roman walls, 71–72; Russianthreat (1877), 256; sacked bycrusaders (1204), 75

containment-of-communism policy,365

Continental System (Napoleon),205–207

Continentals (War of AmericanIndependence), 190, 193

convoys (battle of the Atlantic, WorldWar II), 343–344

copper weapons in the New World, 134Coral Sea, battle of (1942), 355

Corinth, Mississippi, Halleck’s advanceon (1862), 229

Corinthian warfare, 32corned powder, 103Cornwallis, Charles (British general,

War of American Independence),193

Coroneia; (394 BC), 29; battle of(447 BC), 25

corps system introduced, 208Cortes, Hernan (conquistador),

133–134, 139, 140, 144costs of war, 84, 90, 111cotton armour, 140Courtrai, battle of (1312), 86, 416Crassus (Roman general), 45, 53Craterus (Macedonian general), 39Crazy Horse (Sioux leader), 254–255Crecy, battle of (1346), 88, 89, 104credit mobilized for war, 168Crete invaded (1941), 332–333Crimean War (1854–55), 221–223criticism of war, 408Croats, 396, 398Cronje, Piet (Boer commander), 258crossbows, 84, 94, 105, 118, 131, 142,

144cross-channel invasion plans for 237,

341, 342cruise missiles, 365, 391, 404, 426crusaders, 75, 77Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 431culverins, 104, 118, 119Cunaxa, battle of (401 BC), 36Custer, George Armstrong (American

cavalry commander, Indian wars),254

Cuzco besieged (1536–37), 137, 138,141, 144

Cyprus taken by Turks (1570–71),121

Cyrus II (Persian emperor), 36Czechoslovakian crisis (1938), 316,

321–322

Daladier, Edouard (French premier),321

Damian of Tarsus, 75Danish War (1864), 240–241

497






Index

Dardanelles campaign (1915),288–290

Darius I (Persian emperor), 23Daun, Leopold von (Austrian marshal,

Seven Years War), 186Davout’s, Louis Nicolas (French

marshal, Napoleonic wars), 204De Bello Gallico (Julius Caesar), 98de Gaulle, Charles (French president,

1958–62), 374De Regimine Principum (Giles of

Rome, 13th c.), 99defence in depth; British (World War

I), 304; German (1917–18), 296,298, 303, 308; medieval, 72–74, 79,80–81; Roman, 57–58, 61–63

Delium, battle of (424 BC), 20demographic growth, 76, 425Demosthenes; on old-fashioned

warfare, 30; on Philip of Macedon,35

Denain battle of (1712), 178Desert Storm. See Operation Desert

Stormdesertion, 28, 97, 149, 194, 199, 237deterrence of Soviet aggression, 362,

365Devolution, War of (1667–68), 171Diem, Ngo Dinh (South Vietnamese

dictator), 375–377Dien Bien Phu, battle of (1954), 372Dieppe raid (1942), 348Dijon defences (1417), 105Dio Cassius (Roman historian), 55Diocletian (Roman emperor), 58, 61,

63Dipaea, battle of (471 BC), 25Directory (French Revolution), 199,

201discipline, 2; German storm troops

(1918), 305; hoplite, 21; medieval,97–98; Prussian, 180; Roman, 57, 58

disease in conquest of the Americas,144–145

Dithmarschen, battle of (1319), 87Djerba, battle of (1560), 120Donitz, Admiral Karl (U-boats

commander, World War II),343–344

Dordrecht (Dutch East India Companyship), 129

Dorylaeum, battle of (1097), 79Douhet, Giulio (Italian general,

1930s), 318Dowding, Sir Hugh

(commander-in-chief, FighterCommand, 1936–40), 318, 319,329

draft. See also conscription; VietnamWar, 380

dragoons, 170Drake, Sir Francis, Caribbean raid

(1585–86), 146Dreadnought; British battleship (1906),

268; English capital ship (16th c.),124

dreadnoughts, 251dress, military, 151–153drill; French revolutionary wars, 197;

musketry, 156–159; War ofAmerican Independence, 191;western military tradition, 2, 3, 4,417–418

drill books, 157, 194, 197, 208dromons, 74Dudley, Thomas (English colonial

leader), 158Dumouriez, Charles (French general,

revolutionary wars), 198Duncan, Adam (British Admiral,

Napoleonic wars), 211Dunkirk (evacuation of British

Expeditionary Force, 1940), 328Dupleix, Joseph (governor of French

India, 1741–54), 183Dutch Armada (1688), 125,

137–139Dutch East India Company, 129Dutch Revolt, 111, 156Dynamo (evacuation of British

Expeditionary Force, 1940), 328eagle insignia (Roman legion), 151

early warning systems, 329East India Company, English, 183,

187, 188, 214East Roman empire. See Byzantine

warfare

498






Index

Eastern Front; World War I, 286, 296,340; World War II, 338, 346–348

economic power; after World War II,363, 391; British (Napoleonic wars),213–216; late 19th c., 249–252;Union (American Civil War), 224;World War I, 311, 312; WorldWar II, 260, 343, 344

Edict of Emancipation (Prussia 1807),208

Edirne. See AdrianopleEdward I of England, 7, 81, 86, 93Edward II of England, 86Edward III of England, 89, 93, 94Eisenhower, General Dwight;

(commander of Normandy invasion,1944), 348, 349; American president(1952–60), 369, 375

El Alamein (1942), 340, 341electronic warfare, 391elephants, 40, 41, 233Elizabeth, empress of Russia, 186Emancipation Proclamation (USA

1862), 227Eniwetok, battle of (1944), 357Entente Cordiale (1904), 268epidemics in conquest of the Americas,

144–145Eritrea invaded (1940), 331Essai general de tactique (Jacques de

Guibert, 1772), 194, 195Essex class aircraft carriers, 356ETA (Basque separatist organization,

Spain), 426gas warfare, 321Ethiopia invaded (1935), 321ethnic cleansing, 396, 400, 401Etruscan phalanx, 41Eugene of Savoy (Austrian general,

17th c.), 166, 177Eumenes (Macedonian general), 39Euripides (war criticism), 414extermination camps, 352F6F ‘Hellcat’ fighter aircraft, 356

Falaise besieged by Henry V, 89Falkenhayn, Erich von (chief of

German general staff, World War I),283, 287, 288, 291–297

Falklands War (1982), 418Fall, Bernard (expert on Vietnam),

377fatwa (religious edict), 403, 404Fayttes of Armes and of Chyvalrye

(William Caxton, 1490), 99Ferdinand, Archduke Franz,

assassinated (1914), 271feudal military obligation, 82, 84, 85,

92, 96Fighter Command (RAF), 319, 330finance, 9, 168, 169, 182, 215, 417Finland invaded (1939), 322, 324firearms, 3, 61, 92, 101, 105, 131,

142, 145, 153, 154, 155, 156, 170,260, 416, 417

firepower; Americans in Vietnam, 377,378, 379, 380; battle of Lepanto,122; French in Vietnam, 371, 372;gunpowder revolution, 101–113;Korean War, 366, 368, 369;musketry, 156–159; Russo-JapaneseWar, 265; World War I, 278, 294,303, 304; World War II, 334,346–348

fireships (17th c, China), 117First Carnatic War (1744–48), 183Fisher, Sir John (British first sea lord,

