marois triumf-20101120pub
TRANSCRIPT
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Images of Exoplanets
Christian Marois, PhDNRC-HIA, Canada
Triumf, November 2010
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400 years of innovations
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From an eye piece to CCDs
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The search for Exoplanets
a 2,500 years old history
500 BC 2010 AD
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Our Solar systemUnique until 1995...A unique picture until 2008...
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Planetary system formation
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
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Planetary systems formation
Niel Brandt
Solar system
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The Solar SystemFrom Formation to
Now“Icy planets”
“Rocky Planets”
Ice line
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A possible “violent” pass
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But is it Unique?
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The Exoplanet Quest
Rocky planet region
Giant planet region
Brown Dwarfs
500 BC - 2010 AD
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Why direct imaging?
Fast detection and characterization (few months).
Planet photons (photometry & spectroscopy).
Nicely complement RV searches - sensitive to planets >5-10 AU (planet formation at wide separations).
Follow orbits.
Masses are derived from models.
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Why did it took 400 years?
+
I see I see exoplanexoplan
ets!ets!
==?
This is This is much more much more interesting interesting
than than Jupiter or Jupiter or Venus!Venus!
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A Resolution Challenge
5 AU1 pc
5”
0 stars
Diffraction limit 2cm at 1.6 microns: 16”0.1 m: 3.30”1 m: 0.33” 10 m: 0.033”
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A Resolution Challenge
5 AU10 pc
0.5”
~200 stars
Diffraction limit 2cm at 1.6 microns: 16”0.1 m: 3.30”1 m: 0.33” 10 m: 0.033”
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A Resolution Challenge
5 AU100 pc
0.05”
>200,000 stars
Diffraction limit 2cm at 1.6 microns: 16”0.1 m: 3.30”1 m: 0.33” 10 m: 0.033”
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A Contrast Challenge
1 million years 1 billion years
Hydrogen burning
No hydrogen burning
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Everest mount (10km)
Jupiter: basketball
The challenge
Earth: ant
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Imperfect optics & the need for an atmosphere
In space(perfect optics)
Atmosphericturbulence
At focal plane
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From blurry to sharp images
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Choosing the “right” stars
Low mass stars?
Massive stars?
Radial vel. stars?
Closest stars?
Young?
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Our Surveys2004-2007 Gemini North: 80 solar-type stars
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Using Canadian-derived Innovations!
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A new Canadian imaging technique!
Image 1 Image 2 (+ 5 minutes)
Subtraction
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Only true for solar-type stars...
2007-now, new survey for stars more massive than the Sun at Gemini North, Keck 2 and VLT.
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The 2nd ADI survey
Remove “late-type” bias Focus an young nearby “massive” stars IR excess Low in HR diagram
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The initial discovery (March 2008)
Gemini NorthNRC
October 2007
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Somewhere over the Pacific (July 2008)
Keck IINRC Canada
October 2007July-Aug. 2008
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A third planet!
Keck IINRC
September 2008
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QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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HR 8799 Characteristics
A5V star
V~6
39 pc (130 ly)
Pegasus
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Voyager 1 (43 AU)18 cm diameter
Keck 2 (130 ly), 10m diameter
8 200 000 AU
Neptune
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QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
3 years of orbital motion!
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PM
July 2004
July 2004
July 2008
September 2008
Did HR 8799 planets formed in a dust/gas disk?
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Solar system formation leftover vs HR 8799Spitzer IR excess, dust at ~10 AU (asteroid belt?) IRAS/ISO IR excess, dust at ~100 AU (Kuiper belt?)Spitzer dust emission at ~1000 AU (collisions+Prad?)
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A NEW PLANET!CLASSIFIEDCLASSIFIED
SORRY...SORRY...
AREA 51 AREA 51
AREA 51 AREA 51
Also...
Ok - a small preview...
... but do not askany question about it...
Coming 2010 in a Journal near you...
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The near future with theGemini Planet Imager
Gemini Planet ImagerGPI.berkeley.edu
When: 2011Where: Gemini SouthWho: PI’s B. Macintosh & J. GrahamHow: High-order AO with coronagraphyWhat: 0.9 – 2.4 icrons, mI < 9 mag stars,
polarimetry, R~40 spectroscopy
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Keck 10s
10s with GPIKeck 20 minutes
(ADI)
Simulated HR8799 system with GPI
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The TMT Telescope
3x the diameter
9x the flux
Potentially could take the first image of an Earth-like planet before any space mission
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Toward the search for other Earth...
O2
H2O
CH4
NH3
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Affordable?2,000 years old question - answer cost ~1B US $
(1,400$ per day of waiting or 0.14$/Earthling)
2 B$ or 150 M$ per day
or also one Avatar movie...
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Life in the GalaxyDrake’s equation
N = Ns fp ne fl fi fc fL
100 billions50%
150%
20%20%
10,000 years
1000 systems & life like us?!?!
Fermi’s paradox: where are they?
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Listening to/Contacting Alien
civilizationsSETI
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Galaxy Colonization
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The planets we find today...are the places we’ll be going tomorrow...
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Are we alone?
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Many stars still to look at...
100,000 ly diameter, 100B starsCurrently only survey inside ~300 ly
diameter
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Gemini Observatory/Lynette Cook
Conclusions
Direct exoplanet imaging is picking-up speed!
Cool new tools coming online SOON...
Exciting new discoveries are about to be made...
Billions of stars & systems, more than enough for everyone.
Be an astronomer, and join the fun!
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