mart voltage reduction - techadvantage · 2017-01-27 · % vr pf 1.0 pf 0.9 2 % 1.5 % ... controls...
TRANSCRIPT
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David Aldrich, P.E. Beckwith Electric
727.544.2326 [email protected]
SMART VOLTAGE REDUCTION
BECKWITHELECTRIC
CO.INC.
TechAdvantage 2015
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Discussion LTC Control Basics Smart Voltage Reduction What, Why? How- Historical and “Smart” Methods Interaction with Capacitors Improving CVR Factor (CVRf)
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To accomplish voltage regulation, these minimum parameters must be defined Bandcenter (V) Bandwith Time Delay
LTC Control Basics
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Additional Functions of Modern LTC Controls Line Drop Compensation Blocking Reverse Power Voltage Reduction Tap Position Monitoring Transformer Paralleling Advanced Smart Grid Communications Data Logging, SOE, Power Quality Condition Based and Automated Maintenance
LTC Control Basics
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Conservation Voltage Reduction Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) Part of Voltage/VAr Optimization (VVO) Intentional lowering of distribution circuit voltage
within lower band of allowed ANSI C84.1 (2006) Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment – Voltage Ratings
• Range A is the optimal voltage range • Range B is acceptable, but not optimal
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Lowering distribution voltage levels during peak periods to achieve peak demand reductions
Reducing voltage levels for longer periods to achieve electricity conservation
Reducing energy losses in the electric distribution system
Expected benefits include deferral of capital expenditures, energy savings, and greater operational flexibility and efficiency
VVO and CVR - Why
Voltage and Reactive Power Management – Initial Results: US DOE, 12/12
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Conservation Voltage Reduction - What
Goal of voltage reduction is to reduce load V= I * R for resistive load
The lower the V the lower the I The lower the I, the lower the I2R = W (constant Z load)
Ex., incandescent lights, strip heaters Not true if load is not constant power type (constant PQ load):
Ex., motors, power supplies
Can be deployed at: All times For load reduction periods During system emergencies when the voltage is collapsing
due to more load than available generation or supply
% VR pf 1.0 pf 0.9
Load Reduction Load Reduction
2 % 1.5 % 0.5%
4 % 3.0 % 2.0%
EPRI “Distribution Green Circuits” Report - 2010
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Load Models and CVR Factor Load models
Constant Power (PQ) Constant Impedance (Z) Constant Current (I)
CVRf = ∆P/∆V
0.8 to 1 is typical Greater than 1 is really good
Load current changes inversely to the change in voltage Load current changes linearly with the change in delivered voltage, and the demand varies as a squared function of the voltage change Power delivered to the load varies linearly with the change in voltage delivered to the load
Evaluating Conservation Voltage Reduction with WindMil® - Milsoft
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Voltage Profile
Loads only
With cap #1 on only
With both caps on
Subs
tatio
n
Cap #1 Cap #2
Capacitors affect voltage level, losses, capacity, etc.
Traditional VVO & CVR
VVO
CVR – Conservation Voltage Reduction
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General Rules for Coordination
Series Regulators Regulator closest to source taps first (shortest time delay)
Multiple Cap Banks (Voltage Controlled)
Cap banks furthest from source close first, open last
Caps switch before regulators Decreases LTC/regulator operations Save asset Saves maintenance $$$
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Load Reduction called with Load Management Software Load Reduction Software » SCADA » Output Relay » LTC/Regulator Input Output relays connected to auxiliary
summing transformer with multiple taps Auxiliary summing transformer has taps
connected/disconnected by control relays to create a higher sensing voltage the LTC or Regulator Control This higher voltage, sensed by the
LTC/Regulator Control, would now cause the control to issue tap-down commands to lower voltage The control would not know that it is in
voltage reduction mode, and would simply react to the sensed voltage change
Historical Voltage Reduction LINE
VT
SUMMINGTRANSFORMER
SCADACONTACTS
FOR VOLTAGE REDUCTION
LTCCONTROL
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Historical Voltage Reduction - Disadvantages The time delay to tap is still in play
The percentage of reduction is fixed due to the taps
on the summing transformer Each percentage reduction point required an auxiliary
relay If the communications failed while in reduction, the
LTC or Regulator would remain in voltage reduction