1904–10, 1914–15), 268Five Forks, battle of (1865), 233, 238Flanders campaign (1917), 300–302Flavius Merobaudes (Roman general),

62Fleurus, battle of (1794), 199FLN (Front de Liberation Nationale)

Algerian National Liberation Front,373–374

Foch, Ferdinand (Allied supremecommander, 1918), 305, 308

foot soldiers. See infantryfoot-companions, Macedonian, 32foraging, 47, 202, 203, 206Forest, Jean de (17th-c. soldier) on

Indian casualties in Guyana, 141Fornovo, battle of (1495), 154Fort Donelson taken by Grant (1862),

228Fort Douaumont battles (1916), 292Fort Eben Emael taken (1940), 327

499






Index

Fort Fisher taken by Union forces(1865), 237

Fort Henry taken by Grant (1862), 228Fort Vaux battles (1916), 293fortifications; Greek, 21, 29;

gunpowder revolution, 101–113;medieval, 73, 74, 80; New World,138, 145–147; Roman, 58, 61, 62,63, 72; Vauban’s, 171; World War I,279, 414, 416

Francesco Laparelli (16th-c. militaryarchitect), 106

Franco, Francisco (Spanish general anddictator), 321, 423

Franco-Burgundian wars, 92Francois Kellermann (French general,

revolutionary wars), 198Franco-Prussian War (1870–71),

244–247Franklin, battle of (1864), 236Franks, 79, 415Frederick I of Prussia, 179Frederick II, the Great, of Prussia,

178–181, 184–185, 205Frederick William I of Prussia, 179Frederick William of Brandenburg,

179–180free companies (late medieval Italy), 87free-fire zones (Vietnam War), 379French and Indian War (1754–63), 186French Revolution, 195–199French, Sir John (commander of the

British Expeditionary Force,1914–15), 287

Friedensturm offensive (1918), 308frigates, 126, 201Fritsch, Werner von (commander-in-

chief of the German army, 1933),316

Froissart, Jean (chronicler of HundredYears War), 94, 118

Frontinus on Macedonian logistics, 38,99

Fronto on idle legionaries, 56Fulk Nerra (987–1040), count of the

Angevins, 76Fuller, J, F, C. (British military

commentator), 317full-rigged ship, 120, 123

galeasses, 119Galicia campaign: (1914), 286; (1915),

288galleys, 95, 118–120Gallipoli campaign (1915), 290–291Gamelin, Maurice (commander-in-

chief of the French army, 1939–40),317, 325, 328

Gatacre, Sir William (British general,Boer War), 257

Gates, Horatio (patriot general, War ofAmerican Independence), 192, 193

Gaugamela, battle of (331 BC), 37Gaul, Caesar’s campaigns (58–51 BC),

53, 54Gaza Strip, 400Gaza taken by Alexander (332 BC), 39Geneva Peace Accords (1954), 375Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou,

4German High Seas Fleet (World War I),

310German navy, World War II, 320, 324,

329German unification, 239, 242, 266Germany first (American World War II

strategy), 341Geronimo, Apache leader (1880s), 255Gettysburg, battle of (1863), 225,

229–231Giap, Vo Nguyen (Viet Minh military

commander), 371, 372, 380gladius (Roman sword), 42, 43, 44,

52glider-borne infantry, 327Glorious First of June, battle of (1794),

210, 212Gneisenau, August von (Prussian

officer), 250Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, on the

battle of Valmy, 198Golan heights; defended by Israel

(1973), 388; taken by Israel (1967),386

Goldwater, Senator Barry (Americanpresidential candidate, 1964), 377

goths. See VisigothsGough, Hubert (British general, World

War I), 300, 304, 305

500






Index

Gracedieu (English warship, 1418),120

Granada taken by Castile (1492), 99Grand Alliance against Louis XIV, 177grand strategy; Charlemagne’s, 68, 70;

Imperial Defence Plan (Japan), 353;late Roman, 61; Plan XVII (France),281; Schlieffen plan (Germany), 269,275

Grande Armee, Napoleon’s, 203–205Grandson, battle of (1476), 92Granicus, battle of (334 BC), 37Grant, Ulysses S. (Union general), 5,

228–237Gravelotte, battle of (1870), 246, 247Graziani, Rudolfo (Italian general,

World War II), 331Great Company of Montreal

d’Albarno, 87Great Harry (English warship, 1512),

122Great Michael (Scottish warship,

1511), 122Great Northern War (1700–21), 166,

174, 175Greece; attacked by Italy (1940), 331;

hoplite warfare, 17–23, 30–31;invaded by Germany (1941), 331;Macedonian warfare, 32–41;Peloponnesian War, 26–28; Persianwars, 23–25

Greek fire, 74Greene, Nathanael (patriot general,

War of American Independence),193

Grenada invaded (1983), 389Gribeauval, Jean Vacquette de (French

artillery system reformer, 1770s),194

Grivas, George (Cypriot guerrillaleader), 422

Grozny. See Chechen WarsGuadalcanal, battle of (1942), 356Guderian, Heinz (German general,

World War II), 327, 328, 334, 336guerrilla warfare; Afghanistan (1980s),

423; Algeria, 372–374; AmericanCivil War, 225; Cyprus (1950s),422; Franco-Prussian war, 247;

Malaya (1948–54), 374–375; Robertthe Bruce (14th c.), 85, 416; SouthAfrica (Boer War), 258; Spain(Napoleonic wars), 206; Vietnam(1945–73), 371; Yugoslavia (WorldWar II), 332

Guibert, Jacques de (Essai general detectique, 1772), 194, 195

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964),379

Gulf War (1991), 365, 401, 402, 426Gumbinnen, battle of (1914), 285gunports, 106, 117, 122gunpowder weapons, 101–113Guns of August (Barbara Tuchman),

431Guntram of Burgundy, 66Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, 110,

158, 159, 161Habsburg hegemony, 113

Hadrian (Roman emperor), 56Haider Ali (ruler of Mysore, 1759–82),

214Haig, Sir Douglas (commander, British

Expeditionary Force, 1916–18),294, 299–311

halberds, 174Halder, Franz (German general World

War II), 325, 335, 336Halicarnassus taken by Alexander (334

BC), 39Halleck, Henry (Union general), 229,

231Hamburg bombed (1943), 344Hamilton, Sir Ian (British general

leading Gallipoli expedition), 265,290

Hampden, John, on taxes and war(1692), 430

Hannibal (Carthaginian general), 4, 10,98, 101, 158, 431

Harfleur in the Hundred Years War,89, 95, 96, 103

Harkins, Paul (American general,Vietnam War), 377

Harlech castle, 7Harold II of England, 76Harper’s Ferry, battle of (1862), 227

501






Index

Harrier jet fighter aircraft, 413Harris, Arthur (commander-in-chief of

Bomber Command, RAF, 1942–45),318

hasta (Roman lance), 52hastati (Roman legion first line), 43,

51Hastings, battle of (1066), 76Hawkwood, Sir John (14-c

free-company commanderin Italy),87

hedgehogs (German fortified areas onthe Eastern Front, World War II),338

Heinmot Tooyalaket (Chief Joseph ofthe Nez Perce), 255

helicopters; Algerian War, 374;Vietnam War, 379

Hellcat fighter aircraft, 356Henry II of England, 112Henry the Fowler, king of Germany,

