markets for habitat: an application of tradeable development rights in brazil kenneth m. chomitz,...
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Markets for habitat: an application of tradeable development rights in Brazil Kenneth M. Chomitz, Timothy S. Thomas, Antônio Salazar Brandão
BIOECON IV, Venice 28 August 2003All interpretations and conclusions are the authors’ and are not to be attributed to the World Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent.
Context: balancing agricultural and conservation uses of land Environmental services markets:
incomplete, inadequate Detailed agroecological zoning:
imposes large costs on some; politically problematic
Tradeable permits: potential to reduce cost; but what should be the scope of tradeability?
Reserva Legal (RL): History Codigo Florestal, 1965 (precursor in 1930’s)
Requires each property to keep 20% in forest Motivation: a reserve for timber, fuelwood
1970’s, 1980’s: little enforcement effort 1990’s: RL now seen as a biodiversity
conservation device late 1990’s: increased attention to
enforcement Boosted RL requirement for Amazonia Env. Crimes Law, 1998: higher penalties
Inefficiencies of property-wise RL requirements
Economic: Constrains use of soils with high
agricultural value Environmental
No special attention to biodiversity priority areas
Promotes fragmentation
Reserva legal:Enforcement without trading
20%Floresta Primária
Floresta Degradada
Good quality cropland: R$100/ha/yr
Low qualityPasture land: R$20/ha/yr
Propriedade no 1 Propriedade no 2
Enforcement without trading
20%Floresta Primária
Floresta Degradada
Good quality cropland: R$100/ha/yr
Low qualitypasture:R$20/ha/yr
Required reforestation:ExpensiveReduced output and employmentLittle environmental gain
Legal deforestation:Little economic gainLarge environmental loss
reforestation
deforestation
Enforcement with trade
20%Floresta Primária
Floresta Degradada
Good quality farmland: R$100/ha/yr
Low quality pasture: R$20/ha/yr
rights
$
Permanent protection
Reserva legal
Reduced compliance cost
Greater forest protection
biome
basin
Choosing the domain of trading
microbasin
Advantages of different trading domainsSmaller Domains Greater
representation of variability in genes, species (if anything is left!)
Local environmental benefits
Larger Domains Less
fragmentation Greater viability Greater gains
from trade
Simulation for Minas GeraisFour trading domains compared: Command and control (no trading) Within municipio Within basin-biome combination Within biome
Biomes and principal basins
BiomesCAATINGACAMPO RUPESTRE DE ALTITUDECERRADO E CAMPO CERRADOFLORESTA ATLÂNTICA
Basins
Assumptions: properties with ‘excess’ forest (>20%) Can sell RL rights corresponding to
excess Can also sell RL rights from natural
regeneration Regeneration assumed to be vigorous
(because seed sources are present) Can deforest down to 20%, but then
prohibited from selling RL rights No deforestation in Atlantic Forest
biome
Assumptions: forest-deficit properties (<20% forest cover) Comply either through natural
regeneration, or through purchase of RL rights
Regeneration assumed to be low quality – no seed source, heavily worked land
No deforestation permitted
Data Land cover data in ag
establishments: census tract level (treated as ‘virtual properties’) Breakdown: natural forest, natural and
planted pasture, annuals, perennials Land value data: municipio level
Forest, crops, planted pasture, natural pasture
Deriving supply and demand curves Assume homogenous land values
by land cover within municipio Derive step-functions for
abandonment of crop or pasture land, reservation of forest land at the census tract level
Aggregate over all census tracts
Derived supply and demand -- example
D
0 .5 1 1.50
25
50
75
100
125
S
Demand
0 .5 1 1.50
25
50
75
100
125 Supply
Re
ais
pe
r h
ec
tare
Hectares (millions)
Land Price
M e a n l a n d
s a l e p r i c e s 7 0
- 2 0 0 2 0 0 - 4 0 0 4 0 0 - 7 0 0 7 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 - 1 5 0 0 1 5 0 0 - 3 1 8 0
Current forest0 - 0.050.05 - 0.10.1 - 0.190.19 - 0.210.21 - 0.40.4 - 0.70.7 - 1
Areas important for biodiversity
Forest cover on agricultural establishments
Quality forest with biome-basin trading0 - 0.050.05 - 0.10.1 - 0.190.19 - 0.210.21 - 0.40.4 - 0.70.7 - 1
Areas important for biodiversity
Forest cover: basin-biome scenario