mary chavez rudolph university of colorado, denver [email protected] thomas sebok...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Academic Bullying: Practical Strategies for Faculty
Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver
Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder
![Page 2: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Student Incivility Factors that Affect Conflict
◦ Perceptions◦ Emotion◦ Communication
Incivility in Academia Faculty Incivility & Bullying Interventions
Today’s Agenda
![Page 3: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
STUDENT INCIVILITY IN THE COLLEGE CLASSROOM FROM A FACULTY PERSPECTIVE: RACE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION, ATTRIBUTION, EFFECT, AND RESPONSE
Mary Chavez Rudolph, 2005Doctoral Dissertation
Student Incivility in the College Classroom
![Page 4: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
SI Behaviors (Amada, 1999)
sleeping in class prolonged chattering excessive lateness poor personal hygiene overt inattentiveness eating, drinking, gum
chewing, smoking carrying pagers and
beepers passing notes
unexcused exits from class
verbal or physical threats to students or faculty
disputing the instructor’s authority and expertise
![Page 5: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Incivility by one student or by many students has the potential to severely compromise the effectiveness of the classroom instruction and learning.
“In related studies, where I tracked new faculty longer, these traumatic events (CI) [Classroom Incivility] and resulting impressions of undergraduates as adversaries were among the few early turning points that derailed careers.”
(Boice, 1998)
Student Incivility (SI) Concern of Faculty and Administrators
![Page 6: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nature of Students◦ Student Mental Health◦ Consumer Attitude◦ Student Learning vs. Faculty Teaching
Nature of Society, the Classroom, the Course◦ Incivility in Society◦ Informality of Organizations◦ Large Classrooms
Causes of SI
![Page 7: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Instructor Behaviors
Increasing ethnic and gender diversity of students and instructors, and that SI and conflict is a reflection of cultural differences.
Causes of SI (con’t.)
![Page 8: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What are the different perspectives of the parties in this situation? How does this affect this conflict?
How is emotion affecting this conflict?
How is communication affecting this conflict?
Read Terry and Anna Case Study…Discuss with your neighbor…
![Page 9: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Perceptions◦ Identity, History
Emotion
Communication
Factors Affecting Conflict
![Page 10: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
“…conflict lies not in objective reality, but in people’s heads.” Fisher and Ury, 1991
Check out Assumptions◦ Put yourself in their shoes◦ Ask / Discuss
Perceptual Errors
Perceptions
![Page 11: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Emotion and (is) Motivation◦ Both move us in some way, as implied by the
common Latin root of both words (movere, to move). Brian Parkinson and Andrew M. Colman,
1995
◦ Emotions are often precursors of motivational phenomena. Oatley, 1992
“Emotion as Insight” Jones & Brinkert, 2008
Managing Emotion
Emotion
![Page 12: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Timing and Setting Active Listening Open-ended questions I language Limit-Setting Issue Consequences
Communication
![Page 13: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DEFINING “INCIVILITY”
“Civility” – concern, regard, and respect“Behavior that helps to preserve the norms
for mutual respect at work.”
“Incivility” – rudeness, disregard, and mistreatment
Andersson and Wegner (2001)
Incivility in Academia
![Page 14: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Norms for the organization erode Spiraling and Cascading
“Incivility goes unchecked and can escalate leading to a chain of more aggressive, coercive behaviors possibly leading to violence.”
Pearson, Andersson, and Porath, 2000
Incivility – Bullying - Violence
![Page 15: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Unique Factors
Culture of Critique
Student Development
Tenure and Rewards for Faculty
Department Chair (Head) Role
INCIVILITY IN ACADEMIA
![Page 16: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Unique Factors
Funding
Free Speech/Academic Freedom
Free Speech/Right of Dissent
Conflict Avoidant Culture
INCIVILITY IN ACADEMIA (cont’d.)