73, 79, 80Henry V of England, 88, 89, 93, 94,

95, 120Henry VIII of England, 122hetairoi (aristocratic Macedonian

cavalry), 32Hindenburg plan, 311Hindenburg, Paul von (German

general and statesman), 285, 286,288, 295, 311

Hiroshima bombed (1945), 360, 420Historia Augusta, 63History of the Peloponnesian War

(Thucydides), 4, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28,272, 414, 417

Hitler, Adolf; chancellor of Germany,315, 320; Czechoslovakian crisis,321, 322; Eastern Front, 96–98,333, 346–351; rearmament, 316;suicide, 353; Western Front (1940),323–324, 325–327; Western Front(1944), 348–351; World War soldierI, 283

Hitlerjugend Waffen SS division, 349Hittite warfare, 15Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese

revolutionary), 370, 371, 376, 377Ho Chi Minh Trail, 376

Hoffman, Max von (German generalstaff officer), 265, 285

Hohenlinden, battle of (1800), 201Honorius (Roman emperor), 64Hood, John Bell (Confederate

general), 234, 236Hooker, Joseph (Union general), 229hoplite warfare, 2, 3, 5, 18, 19, 21, 22,

30, 31, 32, 36Hopton, Sir Ralph (royalist

commander, English Civil War), 153horses in warfare. See also cavalry;

chivalry; horse artillery (Frenchrevolutionary wars), 197; horsetransports, Norman, 75, 79;Xenophon, 19

Howe, Sir William (British general,War of American Independence),191, 192

Huaitara, battle of (1536), 138Hundred Days, Napoleon (1815), 209Hundred Years War (1337–1453),

88–89, 387Hung-Wu (first Ming emperor of

China), 117Huns, 62Hurons, 139Hussein, Saddam, 393, 402, 407, 408Hussites, 90, 93Hutu killers, 422Hydaspes, battle of (326 BC), 37hypaspists (‘shield bearers’ –

Macedonian light infantry), 32, 38Hysiae, battle of (669 BC), 29

Imperial Defence Plan (Japan), 353impis (Zulu formations), 253, 254Incas, 125, 137–139incendiaries, medieval, 74Inchon landing (1950), 367indentures (late-medieval military

contracts), 25, 96Independence-class light aircraft

carriers, 356India (nuclear power), 424India, Europeans in, 128, 129, 183Indian resistance in conquest of the

Americas, 133, 184Indian wars (American west), 254–256

502






Index

Indo-China; after World War II,57–58, 176, 370, 375; colonized byFrench, 370–371; occupied byJapanese (1940–41), 354

Indonesia occupied by Japan (1942),355

industrial power; 19th c., 214,223–224, 239, 249; Cold War,362–366; World War I, 289, 296,310, 311; World War II, 340, 352,415

infantry. See also marines; trenchwarfare; Bronze-Age, 15–17; Greekphalanx, 17–23, 31–32; lines andcolumns, 157–160, 194, 201;Macedonian phalanx, 32–34, 39–41;medieval primacy, 77–80, 82, 85–88,92–94; Roman legion, 41–45,48–52, 57–58, 375

infrastructure; Macedonian, 38–39;Roman, 47, 61; satellite, 428;southern, destroyed by Union troops(American Civil War), 237

Inkerman, battle of (1854), 222innovation in western warfare, 2, 4insignia, 151inspection of troops, late medieval, 97intelligence; battle of the Atlantic

(World War II), 343; Boer, 258;British in Crete (1941), 332;Byzantines, 75; CIA in Vietnam,383; Luftwaffe’s in battle of Britain,329; Magic, 355, 358; Ultra (WorldWar II), 330, 332, 349, 355

Intifada, 400Iphicrates ((Athenian general), 33Ipsus, battle of (301 BC), 40Iran–Iraq War (1979–88), 389–391,

424Iraq, 392, 408–409, 429. See also

Hussein, SaddamIrish Republican Army (United

Kingdom), 426iron weapons in conquest of the

Americas, 131Iroquois, 135, 139, 141, 192Is War Impossible (Ivan Bloch, 1899),

272Isandhlwana, battle of (1879), 253

Isocrates’ criticism of commanders,32

Issus, battle of (333 BC), 37Italian Somaliland invaded (1940),

331Italian-style defence, 106–114, 268Iwo Jima landing (1945), 359Jackson, Thomas ‘Stonewall

(Confederate general), 227, 229,234

James II of England, 166James II of Scotland, 104James peninsula expedition (1862),

226Jankow, battle of (1645), 160javelins, 30, 43, 44, 134, 140Jena-Auerstadt, battle of (1806), 203,

208, 239, 245Jerusalem taken (1099), 77Jervis, John (British Admiral,

Napoleonic wars), 211, 212Joffre, Joseph (French general, World

War I), 281, 282, 297, 310John III of Poland (Jan Sobieski), 172John of Austria, Don. See Don John of

AustriaJohn of Nassau-Siegen, 157Johnson, Lyndon (American president,

1963–69), 377, 378, 379, 380Johnston, Albert Sydney (Confederate

general), 228, 232, 234Joseph (Heinmot Tooyalakel, chief of

the Nez Perce), 255Josephus on Roman military

preparedness, 57Jourdan law (France, 1798), 201jousts, 97Julian (Roman emperor), 63Julianus (Roman general), 55, 56junks, Chinese military (17th c.), 117Justinian (east Roman emperor),

67–71, 131Jutland, battle of (1916), 117, 427

Kalkhin Gol, battle of (1939), 354kamikaze attacks (World War II), 359,

360Kashmir dispute (2002), 424

503






Index

Kasserine Pass, battle of (1942), 342Kellermann, Francois (French general,

revolutionary wars), 198Kemal, Mustafa (Turkish officer, World

War I), 290Kennedy, John F (American president,

1961–63), 376, 377, 431Kharkov battles (1942–3), 339, 346,

347Kharzai, Hamid, 407Kiggell, Launcelot (British general,

World War I), 300Kim Il-Sung (North Korean dictator),

366, 367Kimberley; besieged (1899), 257;

relieved (1900), 258King George’s War (1743–48), 184King Philip’s war (1675–76), 142King William’s War (1689–97), 176Kitchener, Horatio (British general);

Boer War, 258; Sudanese campaign,252

KLA. See Kosovo Liberation ArmyKluck, Alexander von (German general,

World War I), 282knights, 82, 86, 87, 154, 416Koniggratz, battle of (1866), 241Korea; occupied by Soviet and US

forces (1945), 366; seized by Japan(1905), 261

Korean War (1950–53), 234,366–370

Kosovo, 400, 401, 402, 423Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 400Kriegsakademie (Prussian war college),

