masonry - property of materials
TRANSCRIPT
MASONRYMASONRYSemester 3 – Academic Year
2010/2011
Prepared by:Prepared by: Essy Arijoeni
DTS-FTUIDTS FTUI
Masonry y• Introduction and Historyy• Masonry Unit
M t d Oth C t• Mortar and Other Component• Structural Designg• Non Structural Aspect of Design• Masonry wall Construction• Defect in Masonry WallDefect in Masonry Wall• Repairs and Improvement to Masonry
W llWalls
Introduction and HistoryIntroduction and History
• Masonry has been used since 2700 BC• Egyptian constructed the famous steppedEgyptian constructed the famous stepped
pyramid of SakkaraF ll i ith th t t ti f• Following with the stone construction of Palace in Babylon (600 BC)
• Bridges, domes and walls in Germany (300 AD)(300 AD)
Ancient MasonryAncient Masonry
Definition of MasonryDefinition of Masonry
• Masonry is a Structures constructed by connected the Unit Bricks together with gmortar bonding.
• The Unit Brick can be made of Stone• The Unit Brick can be made of Stone, Rock, Lime Stone, Hard Clay, Clay, Mud etc.
Clay Brick Wall Bounded With Mortar
Masonry UnitMasonry Unit
• Masonry Unit is a single brick that can be made of Stone, Clay, Concrete and/or , y,Composite Materials
• Process of brick making can be• Process of brick making can be standardized-fabricated or traditionally non engineered production in local area.
Type of Unit BrickType of Unit Brick
Sizes of Bricks
The characteristics of clay brick masonryf y yDesign developer: Characteristics of clay bricksSven Sahlin (1971) Compressive strength 28 – 70 MPa( ) p g
Modulus of ruptureModulus of elasticity
2.5 – 15 MPa300 fb’
Hendry A W (1990) Compressive strength 42 60 MPaHendry A.W (1990) Compressive strengthModulus of ruptureModulus of elasticity
42 – 60 MPa3.36 – 6.30 MPa
700 fb’Hendry A.W., SinhaB.P., Davies S.R. (1997)
Compressive strengthModulus of ruptureModulus of elasticity
60 - 80 MPa4.60 – 7.20 MPa
700 fb’( ) Modulus of elasticity 700 fbAustralian Standard AS3700-2001
Compressive strengthModulus of ruptureB d h h
30 MPa0
0 15 0 35 MPBond shear strengthModulus of elasticity:- short term loading
0.15 – 0.35 MPa700 fb’450 fb’g
- long term loadingfb
Structural Design
Non Structural Aspect of DesignNon Structural Aspect of Design
• Quality of Raw Materials• Method of DryingMethod of Drying• Method of Burning• Workmanship Error
Brick Making MachineBrick Making Machine
Open Aired Drying ProcessOpen Aired Drying Process
Half Dry and Dried BrickHalf Dry and Dried Brick
Hollow Clay BricksHollow Clay Bricks
Machine Pressed Clay BrickMachine Pressed Clay Brick
Traditional Storage of Clay Bricks ProductsTraditional Storage of Clay Bricks Products
Clay Bricks - Ready to UseClay Bricks - Ready to Use
Clay Brick Wall ArrangementClay Brick Wall Arrangement
Arrangement ofArrangement of Construction
for Single Masonry Wall
B i kBrick Masonry WallMasonry Wall Arrangement
Single WallSingle Wall
StoneStone MasonryMasonry
Wall
Batako BricksBatako Bricks
• Batako bricks are made of Cement Mortar containing the mix of Portland Cement, g ,natural sand (fine aggregates) and water, molded in a rectangular box shapemolded in a rectangular box shape
• The unit bricks are made and fabricated by f (S )following the guidelines standard. (SNI)
Machine forMachine for Batako
Production
Machine for Making Batako
Batako Bricks Drying Processy g
Product of Batako BricksProduct of Batako Bricks
Construction of Batako BricksConstruction of Batako Bricks
Application of Masonry for Rural HHouses
Cabangbungin BEKASI, 2010
Clay Brick Housey
Combination of Clay Brick and yBamboo House
Masonry wall ConstructionMasonry wall Construction
Type of Construction• Type of Construction• Development in Construction• Development in Construction• Masonry ConstructionMasonry Construction
