mary k. campbell shawn o. farrell chapter two water: the solvent for biochemical reactions paul d....
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Mary K. CampbellShawn O. Farrellhttp://academic.cengage.com/chemistry/campbell
Chapter TwoWater: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
Paul D. Adams University of Arkansas
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What makes water polar?
What is a polar bond:
• Electrons are unequally shared, more negative charge found closer to one atom.
• Due to difference in _________________________of atoms involved in bond.
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Electronegativity
• __________________:__________________: a measure of the force of an atom’s attraction for electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another atom• Oxygen and Nitrogen, ____________ electronegative
than carbon and hydrogen• _______________ is most electronegative (4)
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Polar Bonds & Molecules
• Molecules such as CO2 have polar __________ but, given their geometry, are nonpolar _______; that is, they have a __________ dipole moments
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Solvent Properties of H2O
• _________ compounds (e.g.,KCl) and low-molecular- weight ________ covalent compounds (e.g., C2H5OH and CH3COCH3) tend to dissolve in ______________
• The underlying principle is electrostatic ________ of _____________ charges; the positive dipole of water for the negative dipole of another molecule, etc.• ____________ interaction: e.g., KCl dissolved in H2O
• ____________ interactions: e.g., ethanol or acetone dissolved in H2O
• ____________ interactions: weak and generally do not lead to solubility in water
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Hydration Shells Surrounding Ions in Water
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• ____________ and ____________ interactions help ionic and polar compounds dissolve in water
Ion-dipole and Dipole-dipole Interactions
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Solvent Properties of H2O
• ____________ : water-loving• tend to dissolve in water
• ____________ : water-fearing• tend not to dissolve in water
• ____________ : characteristics of both properties• molecules that contain one or more ____________
and one or more ____________ regions, e.g., sodium palmitate
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Amphipathic molecules
• both ____________ and ____________ character• Interaction between ____________ molecules is very
weak, called van der Waals interactions
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Micelle formation by amphipathic molecules
• Micelle:Micelle: a ____________ arrangement of organic molecules in ___________ solution clustered so that• their ____________ parts are buried inside the sphere • their ____________ parts are on the surface of the
sphere and in contact with the water environment• formation depends on the attraction between
____________
____________
____________
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Examples of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Substances
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Hydrogen Bonds
• Hydrogen bond:Hydrogen bond: the attractive interaction between dipoles when:• positive end of one dipole is a hydrogen atom bonded
to an atom of high electronegativity, most commonly O or N, and
• the negative end of the other dipole is an atom with a lone pair of electrons, most commonly O or N
• Hydrogen bond is ______________________
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Interesting and Unique Properties of Water
• Each water molecule can be involved in ___ hydrogen bonds: ___ as donor, and ___ as acceptor
• Due to the ____________ arrangement of the water molecule (Refer to Figure 2.1).
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Hydrogen Bonding
• Even though hydrogen bonds are ___________ than covalent bonds, they have a significant effect on the physical properties of hydrogen-bonded compounds
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Other Biologically Important Hydrogen bonds
• Hydrogen bonding is important in _______________ of 3-D structures of biological molecules such as: DNA, RNA, proteins.
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Acids, Bases and pH
• Acid:Acid: a molecule that behaves as a ____________ ____________
• Strong base:Strong base: a molecule that behaves as a ____________ ____________
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• One can derive a numerical value for the strength of an acid (amount of hydrogen ion released when a given amount of acid is dissolved in water).
• Describe by Ka:
• Written correctly,
Acid Strength
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Ionization of H2O and pH
• Lets quantitatively examine the dissociation of water:
• Molar concentration of water (55M)
• Kw is called the ion product constant for water.
• Must define a quantity to express hydrogen ion concentrations…pH
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Henderson-Hasselbalch
• Equation to connect Ka to pH of solution containing both acid and base.
• We can calculate the ratio of weak acid, HA, to its conjugate base, A-, in the following way
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Henderson-Hasselbalch (Cont’d)
• Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• From this equation, we see that• when the concentrations of weak acid and its
conjugate base are equal, the pH of the solution equals the pKa of the weak acid
• when pH < pKa, the weak acid predominates• when pH > pKa, the conjugate base predominates
[Weak acid]
[Conjugate base]log=pH pKa +
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Titration Curves
• ________________ :: an experiment in which measured amounts of acid (or base) are added to measured amounts of base (or acid)
• _______________________ :: the point in an acid-base titration at which enough acid has been added to exactly neutralize the base (or vice versa)
• a monoprotic acid releases one H+ per mole• a diprotic acid releases two H+ per mole• a triprotic acid releases three H+ per mole
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Buffers
• buffer:buffer: a solution whose ________ resists change upon addition of either more acid or more base• consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base
• Examples of acid-base buffers are solutions containing• CH3COOH and CH3COONa
• H2CO3 and NaHCO3
• NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4
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Buffer Range
• A buffer is effective in a range of about +/- 1 pH unit of the pKa of the weak acid
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Buffer Capacity
• Buffer capacity is related to the ____________ of the weak acid and its conjugate base• the greater the concentration of the weak acid and its
conjugate base, the greater the buffer capacity
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Naturally Occurring Buffers
• ____________ is the principal buffer in cells• ____________ is an important (but not the only)
buffer in blood
• ____________ can result in increased blood pH• ____________ can result in decreased blood pH(Biochemical Connections p. 60)
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Selecting a Buffer
• The following are typical criteria • suitable pKa
• no interference with the reaction or detection of the assay
• suitable ionic strength • suitable solubility• its non-biological nature
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Laboratory Buffers