239Kriegsmarine. See German navy, World

War IIKrupp armaments, 281Kurds, 393Kuropatkin, Alexal (Russian general,

Russo-Japanese War), 261, 262Kursk, battle of (1943), 346Kutusov, Mikhail (Russian general,

Napoleonic wars), 204, 206, 207Kuwait, 393. See also Hussein, Saddam,

392, 393Kwajalein, battle of (1944), 357Kyushu (1945 landing plan), 360

La Rochelle, battle of (1372), 95Laden, Osama Bin. See also al-Qaeda,

403; America strikes back, 406–412;America under attack, 403–406

Ladysmith; besieged (1899), 257;relieved (1900), 258

Laffargue, Captain Andre (Frenchtactician, World War I), 293

lances, 52, 79, 85, 143Lanrezac, Charles (French general,

1914), 282Laos invaded by Vietnam (1978), 383latifundia (Roman agricultural estates),

47Laudonniere, Rene, on Timucua

Indians, 133laws of war, 5, 163–166, 343Le Baker, Geoffrey, on the battle of

Sluys (1340), 94Le Jouvencel (Jean de Bueil, 1466), 96Le Tellier, Michel (Louis XIV’s

secretary of state for war), 168League of Augsburg, War of

(1688–97), 176Leavenworth staff college, 250Lebanese Civil War, 423Lebanon, 426Lechfeld, battle of (AD 955), 3, 11, 77Lee, Robert E. (Confederate general),

5, 226, 227, 229, 230, 233, 237,238

legions, Roman, 4, 45, 46, 51, 53, 55,57–58, 375

Leipzig, battle of (1813), 209Lenin, Vlamidir Ilyich (Russian

revolutionary), 302Leningrad besieged (1941–44), 336,

347Leo of Tripoli (Muslim admiral), 75Leon Battista Alberti (On the Art of

Building), 106Leopold of Austria, 87Lepanto, battle of (1571), 120, 122,

406, 427Les Faits d’Armes et de Chevalerie

(Christine de Pisan), 99, 102lettres de retenue (late medieval military

contracts), 96Leuctra, battle of (371 BC), 29

504






Index

Leuthen, battle of (1757), 185levees en masse; Franco-Prussian War,

247; French Revolution, 196Lexington, battle of (1765), 190Leyte Gulf, battle of (1944), 358Liaoyang, battle of (1904), 262Libya invaded (1940), 331Liddell Hart, B, H. (British military

commentator), 317Liege taken by Germans (1914), 281Light Brigade, charge of (1854), 222Lincoln, Abraham (American president,

1861–65), 224–233, 236, 237line ahead naval formation, 123–125,

211, 212line formations for infantry, 157–159,

194, 201Little Boy, 420Livy; on the Macedonian phalanx, 42Lloyd George, David (British prime

minister, 1916–22), 301, 311Locke, John, on excesses of war, 165logistics, 415; Eastern Front (1941),

333, 335, 336, 337; Louis XIV’s,168, 169, 170; Macedonian, 38–39,41; Napoleon’s, 202, 203, 207;Normandy landing (1944), 349,351; Schlieffen plan, 275, 279, 283

Lombard kingdom, 68, 70London; bombed in World War II,

330longbows, 84, 85, 101Longstreet, James (Confederate

general), 227, 230, 231Loos, battle of (1915), 287Lothair I, emperor of the West, 70Louis the German, 70Louis XI of France, 99Louis XIV of France, 109, 126, 166,

167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173,176–178

Louis XV of France, 186Louis XVI of France, 195Louisbourg taken; (1745), 184;

(1758), 186Louvain bombarded (1914), 281Louvois, Francois Le Tellier, Marquis

de (Louis XIV’s war minister), 168,171

Lucullus (Roman general), 53Ludendorff bridge taken (1945), 353Ludendorff, Erich von (German general

and strategist), 250; army spending(1912), 269; war plans (1913), 276;World War I, 269, 281, 285, 286,288, 295–296, 298–299, 302–311

Luftwaffe (German air force); 1930s,319; air defence, 345; battle ofBritain (1940), 329, 330; Belgradebombing (1941), 332; Dunkirkevacuation, 328; invasion of Crete(1941), 332; North Africa, 342

Lutzen, battle of (1632), 160, 162Lysimachus (Macedonian general), 40Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 414

MacArthur, General Douglas;American commander in the Pacific(World War II), 356, 357–359;commander-in-chief of UnitedNations forces in Korea, 366–370

Macedonian warfare, 32–41Machiavelli, Niccolo; on artillery, 105;

on towns as artillery fortresses, 107Mackensen, August von (German

general World War I), 288MacMahon, Patrice Maurice (French

marshal, Franco Prussian War), 245,246, 247

MACV (Military Assistance CommandVietnam), 378–379

Madrid, bomb explosions in (2004),411

Mafeking besieged (1899), 257Magdeburg sacked (1631), 163Magersfontein, battles (1899–1900),

257–258Magic intelligence (World War II),

355, 358Maginot line, 314, 325magnates, medieval, 65, 66, 70, 72, 76,

80Magyars, 77, 78Mahan, Alfred Thayer (naval power

theorist), 267Mahdi, (Mohammed Ahmed, Sudanese

fundamentalist ruler, 1883–85),252–254

505






Index

Malakoff stormed by French (1855),223

Malaya; communist insurgency(1948–54), 374–375; taken by Japan(1941–42), 355

Malplaquet, battle of (1709), 178Malta, battle of (1565), 120Malvern Hill, battle of (1862), 226Manchuria; occupied by Soviet Union

(1945), 261–265; taken by Japan(1931), 353

Manco (Inca leader), 139Manhattan defences (17th c.), 146–147Manhattan Project, 7maniples (Roman legion), 42–45, 49manoeuvres sur les derrieres, 202Manstein, Erich von (German general,

World War II), 325, 334, 339–340,346

Mantineia, battle of (362 BC), 29, 31manuals of warfare, 158Mao Tse-tung (Chinese revolutionary),

371Mapuche Indians, 141Maratha War, second (1803–05), 214Marathon, battle of (480 BC), 23Mardonius (Persian general), 24Marengo, battle of (1800), 201Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, 181,

185Marianas air battle (1944), 357, 358,

359Marignano, battle of (1515), 155Marius, Gaius (Roman general),

48–53Marius’s mules, 51, 58Market Garden (Montgomery’s

advance on Arnhem, 1944), 351Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of

(British general), 177–178Marne counter-offensive (1918), 308Marne offensive (1918), 307Marne, battle of (1914), 282Marshall Plan, 364Marshall, General George C., on

Thucydides, 4Mars-la-Tour, battle of (1870), 246Marston Moor, battle of (1644),

153

Massena, Andre (French marshal,Napoleonic wars), 203

Massu, Jacques (French paratroopgeneral, Algerian War), 373

Maurice of Nassau (Dutch leader), 4,156–8, 419, 420

Mayf lower, 158McClellan, George (Union general),

226–227, 232McNamara, Robert Strange (American

secretary of defence, Vietnam War),376–377

Meade, George (Union general), 230,233

Mechelen; defences (1360s), 105medieval warfare, 65–69, 84–100,

101–106melee naval tactics, 211–212men-at-arms, 85, 86, 93mercantilism, 178mercenaries, 28, 35, 38, 40, 53, 64,