![Page 17: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Not So Unique Factors
Physical Separation External and Internal Customer Service
Challenges Evaluative Relationships Peer/Colleague Relationships
INCIVILITY IN ACADEMIA
![Page 18: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Susan and George
Read Case Study
![Page 19: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Definition of Workplace Bullying:
◦ Workplace Bullying is repeated, health-harming mistreatment of one or more persons (the targets) by one or more perpetrators that takes the forms of: verbal abuse, offensive conduct/behaviors (including nonverbal) which are threatening, humiliating or intimidating, and/or work interference -- sabotage -- which prevents work from getting done.
(Workplace Bullying Institute)
Workplace Bullying
![Page 20: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Threat to professional status (e.g., belittling opinion, public professional humiliation, accusation regarding lack of effort);
Threat to personal standing(e.g., name-calling, insults, intimidation, devaluing withreference to age);
Isolation (e.g., preventing access to opportunities, physical or social isolation, withholding of information);
Overwork (e.g., undue pressure, impossible deadlines, unnecessary disruptions);
Destabilization (e.g., failure to give credit when due, meaningless tasks, removal of responsibility, repeated reminders of blunders, setting up to fail).
(Rayner, Charlotte, 1997)
Bullying Behaviors
![Page 21: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bullies
50% men / 50% women
81% of bullies are bosses
14% peers, or co-workers
5% bully a higher ranking target
Targets
Women are the majority of targets (3/4 of all)
Men bully women in 69% of the cases / women bully women 84% of the time
![Page 22: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rank Health Item
1 Anxiety, stress, excessive worry
2 Disrupted sleep / Exhaustion
3 Loss of Concentration
4 Feeling edgy, irritable, easily startled, on guard (paranoia)
5 Obsession over details of bully’s tactics
6 Stress Headaches
7 Racing Heart Rate
8 Diagnosed Depression
Effects on the Target
![Page 23: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
42% of the cases - perpetrator’s immediate bosses directly helped the Bully or punished the complaining Target
40% of the cases - Bullies’ managers did nothing to intervene (tacit support)
32 % of the cases - HR supported the Bully or did nothing (51% of the cases)
11% of the cases - the Target’s co-workers sided with the Bully
7% of the cases - negative sanctions against the bully (censure, transfer, or termination)
Why Do Individuals Fail to Act?
![Page 24: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
United States
In the U.S. the law is attentive to harassment or discrimination when it relates to sex and race (Title VII).
U.S. Courts have consistently ruled that rude and even abusive behavior does not violate federal EEO laws unless it is directed at an individual (or group of individuals) because of his or her race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age or disability.
The “equal opportunity harasser” defense.
Relative Impunity
![Page 25: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Awareness raising Policy or code - gives victims the
confidence to seek redress and reduce the benefit/cost balance for those tempted to bully others
Anger and frustration management for bullies
Work w/individuals – assertiveness training, make changes in the structure (physical space, reporting, etc.), conflict management, mediation
Interventions
![Page 26: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Training to encourage intervention
Training to identify options for bystanders
Encourage the identification and discussion of unacceptable behavior
Bystanders Matter
![Page 27: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Goals and Interests
Strategies
Conflict Styles
Communication
Working with Individuals (Targets)
![Page 28: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs◦Physiological◦Security◦Social ◦Esteem◦Self-Actualization
Goals & Interests
![Page 29: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Generate Options
Identify Pros and Cons
Evaluate Options based on Goals & Interests
Strategies
![Page 30: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Most people have one or two preferred styles of responding to conflict
Thomas and Kilmann developed an instrument to help people determine their preferred style
Utilization of a particular style should be situation-dependent
Conflict Styles
![Page 31: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Compete Collaborate
Compromise
Avoid Accommodate
Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode
![Page 32: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
How to set up an environment that is respectful or turn a disrespectful environment around…
What do you want?◦ What respectful behaviors do you want to
increase? 3-4 minutes brainstorms
•Proactive Strategies
![Page 33: Mary Chavez Rudolph University of Colorado, Denver Mary.chavezrudolph@ucdenver.edu Thomas Sebok University of Colorado, Boulder Sebok@colorado.edu](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103121/56649c745503460f94926a1f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Questions…