Defect in Masonry WallDefect in Masonry Wall
• CrackingCracking• Rain and Damp Penetrationp• Other visible defects• Workmanship factors affecting
t thstrength
Repairs and Improvement to Masonry
• Maintenance and repairI d l i• Improvement and alteration
E l tiEvaluation on Compressive Strength ofCompressive Strength of
Local Clay Bricksoca C ay c s
Essy ArijoeniEssy ArijoeniDepartemen Teknik Sipil
Content of Presentation :
1. Introduction2. General theory3 E i t l P d3. Experimental Procedure4 Data Collecting and 4. Data Collecting and
Analysis5. Conclusion and
recommendationrecommendation
Key Words
Cl b i k• Clay brickC i t th• Compressive strengthCompressive load• Compressive load
• Cement mortar• Cement mortar
IntroductionIntroduction• Masonry is a well known• Masonry is a well-known
composite building material p gconstructed by bonding b i k l t d tbrick elements and mortar
• bricks are solid and generally made of clay ingenerally made of clay in home-based factories
INTRODUCTION (continued)INTRODUCTION (continued)
• can be found easilycan be found easily • the cost is relatively low.• clay bricks are locally produced
in home factoriesin home factories• commonly used as buildingcommonly used as building
materials for constructing rural h d l i b ildihouses and low rise buildings
INTRODUCTION (continued)
• The quality of bricks are considered to be widelyconsidered to be widely vary
• Produced under limited technical supervisiontechnical supervision
• Burned by using traditionalBurned by using traditional wood-fired oven
• Need partial improvement in Indonesian StandardIndonesian Standard
M f W JMap of West Java
KarawangJakarta
MajalengkaMay 2001
Bandung
Jakarta – Cikarang – Karawang- Bandung
Cikarang
University of Indonesia
The Production of Local Bricks
(a) (b)(a) (b)
(c) (d)(c)
The Production of Local Bricks
(e) (f)(e) (f)
(h)(g)
Damage on masonry houses
(a) (b)
Damage on masonry housings during Bengkulu Earthquake, June 2000( ) P ti l d (b) T t l ll d ti l d(a) Partial damage, (b) Total collapse and partial damage
(c) (d)
Damage on masonry housings during Majalengka Earthquake, May 2001(a) Severe damage, (b) Partial damage on mortared walls
G l thGeneral theory• compressive pressure (Fig. 1)
per unit area is formulated asper unit area is formulated as fb = PV / Afb PV / A
• The axial strain is formulated as = V / h
• Modulus of Elasticity E is• Modulus of Elasticity Eb is formulated as Eb = fb /
Figure 1 Compressive pressureFigure 1. Compressive pressure acting on the specimeng p
PPV
Area A
hV
h
Experimental ProcedureExperimental Procedure(Standard SNI 15 – 2094 – 1991)( )
Evaluation of brick’s physical - Evaluation of brick’s physical properties (Table 1 and Table 2)C f f ( )- Clasificasion of bricks (in color)
- Preparation of brick specimensp p- Preparation of mortar mix
Specimen coding- Specimen coding- Crushing test
T bl 1 A Siunit brickWidth
(mm)Table 1. Average Size
and Density of Brick
(mm)
Thickness (mm)
y
Brick Size ( mm ) Mass Density
Length (mm)
ColorThick-ness
Width Length (gram) (ton/m3)ness
Yellow 46.63 90.28 190.59 1339.63 1.672
Dark Red
45.61 90.08 188.03 1325.23 1.719
R d 46 10 90 94 190 45 1342 67 1 678Red 46.10 90.94 190.45 1342.67 1.678
Average 46.11 90.44 189.69g
Table 2. Surface Absorption Index ( S.R.) of Bricks
Brick Color S.R. ( gram/dm2/sec)
Single Brick Double Bricks Triple Bricks
Yellow 19.74 17.92 18.43
Dark Red 26.68 29.48 27.51
Red 17.75 15.44 17.33
Table 3. The Composition of Mortar Mix.
Type of Mortar Composition
Masonry ClassificaMortar Classifica
tionCement Chalk Sand Pozzolan
1 (A) 1 - 3 - I
2 (B) 1 - 4 - I( )
M l ifi ti I f St t l MMasonry classification = I, for Structural Masonry
Tabel 4Tabel 4. Water cement ratio of mortar.Water cement ratio of mortar.