76, 91, 96, 99, 150, 151, 174merchant shipping; Allied (World

War II), 344, 415; Japanese (WorldWar II), 358

Messines Ridge, battle of (1917), 299Metellus (Roman general), 53Methuen, Paul (British general, Boer

War), 257Metz; besieged (1552), 108; French

encircled (1870), 246Meuse-Argonne, battle of (1918), 309Mexico. See TenochtitlanMichael offensive (1918), 305, 308Middle Service Class cavalry (17th-c,

Russia), 174Midway, battle of (1942), 355Milanese military organization, 81, 99military academies. See war collegesMilitary Assistance Command Vietnam

(MACV), 378–379militias; Boer, 256; Confederate, 224;

French revolution, 196; FrenchRevolution, 196; Greek, 30;medieval, 76, 87; Prussian, 208, 209;Roman, 65, 67; War of AmericanIndependence, 190, 194

Milosevic, Slobodan (Serb leader), 396,398, 400, 401

506






Index

minie bullets, 221Missiles of October, the, 431Mithridates, 46, 53, 54Mladic, Ratko, 398, 399Mnesimachus (Philip, c.350 BC), 34Mohacs, battle of (1687), 173Mohawks, 132Moltke, Helmut, Count von (chief of

the Prussian, then German, generalstaff, 1858–88), 239, 241, 243, 246,271

Moltke, Helmuth, the younger (chiefof the German general staff,1906–14), 271, 275, 276, 281, 285

Monluc, Blaise de, on siegecraft, 148Monro, Robert (17th-c, Scottish

colonel); Monro His Expedition withthe Worthy Scots Regiment CalledMackays, London (1637), 162; ondistance marched, 152

Mons Meg (15th-c. bombard), 104Mons, battle of (1914), 282Mons-en-Pevele, battle of (1304), 86Montcalm, Marquis Louis Joseph de

(18th-c, French general), 186–187Montezuma (Aztec emperor), 133Montgomery, Viscount Bernard Law

(British Eighth Army commander,North Africa), 341

Montreal d’Albarno (leader of the‘Great Company’ in 14th-c, Italy),87

Morat, battle of (1476), 92Moreau, Jean (French general,

Revolutionary wars), 201Morgarten, battle of (1315), 87Moscow, battle of (1941), 336Mueller, John (political scientist),

429Muhlberg, battle of (1547), 155mujahideen, 403Mukden, battle of (1905), 263Munda, battle of (1905), 54Mundy, Peter (English traveller,

17th-c, China), 117, 118Munro, Hector (East India Company

soldier), 188musketry, 1, 157, 420, 431Muslim warfare, 67, 75, 77

Muslims, in suicide missions, 426Mussolini, Benito (Italian dictator),

315, 321, 330–331mustard gas; Ethiopia (1935), 321muster and review (Hundred Years

War), 97mutinies; British (1797), 211; French

(1917), 297; Spanish (1571), 156My Feuds and Disputes (Gotz von

Berlichingen), 150My Lai massacre (1967), 379Mysore War, third (1789–92), 214Nagasaki bombed (1945), 360

Nancy, battle of (1477), 92Naples, citizen army, 99Napoleon Bonaparte, 198–210Napoleon III, emperor of France, 4Narses (Byzantine general), 67, 68Narva besieged (1700), 174Narvik, battle of (1940), 324Nassan, counts of, see John, Maurice,

William LouisNasser, Gamal Abdel (Egyptian

president, 1954–70), 385National Guard (French Revolution),

196, 379nationalism; Algerian, 372; French,

189, 195; German, 240; Hungarian,220; Malay, 375; Serbia, 270, 271;Vietnamese, 370

NATO (North Atlantic TreatyOrganization), 364, 398–399,400–401, 402, 405, 408, 423, 424

Naupactus, battle of (PeloponnesianWar), 427

naval air forces; 1930s, 319; WorldWar II, 344

naval warfare, 427; American Civil War,224; armed with gunpowderweapons, 117–121, 204; Byzantine,74; dreadnought arms race,268–269, 330; medieval, 62, 94–96;Napoleonic wars, 200, 210–213,241; Russo-Japanese War, 260, 263;World War I, 319; World War II,343–344, 356, 357, 358

needlegun, 240, 244Neerwinden, battle of (1693), 177

507






Index

Nelson, Horatio (British admiral,Napoleonic wars), 210–213

Nemea, battle of (394 BC), 29New Atlantis, 419new formation regiments (Russia, 17th

century), 174New Guinea campaign (World War II),

355New World conquests, 131–147, 330New York taken by Howe (1776), 190Nez Perce resistance (1870s), 255Nieuwpoort, battle of (1600), 158,

159, 420Nijmegen, treaty of (1678), 171Nile, battle of the (1798), 200Nimitz, Admiral Chester (American

naval commander in the Pacific,World War II), 356, 357, 358

9/11 attacks, 406, 407. See alsoal-Qaeda; Laden, Osama Bin, 405

Nivelle offensive (1917), 297–298Nivelle, Robert (French general, World

War I), 293, 308Nixon, Richard M. (American

president, 1968–75), 381–383Nordlingen, battle of (1634), 110,

160Normandy invasion (1944), 346, 347,

348, 349Normans, 75North African campaign (1942–43),

340, 341, 342North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 364, 398–399, 400–401,402, 405, 408, 423, 424

Northern Virginia, Army of (AmericanCivil War), 227, 229, 230, 231, 232,234

nuclear weapons, 362, 365, 370, 405,416, 424, 425

Nuremberg bombed (1944), 345

OAS (Organisation de l’Armee Secrete),374

obsidian weapons, 135Octavian. See Augustus CaesarOeconomicus (Xenophon), 18offensive doctrine, German (World

War I), 302

officers; American Civil War, 224, 233;British, 253, 259, 317; English naval(17th c.), 127; French (17th c.),168; French (18th c.), 195; Frenchrevolutionary, 195–197, 210;German, 250, 269; Prussian (18thc.), 180, 181; Prussian (19th c.),208, 239; Roman, 44; Russian, 334;Russian (17th c.), 174

oil; German shortages (World War II),324; Japanese shortages, 354;OPEC, 388; Organization ofPetroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), 388

Oinophyta, battle of (457 BC), 25Okinawa landings (1945), 359Oliveira, Fernando (The Art of War at

Sea, 1555), 123Ollantaytambo besieged, 138, 139Olympic (invasion plan for Japan,

1945), 360Omaha beach (Normandy landings,

1944), 349Omdurman, battle of (1896), 252On the Art of Building (Leon Battista

Alberti, 1440s), 106On War (Carl von Clausewitz), 5, 110,

389onagers, 451Onasander, on Macedonian phalanx, 33Operation Desert Storm, 392ordre mince, 194ordre mixte, 194, 201ordre profond, 194Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), 388Ostrogoths, 63, 66, 67, 68Otto I, the Great, emperor of the West,