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Voltage Reduction in Modern Controls Controls typically support three reduction levels Reduction level range set from 1 -10 % Typical for static or digital controls: Contact sensing inputs
The contacts would be from a SCADA RTU and/or local switches
For digital controls, additionally: Using the integrated HMI on the control (buttons) Using PC software locally Using SCADA interface (ex., DNP from RTU) Using Ethernet by radio (ex., DNP TCP/IP) Using Cellular or other medium
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Voltage Reduction LED
HMI and Buttons
Example for Local Interface on Control Typical Digital Voltage Regulator Control
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Contacts Used for Voltage Reduction Typical Digital Voltage Regulator Control
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Voltage Reduction in Modern Controls Voltage Reduction changes the bandcenter to induce controls to lower voltage instead of increasing sensed voltage Signal to control can be:
o SCADA to contacts, contacts to control o Direct SCADA DNP write to control
Time delay skipped on initial voltage reduction command Because bandcenter is being altered, entering reduction does not always reduce voltage, or reduce near amount of requested reduction
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Voltage Reduction Bandcenter set to 122V, Bandwidth of 3V Apply a 2% reduction
122 – 122* 0.98 = 119.56 or 119.6 Upper rail = 119.6 + (3/2) = 121.1 Lower rail = 119.6 – (3/2) = 118.1
123.5
122.0
120.5
Before Reduction
121.1
119.6 118.1
After Reduction
Assume 0.75V/tap (10V/16 taps = 0.75V/tap) 120.7V before reduction, after reduction that value is still in-band Results in no voltage reduction, 0%
3
3 120.7
120.7
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Voltage Reduction
Bandcenter set to 122V, Bandwidth of 3V Apply a 3% reduction of
122 – 122* 0.97 = 118.34 or 118.3 Upper rail = 118.34 + (3/2) = 119.8 Lower rail = 118.34 – (3/2) = 116.8
123.5
122.0
120.5
Before Reduction
119.8
118.3 116.8
After Reduction Assume 0.75V/tap (120*10%=12V; 12V/16 taps = 0.75V/tap) 120.7V before reduction, 2 Taps Down Taken Tap 1 = 119.95, Tap 2 = 119.2 % = ( | V1 - V2 | / ((V1 + V2)/2) ) * 100 = ( | 120.7 - 119.2 | / ((120.7 + 119.2)/2) ) * 100 = 1.25% reduction
120.7
119.95 119.2 3
3
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Voltage Reduction Bandcenter set to 122V, Bandwidth of 3V
Apply a 4% reduction of 122 – 122* 0.96 = 117.12 or 117.1
Upper rail = 117.1 + (3/2) = 118.6 Lower rail = 117.1 – (3/2) = 115.6
123.5
122.0
120.5
Before Reduction
118.6
117.1 115.6 After Reduction
Assume 0.75V/tap (120*10%=12V; 12V/16 taps = 0.75V/tap) 120.7V before reduction, 3 Taps Down Taken Tap 1 = 119.95, Tap 2 = 119.2, tap 3 = 118.45 % = ( | V1 - V2 | / ((V1 + V2)/2) ) * 100 = ( | 120.7 - 118.45 | / ((120.7 + 118.45)/2) ) * 100 = 1.88% reduction
120.7
119.95 119.2 3
3
118.45
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Voltage Reduction
123.5
122.0
120.5
Before Reduction
118.6
117.1 115.6
After Reduction
120.7
119.95 119.2 3
3
118.45
A “Block Lower” setting of 118 will stop control from performing voltage reduction if low limit setpoint is violated
Be sure “Block Lower” setting does not interfere with voltage reduction
Block Lower
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Voltage Reduction Turnoff Timer Used to turn off Voltage Reduction (VR) if entered via SCADA or
pulsed contacts Intent is to remove voltage reduction mode if SCADA is lost and
communications goes down Control will automatically remove VR once the timer expires, even if
SCADA is still communicating o New signal during timing interval would keep VR going
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Voltage Reduction - Summary o The control will never reduce the actual voltage by the
percentage requested o The larger the bandwidth, the less actual reduction o The “Block Lower” setting:
Blocks tap lowers if measure voltage is less than setpoint
o No time delay when entering or exiting voltage reduction
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Voltage Reduction – Present Method
If the goal of voltage reduction is to reduce voltage, we want to finish reduction on lower end of band, not higher end
Previous example: 3% request, 1.25% delivered
123.5
122.0
120.5
Before Reduction
119.8
118.3 116.8
After Reduction
120.7
119.95 119.2 3
3
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Apply a 3% reduction of 122 – 122* 0.97 = 118.34 or 118.3
Upper rail = 118.34 + (3/2) = 119.8 Lower rail = 118.34 – (3/2) = 116.8
123.5
122.0
120.5
Before Reduction
119.8
118.3 116.8
After Reduction
120.7
119.95 119.2 3
3
118.4 117.7
Temporarily: • Disable Upper Band Limit • Use Bandcenter as Upper Band Limit
Assume 0.75V/tap (120*10%=12V; 12V/16 taps = 0.75V/tap) 120.7V before reduction, 4 Taps Down Taken Tap 1 = 119.95, Tap 2 = 119.2, Tap 3 = 118.4, Tap 4 = 117.7 % = ( | V1 - V2 | / ((V1 + V2)/2) ) * 100 = ( | 120.7 - 117.7 | / ((120.7 + 117.7)/2) ) * 100 = 2.52% reduction