C di C iti W tCoding Composition of Mortar Mix
Water Cement
R tiRatio
A 1 : 3 0.67A 1 : 3 0.67
B 1 : 4 0.85
Table 5 Mortar specimens size ofTable 5. Mortar specimens, size of 50 x 50 x 50 mm3
Type of mortar
Coding Number of specimens
1 : 3 A 20
1 : 4 B 201 : 4 B 20
Figure 2. Method of Brick Cutting
Cut lineCoding Cut lineg
Coding
Table 6. Brick Specimen Coding
B i k C l Y ll D k R d TotalBrick Color Yellow Dark Red
Red Total number ofspecimens
Mortar Type1 : 3
A1 to A10
A11 to A20
A21 to A30 30
Mortar Type B1 to B11 to B21 to 1 : 4 B10 B20 B30 30
Figure 3. Compressive BrickFigure 3. Compressive Brick Specimens
Specimen Coding
mortar
A1
A1Space ±10 mm
Half part of brickHalf part of brick
Preparation for brick compression test
Brick specimens with sulphur cappingcapping
Compression test on a brick
Non-uniform shape and colour of brick cross section area test on a brick
specimenof brick cross section area
Figure 4.Compression Test on a Brick Specimen
Figure 5. Brick Specimens Before and Figure 5. Brick Specimens Before and After Tested
Data Collecting and Analysis
• Maximum compressive• Maximum compressive stressstress
• Modulus of elasticity
Maximum Compressive Stress
Mortar Type
Mortar Coding fb max fb max fb maxType Coding
Yellow Bricks[N/mm2]
Dark Red Bricks
Red Bricks[N/mm2]
[N/mm2]
1 : 3 A 15.04397 16.92766 14.55552
1 4 B 12 98479 15 27977 14 555021 : 4 B 12.98479 15.27977 14.55502
Modulus of Elasticity Eb , [N/mm2]
Specimen
Compressive Stress Range
Remark0 2 2 6 6 10 ≥10Specimen Remark0–2 N/mm2
2-6 N/mm2
6-10 N/mm2
≥10 N/mm2
A01 s/d A10 N D 7725.05 9541.73 5828.87 Mortar 1:3
B01 s/d B10 N D 5234.37 6177.96 5227.94 Mortar 1:4
A11 s/d A20 N D 10359.4 11180.1 9199.14 Mortar 1:3
B11 s/d B20 N D 5178.76 6298.79 6503.56 Mortar 1:4B11 s/d B20 N D 5178.76 6298.79 6503.56 Mortar 1:4
A21 s/d A30 N D 6768.76 7312.94 7069.76 Mortar 1:3
B21 s/d B30 N D 4632.30 5350.57 7399.27 Mortar 1:4
N D = non deterministic – fissure closing stage
Constitutive model of BricksConstitutive model of Bricks
G li d St St i C f Cik B i kGeneralised Stress - Strain Curve of Cikarang Bricks
14
y = 546.18x - 2.889910
12
Pa)
Averagey = 6299x-2.89
R2 = 0.9997
6
8
Stre
ss (M
P Average
PVFissure
R2 = 0.9997
y = 220 72x2
4
Fissure closing
y 220.72xR2 = 1
0
2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
Strain (mm/mm)
Modulus of rupture
One point load Two point loadsBending failure pattern
Bending Test 1 point 2 point AverageModulus of rupture
(MPa) 3.366 2.639 3.003( )S-Dev 1.560 1.188 1.384COV 0.463 0.45 0.461
Number of specimens 20 20 20
Conclusion• The average water absorption
index of yellow brick and red brick is 10 –20 gr/dm2/second
• The average water absorption index of dark red brick which is index of dark red brick which is > 10 –20 gr/dm2/second
• The over burned dark red bricks • The over burned dark red bricks have more surface cracks compare to red and yellow compare to red and yellow bricks.
CONCLUSION (continued …..)• The compressive strength of
mortar type A is about 1.6 higher fthan the compressive strength of
mortar type B• Brick compressive strength is
influenced by type, quality and the t f t i h amount of mortar in each
specimens. Hi h t t th ill • Higher mortar strength will produce higher brick compressive t thstrength
• Water cement ratio of mortar type A i l th t t ti A is lower than water cement ratio fo mortar type B.
CONCLUSION (continued …..)
• The value of Modulus of Elasticity f b i k i t t A > for brick using mortar type A > mortar type B.
• Crack pattern generally occurred across along the brick and mortar across along the brick and mortar with vertical crack pattern in the direction of compressive pressuredirection of compressive pressure.
• Brittle failure happened in most specimens and no ductility response seen during these tests.g
RecommendationRecommendation• Developing different type of p g yp
specimen model, either for brick assemblage compressive strength g p gor column compressive strength.C i b t diff t b i k • Concerning about different brick product from different region.
• Consideration of surface roughness of individual brick that roughness of individual brick that may affect the bonding between mortar and brickmortar and brick
Recommendation (cont…)
• Laboratory tests may be iterated as many tests as possible. y p
• To avoid a wide bias in test results • To avoid a wide bias in test results, the construction of specimens h ld b d i lshould be arranged more precisely.
Essy ABEssy AB