77Otto II, emperor of the West, 77, 78

P-51 ‘Mustang’, 345Paardeberg, battle of (1900), 258Pacific War (World War II), 355, 359,

418Pactus Drepanius on Theodosius, 64Pakistan (nuclear power), 424panzer divisions developed (1930s),

316, 317

508






Index

paratroops; Crete (1941), 332; DienBien Phu, 372; Suez crisis, 385;Western Front (1940), 325

Parcos, battle of (1536), 138Paris besieged (1870), 247Paris Peace Accords (1973), 383Paris, treaty of (1783), 193Passchendaele, battle of (1917), 300,

301, 309Paullu (Inca leader), 139Paulus, Friedrich (German general,

World War II), 339, 340Pavia; battle of (1525), 155; taken by

Charlemagne (774), 70peace dividend, 425Pearl Harbor bombed (1941), 260,

354–355Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), 20,

21, 26Peninsular War (1807–14), 206, 209Penon de Velez, battle of (1564), 121Pepin I (Carolingian king), 70Pequot War (1638–39), 141Perdiccas (Macedonian general), 39Persian Gulf, 393Persian wars (490, 480–478 BC), 23–25personal armed followings, medieval,

64, 65, 70, 72, 76Pertinax (Roman emperor), 55Perugia arsenal (1364), 105Petain, Philippe (French general, World

War I), 292, 299, 305, 307Peter I, the Great, of Russia, 173Peter III of Russia, 186Petersburg, battle of (1865), 234, 238Petrarch on English raiding in France,

88pezetairoi (‘foot companions’,

Macedonian heavy infantry), 32phalanx warfare, 32–34Pharnaces defeated by Caesar (47 BC),

54Pharsalus, battle of (48 BC), 54Philadelphia, battle of (1777), 191–192Philip II of Macedon, 32Philip II of Spain, 111, 119, 122, 124,

149, 163, 164Philip IV (the Fair) of France, 94Philip of Anjou, 177

Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 99Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 92Philip VI of France, 93Philippines; invaded by Americans

(1944), 357–358; taken by Japan(1941), 354

Phocylides on the city-state, 18Pickett, George (Confederate general),

225, 230pikes; 16th c., 148; 17th c., 159, 169;

Macedonian, 33, 38; mediaval, 91;medieval, 92, 104

pilum (Roman javelin), 42; improvedby Marius, 52

Pizarro brothers (conquistadors), 138,139, 140

Plains of Abraham, battle of (1758),187

Plan XVII (French World War I plan),281

Plassey, battle of (1757), 11, 187Plataea, battle of (479 BC), 3, 25, 427plate armour, 84, 87, 92, 156Plato on Salamis, 25Plevna besieged (1877), 256Plumer, Sir Herbert (British general,

World War I), 299, 301, 304, 305Poitiers, battle of (1356), 88, 89, 100Polaris submarines, 365Poltava besieged (1709), 176Polyaenus on Macedonian logistics, 39Polybius; on hoplites, 22; on the

Macedonian phalanx, 33, 34, 42; onthe Roman gladius, 42

Pompey (Roman general), 53, 54, 98Pondichery; besieged (1746), 183;

surrendered (1760), 187Pope, John (Union general), 227Port Arthur besieged (1904), 261–265Portuguese naval warfare (15th–16th

centuries), 120, 123, 125, 128Potomac, Army of (American Civil

War), 224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232,233, 234, 238

pressed men in the English navy, 127Prevesa, battle of (1538), 120Prince Royal (British warship, 1610),

124Princeton, battle of (1777), 191

509






Index

principes (second line in Romanlegion), 43, 51

prisoners of war; Canadian (1944)th,349; Soviet (World war II), 336

Probus (Roman emperor), 47professionalization; 17th c., 106,

148–154; 18th c., 195, 196; 19th c.,208, 239, 250; medieval, 96–98,333; Roman legion, 47, 48–52, 331

Ptolemy (Macedonian general, ruler ofEgypt), 40

Punic wars, 46. See also CannaePusan enveloped (1950), 366–368Pydna, battle of (168 BC), 40Pyramids, battle of the (1798), 200Pyrrhus, king of the Epirus, 41Quebec taken by Wolfe (1758),

186–187

Queen Anne’s War. See War of theSpanish Succession

radar early warning systems, 319, 329

RAF. See Royal Air Forcerailways; American Civil War, 223, 224;

Prussia, 239; Sudan (1896), 252;Trans-Siberian, 260

Ramillies, battle of (1706), 177rams, 80Rangoon captured (1945), 358Rawlinson, Sir Henry (British general,

World War I), 294, 295, 299Raznjatovic, Zeljko (‘Arkan’), 422Reagan, Ronald (American president,

1981–89), 389, 394rearmament, German (1933), 316, 321recruitment. See also conscription; levees

en masse; medieval, 65, 72, 76, 93,96; Roman legions, 49, 51, 54, 57,63–65

Red River Valley campaign (1951), 371Redoutable (British ship at Trafalgar),

213Regensburg bombed (1944), 345Regino of Prum on untrained levies, 78Reichswehr (German army in the

1920s), 315Reinsurance Treaty (1887), 266religious wars, 164, 333

Remagen bridge taken (1945), 353Remnants of War, the, 429Rennenkampf, Paul (Russian general,

World War I), 285–286reparation payments, German, 315Representatives on Mission (French

Revolution), 197Requesens, Don Luis de (16th-c,

Spanish general), 110reserve system, Prussian, 245Reunions (Louis XIV’s 1681 and 1684

acquisitions), 172, 176Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA),

418, 419, 421Rhee, Syngman (South Korean leader),

366Rheims; German offensive (1918), 308;

in Hundred Years War, 89Rhodes taken by Turks (1522), 121Riade, battle of (933), 79Richelieu, Cardinal, on provisions, 161

Ridgway, Matthew B. (Americangeneral, Korean War), 368

rifled muskets, 221, 222, 228Rimpler, George (17th-c. engineer),

172RMA. See Revolution in Military AffairsRobert Bruce (Robert I of Scotland),

85, 86Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste (French

commander, War of AmericanIndependence), 193

Rolling Thunder (American bombingcampaign against Vietnam, 1965),378

Roman warfare, 46–58Romano-German armies, 65–67Rome sacked (AD 455), 65Rommel, Erwin; Afrika Korps

commander, 331; German officer,World War I, 303; Inspector ofCoastal Defences (1943), 341;panzer commander (1940), 327

Roosebeek, battle of (1382), 86Roosevelt, Franklin; American president

(World War II), 329, 341, 354, 356Roosevelt, Theodore, 265Rorke’s Drift, battle of (1879), 253

510






Index

Rosecrans, William Starke (Uniongeneral), 231, 232

Rossbach, battle of (1757), 185Rotterdam bombed (1940), 327Rouen besieged (1415), 89, 96rowers, 26, 74Royal Air Force. See also Bomber