Smart Voltage Reduction
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Leaving Voltage Reduction – Present Method Unintended Results: Cap Banks May Stay On Too Long
REDUCTION kV NORMAL kV TEST MVAr NORMAL MVAr
Typically when entering reduction, all switched capacitors will close as the voltage is reduced (assumed voltage control) This may cause circuits to be leading when in reduction When leaving reduction, some of the capacitors need to be
switched off to get back to unity power factor
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Leaving Voltage Reduction - Present Method
This may not be a high enough voltage to cause voltage controlled capacitors to switch off
123.5
122.0
120.5
During Reduction
119.8
118.3 116.8
Normal Operation
120.7
119.95 119.2
3
3
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Leaving Voltage Reduction: Smart Voltage Reduction Method
The extra voltage will now allow the
capacitors to start timing to an open
Lower band is temporarily disabled to force voltage to finish between bandcenter and high band edge
Once voltage crosses bandcenter, lower band edge becomes active again
123.5
122.0
120.5
During Reduction
119.8
118.3 116.8
Normal Operation
120.7
119.95 119.2
3
3
122.2 121.5
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Cap Banks Opening After Leaving Reduction Smart Method Employed
REDUCTION kV NORMAL kV TEST MVAr NORMAL MVAr
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Smart Voltage Reduction About Those Capacitors...
Proper coordination with switched capacitor banks will maximize the
amount of reduction possible The majority of the load on any feeder is at the feeder. The load drops
more the further we get from the substation o (EPRI: 50% Load, 1st 25% of Feeder) To get maximum benefit out of reduction, the lowest voltage needs to be
were the highest current is (Zone 1)
115 KV Substation 12 KV
XFMR
12 KV
115 KV
115 KV
12 KV
600 kVar 1.1 V
600 kVar 1.9 V
600 kVar 2.1 V
600 kVar 0.8 V
Zone 1 Zone 2
400 amps
50 amps
100 amps
300 amps
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Positive Reactive Compensation Using a positive X to bias bandcenter during reduction would allow
control to further lower voltage close to regulator as VArs go leading Push voltage lower as control detects leading VArs
Lowest voltage will be at regulator – voltage will be higher down feeder as VArs go leading
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Positive Reactive Compensation
Setting added so control treats VArs differently in voltage reduction
Allows control to reduce voltage further as down line as capacitors close
If capacitors are out-of-service, control will dynamically know not to lower voltage as much while in reduction
No communications required
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Smart Voltage Reduction About Those Capacitors...
Down stream capacitors, when closed will provide voltage
support at end of circuit Regulator detecting a leading power is an indication that
downstream voltage is higher than source voltage due to voltage rise of cap banks This allows regulator to reduce voltage even lower
126 Vac
114 Vac
Distance 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sec
onda
ry V
olta
ge
126
114
120 “Flipped Circuit”
Traditional VVO
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Present Method: V1 Pre Smart Method: V1 Post
Applied on LTC
"Can a Grid be Smart without Communications? A look at an Integrated Volt VAR Control (IVVC) Implementation," Barry Stephens, Georgia Power; Bob McFetridge, Beckwith Electric, April 25, 2012
CVRf of 1.2 to 1.4 obtained
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A new method exists for voltage reduction that delivers closer to called percentage
Coordination of capacitors with LTCs and regulators provides VVO
Using positive reactance compensation when in voltage reduction, along with proper amount of capacitance, allows “circuit flipping” of voltage profile for even greater CVR factor
Summary
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David Aldrich, P.E. Beckwith Electric
727.544.2326 [email protected]
QUESTIONS?
SMART VOLTAGE REDUCTION
BECKWITHELECTRIC
CO.INC.
TechAdvantage 2015
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ANSI C84.1, “Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment – Voltage Ratings”
“Distribution Green Circuits Interim Report – 2010,” EPRI
“Evaluating Conservation Voltage Reduction with WindMil®,” - Milsoft
“Voltage and Reactive Power Management – Initial Result,” US DOE, 12/12
"Can a Grid be Smart without Communications? A look at an Integrated Volt VAR Control (IVVC) Implementation," Barry Stephens, Georgia Power; Bob McFetridge, Beckwith Electric, April 25, 2012
References
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Annex: Percent Calculations