Command; battle of Britain, 246,329–330; Crete (1941), 332;Falklands War (1982), 418; GulfWar (1991), 418

Royal Navy; 18th c., 187, 211; 1930s,319, 320; early modern, 122, 123;staff college (1911), 250; WorldWar I, 267–268, 290; World War II,324, 343

Ruhr; bombed (1943), 344; occupiedby France (1923), 315

Rundstedt, Gerd von (German general,World War II), 323, 349

Rupert of the Rhine, 152Rupprecht of Bavaria, 281Russo-Japanese non-aggression pact

(1941), 354, 360Russo-Japanese War (1904–05),

259–265Rwanda, 394, 422Sacred Band (Thebes), 36

Sacsahuaman besieged (1536), 138Sadat, Anwar (Egyptian president,

1970–81), 387sails, 95, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126, 251Saint-Mihiel offensive (1918), 309Saipan, battle of (1944), 357, 358Salamis, battle of (480 BC), 11, 24, 25Salerno, battle of (1943), 342Samsonov, Alexander (Russian general,

World War I), 285San Lorenzo (Spanish Armada galeass),

119San Martın (Spanish Armada galleon),

123San Stefano, treaty of (1878), 256Sarajevo, 396, 398Saratoga, battle of (1777), 192Sarmatians, 64Sassoon, Siegfried (World War I poet),

313, 414

satellites, 419, 428Savannah taken by British (1778), 192,

193Savo Island, battle of (1942), 356Saxe, Maurice de, on good officers,

195Saxe-Weimar, Bernard of (17th c.

mercenary entrepreneur), 150Scharnhorst, Gerhard von (Prussian

army reformer), 208, 250Schleswig-Holstein seized by Prussia

and Austria (1864), 240Schlieffen plan, 269, 273, 275, 276,

281, 283, 284, 327Schlieffen, count Alfred von (German

strategist), 4, 250, 273, 275, 279,281, 282, 283, 431

Schola Militaris (Siegen, Germany,1616), 157

Schweinfurt bombed (1944), 345Scipio (Roman general), 101Scottish navy, 122scutum (Roman shield), 42, 44Sealion (German plan to invade Britain,

1940), 329search-and-destroy missions (Vietnam

War), 378, 379Sebastopol besieged (1854–05), 222,

223, 261Second Carnatic War (1749–54), 183Second Maratha War (1803–05), 214Sedan, battle of (1870), 247Seeckt, Hans von (German

commander-in-chief 1920s), 315Segur law (France, 1781), 195Seleucus (Macedonian general), 40Seoul; in Korean War (1950–51), 367,

368, 369; taken by Japan (1904),261

sepoys, 183, 187, 188, 214Serbia, 400Sertorius (Roman general), 53Seven Years War (1756–63), 184–188Severus Alexander (Roman emperor),

49, 63Sha-Ho, battle of (1904), 262Shaka (Zulu leader), 253Sheridan, Philip (Union general), 237,

238, 254

511






Index

Sherman, William T. (Union general),232, 233, 234, 236, 237

Shiloh, battle of (1862), 228, 229short-war scenario, 273, 276Sicily invaded (1943), 342Sidi Barrani, battle of (1940), 331siege warfare, 105, 134, 177; 16th c.,

148, 149, 156; 17th c., 149, 163,170–172; Greek, 22, 28–29, 32–33;Macedonian, 39, 40; medieval, 70,72, 77, 80–81, 83, 89–90, 101–113

Siegfried Line breached (1918), 309Siete Partidas (Alfonso X of Castile), 99Sigismund (Holy Roman emperor), 93Singapore taken by Japan (1942), 355singleton techniques, 420Sioux resistance (1870s), 255Six Day War (1967), 386, 387skirmishing, 22, 29, 43, 156, 208,

262Slim, Field Marshal the Viscount

William (British commander inBurma, World War II), 341, 358

Sluys, battle of (1340), 94, 95Smolensk, battle of, (1812), 206Sobieski, Jan (John III of Poland), 172Social War (90–89 BC), 52Somalia, 402Somalia peace-keeping mission

(1993–94), 393Somme, battle of, 1916, 293, 294–297sonar, 319Soult, Nicolas (French marshal,

Napoleonic wars), 199, 204South Korea invaded (1950), 366Sovereign of the Seas (English warship,

1637), 124Spain (bomb explosions in Madrid

2004), 411Spanish Civil War (1936–39), 321,

423Spanish High Seas fleet, 124Srebrenica, 398, 399Standish, Miles, English colonial leader,

158staff system; German model, 250;

Prussian, 239, 244, 245stealth technology, 426steam-powered navies, 221

submarines, 320; American (WorldWar II), 357; battle of Atlantic(World War II), 126, 343–344;nuclear, 365

Sudan, US Cruise missile firing on,404

suicide missions, Muslim, 426Sun-Tzu (Chinese theorist), 1supply lines, 77, 202, 231, 236, 247,

258, 288, 367, 368surveillance systems, 428Svensksund, battle of (1790), 120Swiss pikemen, 6swords, 7, 43–44, 45, 95, 131, 132,

138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 159Syracuse campaign (415–413 BC), 28Szigeth besieged (1566), 109Tacitus (war criticism), 47, 414

Taginae, battle of (552), 68Tainos Indians, 132Taliban, 406, 423. See also al-Qaeda;

Laden, Osama Bin, 404Tanagra, battle of (457 BC), 25tank warfare. See also armoured warfare,

81; World War I, 301, 309; WorldWar II, 335, 346–348; Yom KippurWar, 388

Tannenberg, battle of (1914), 285Tapia, Gonzalo de (conquistador),

138Tarawa, battle of (1943), 357taxation and war, 96, 112, 169technology of war, 2–3, 250–252telegraph communications; Crimean

War, 221Tel-el-Kebir, battle of (1882), 252Tennessee, Army of (American Civil

War), 232Tenochtitlan besieged (1521), 133ten-year rule (British war planning),

425tercios (permanent regiments), 156terrorism, 384, 400, 407, 426Testi, Fulvio, on soldiers, 149Tet offensive (1968), 380–384Thapsus, battle of (46 BC), 54The Art of War at Sea (Fernando

Oliveira, 1555), 123

512






Index

The Theory and Practice of Modern Wars(Robert Barret, 1598), 101

Thebans, 31, 35, 36Theodoric the Great (Ostrogothic

king), 63Theodosius I, 64Thermopylae, battle of (480 BC), 24Third Coalition against Napoleon

(1805), 203, 215Third Mysore War (1789–92), 214Thirteen Years War (1654–67), 174Thirty Years War (1618–48), 150Thomas, George (Union general), 232,

236Thucydides (History of the

Peloponnesian War), 4, 20, 22, 23,27, 28, 272, 414, 417

Tigers (Bosnian Serb Group), 422Tiglath-Pileser (Assyrian king), 16Tilly, Jan Tserklaes, count of (first

commander of the Catholic army,Thirty Years War), 159, 163

Tilsit, treaty of (1807), 205, 208Timucua Indians, 133Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, 214Tirpitz, Alfred von (German admiral,

World War I), 267–268Tlaxcalans, 134, 139, 140tokens of allegiance, 39, 49, 84Tokugawa shoguns, 259Tokyo bombed (1945), 360Tora Bora mountains, 407, 423Torsion catapults, 31Toulon, battle of (1793), 108, 198Tourcoing, battle of (1794), 198trace italienne (angled defences), 106,

109, 110Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 124,

212–213training, 3, 21, 44, 47, 53, 57, 78, 80,

81, 82, 91, 150, 157, 180, 181, 186,195, 222, 224, 226, 228, 259, 263,283, 290, 303, 304, 309, 323, 371,381, 385, 392, 403, 404, 405, 421

trebuchets, 80, 90, 102trench warfare; 16th–17th centuries,

109, 149, 156; American Civil War,229; World War I, 283, 295, 304,308

Trenchard, Viscount Hugh Montague(chief of the British air service staff,1919–29), 318

Trenton, battle of (1776), 191triarii (third line, Roman legion),

43–44, 51, 52Tricameron, battle of (535), 67triplex acies (Roman battlefield order),

43, 49, 51triremes, 26Trojan Women (Euripides), 414Truman, Harry S. (American president,

1945–53), 364, 366, 368, 369, 380trunnions, 91, 105Truppenfuhrung (German doctrinal

manual, 1924), 316Tsushima Straits, battle of (1905), 263Tuchman, Barbara (Guns of August),

431Tugela river battles (1899–1900), 257,

258Tunis battles (16th c.), 113, 120, 121Tupac Amaru (Inca leader), 138Tupi warriors, 135Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne,

vicomte de (17th-c, French general),171

Turnhout, battle of (1597), 158, 159Tutsis minority, 394, 422Typhoon (German advance on

Moscow, 1941), 337Tyre taken by Alexander (332 BC), 39Tyrtaeus, on hoplite warfare, 20U-boats, 319, 320, 343–344

Ulm manoeuvre, Napoleon’s (1805),203

Ultra intelligence (World War II), 330,332, 349, 355

uniforms, 151United Nations forces, 369; Korean

War (1950–1953), 368; Sinai(1956), 385

United States Air Force strategicbombing; nuclear deterrence, 365; ofGermany (World War II), 345;Vietnamese war, 378

Uranus (Stalingrad counter-attack,1942), 339

513






Index

V-1 and V-2 weapons (World War II),345

Vaal Kranz, battle of (1900), 258Valentinian (Roman emperor), 64Valerius Maximus on Marius, 52Valmy, battle of (1792), 198Valutino, battle of (1812), 206Vandals, 63, 65, 66, 67Varus’s legions destroyed (AD 9), 53Vauban, Sebastien le Prestre de (Louis

XIV’s engineer), 109, 170, 172,177, 198

Vegetius (Concerning MilitaryMatters), 3, 4, 57, 61, 80, 99, 417

velites (Roman skirmishes), 51Venetian warfare, 94, 107, 118, 121Verdun, 198, 309; battle of (1916),

292–293; treaty of (843), 70, 71Versailles, treaty of (1919), 314, 320Vespasian (Roman emperor), 58Vicksburg; siege of (1863), 229, 230,

231Victory (Nelson’s flagship), 212Vienna; siege of (1683), 3, 172–173;

taken by Napoleon (1805), 203–205Viet Cong (Viet Minh), 376, 379, 380,

381Vietnam; American intervention

(1965–73), 239, 379–383;colonized by French, 370; Frenchwar with Viet Minh, 357, 370–372;occupied (1945), 371

Vikings, 71, 72, 73, 76Vilcabamba (Inca stronghold), 139Villars, Claude de (18th-c, French

general), 178Villeneuve, Pierre (French admiral,

Napoleonic wars), 212Virginia Capes, battle of (1813), 193Virginia Company, 158Visigoths, 62–64Vitoria, battle of (1813), 206, 215volley fire, 4, 157, 158, 180, 417, 420Voltaire on French attack style, 194

Wagenburgen (Hussite fortifiedwagons), 90

Wagram, battle of (1809), 208

Wall Street; 17th-c. fortifications, 147;financial crisis (1929), 315

walled towns; after gunpowderrevolution, 7, 414; medieval, 66

Wallenstein, Albert of (17th-c.mercenary entrepreneur), 150

Wallhausen, Johann Jakob von(director, Schola Militaris), 157

war colleges, 5, 58; French (Ecolesuperieur de guerre), 317; Prussian,208, 239

war crimes; German (World War II),361; Italian (World War II), 361;Japanese (World War II), 361

war junks, 117War of 1812 (1812–14), 206–210War of American Independence

(1775–81), 190–192War of Devolution (1688–97), 171War of the Austrian Succession

(1740–48), 181, 184, 186War of the League of Augsburg

(1688–97), 176War of the Spanish Succession

(1701–14), 176, 177, 184Warsaw uprising (1944), 347Wartgelt (mercenary retainer), 150Washington, George (patriot

commander, War of AmericanIndependence), 4, 190–193

Watergate affair (1972–75), 383Waterloo, battle of, 209–210Ways and Means (Xenophon), 30Weapons of Mass Destruction (Iraq’s),

408Weissenburg, battle of (1870), 245Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of,

214West Bank taken by Israel (1967), 386Western Front; World War I, 284, 286,

287, 294, 299, 300, 310, 313;World War II, 348–351

westernization, 173Westmoreland, William (American

general, Vietnam War), 378–379,380, 381

Weygand, Maxime (French general,World War II), 328

514






Index

White Company (15th-c. mercenaries),87

Widukind on Henry the Fowler’sgarrisons, 74

Wiener Neustadt military academy,186

Wilderness, battle of (1864), 229, 233Wilhelm I of Prussia, 240Wilhelm II of Germany, 266William I of England, the Conqueror,

179, 180William III, ruler of the Dutch

Republic, king of England, Scotland,and Ireland, 126, 127, 166, 177

William III’s War (1689–97), 127William Louis of Nassau, 157, 158,

420, 431William of Orange (1533–84), leader

of Dutch Revolt, 155–6Wingate, Orde (British commander,

World War II), 384Winthrop, John, English colonial

leader, 158Wolfe, James (18th-c, British general),

186–187Wolseley, Sir Garnet (British general at

Tel-el-Kebir, 1882), 252

women’s role in war, 312World Trade Center, attack on, 405World War I, 278–307World War II, 338–351

Xenophon (Greek historian and militarytheorist), 18, 19, 21, 23, 29, 30, 31

Xerxes (Persian emperor), 10, 23, 24,25, 26

Yalu river; battle of (1904), 261; inKorean War, 368

Yamashita, Tomoyuki (Japanesegeneral, World War II), 358

Yom Kippur War (1973), 388–389Yorktown besieged (1781), 193Yugoslavia, 396, 401

Zela, battle of (47 BC), 54Zero (Japanese fighter aircraft in World

War II), 355, 356Zhukov, Georgi (Soviet general, World

War II), 338, 354Zitadelle (German offensive against

Kursk salient, 1943), 346Zizka, John (Hussite general), 90–91Zulu War (1877), 253–254

515






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