Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

Photo Courtesy of Flickr

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

WHAT IS A HOME?

Photo courtesy of Flckr: Reinar

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

SHIFTING PARADIGMS: Eviction and Resettlement in Metro-Manila

Ryan Onell Letada (US Fulbright Scholar)

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

88.57M Total population of the Philippines in 2007

2.04% Average annual rate of growth from 2000 to 2007

11.55M Total population of Metro Manila in 2007

DEMOGRAPHICS

53% Filipino Families in Metro Manila or National Capital Region who considered themselves as Mahirap or Poor

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0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Po

pu

lati

on

(in

th

ou

san

ds)

Year URBAN

RURAL

URBAN-RURAL POPULATIONS

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World

Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup

53,032,000

78,595,000

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33 35.6 37.543

48.854

58.562.7

66.469.6 72.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Per

cen

tage

urb

an

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World

Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup

PERCENTAGE URBAN

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TWO WORLDS

COLLIDE

Urban Poor

vs.

Urban Rich

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Push Factors

Skyrocketing Prices of Real Estate

Increase Demand for Shopping Malls, Condominiums, Recreation, etc.

Need to Develop Urban Infrastructure

Drive towards Environmentally Balanced or “Green” Cities

MMDA’s METRO GWAPO Program

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

AYALA LAND TAKEOVER

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5000families face eviction according to MMIAC

Buting ∙ Pasig ∙ Santolan ∙ Mindanao Avenue ∙ Balintawak ∙ Quiapo ∙ Nissan Tatalon ∙Pasay ∙ Estero de Paco ∙ R-10 Navotas ∙

Market 3 Fishport of Navotas ∙ Sta. Cruz.

Source: Philippine Daily Inquirer: 5,000 Metro-Manila face

eviction

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Evictions are like physical amputations… [current]

relocations plans never make up for the lost limbs or home.

- Dennis MurphyUrban Poor Associates

RE.IMAGINEPH

[Youtube Channel]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xqBklA2H-k

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Impoverishment Risk Model (Michael

Cernea)

Joblessness Marginalization Homelessness Morbidity/Mortality Social Disarticulation Food Insecurity Landlessness Loss of Access to Common Property

Demolition of Entire Communities:

• Wipes out Informal Markets • Demolishes Employment Opportunities• Dismantles Social Capital

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For every case of demolition, two goes unreported. This is equivalent to more than 240,000 families.

Source: Urban Poor Associates (UPA)

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

Violation: Urban Development Housing Act (1992)

1. 30 Day Notice prior to the date of eviction and demolition2. Consultation on the matter of resettlement3. Presence of local government officials4. Proper Identification of all persons taking part in the demolition5. Eviction or Demolition during office hours, and good weather6. No Use of Heavy Equipment7. Proper uniforms for members of the Philippines National Police8. Adequate Relocation

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Violation: Article 25 United Nations Declaration of Human Rights

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his

family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services…

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Violation: Section 10, Article XIII 1987 Philippine Constitution

Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evictednor their dwelling demolished, except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.

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EVICTION LEADS TO A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE QUALITY OF LIFE

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Eviction

RelocationRemigration

UNSUSTAINABLE: VICIOUS CYCLE

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KASIGLAHAN VILLAGE: Montalban RizalCase Study

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Pasig River Environmental Management and Rehabilitation Sector Development Program (SDP) implemented by the Philippine Government through the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC), assisted by the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

10m wide Environmental Preservation Areas along Riverbanks and Esteros

Principal Relocation Site: Other sites include Trece Martires and General Trias in Cavite for the approximately 10,000 informal settlers that will be relocated.

Relocation started 1999

Origins of Resettled Peoples: Pasig River, Payatas Garbage Landslide Victims, Quiapo, Valenzuela, Tatalon, etc.

1hr 15min from Ateneo

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Post-Location

Kunting Bato, Kunting Cemento, Cementerio..- Doc Miranda

Unprepared Site (Infrastructure, basic services – barely or non-existent)

Dislocated from their source of livelihood and income

Crime, Gangwars…

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Present

“Masmaganda na ng buhay dito”- Doc Miranda

Infrastructure and basic services improved significantly

Diseconomies such as crime, gang wars and theft have decreased, but still exists

Community Needs: Livelihood opportunities (Hanapbuhay) and improved Peace and Order.

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“What Sapang Palay did in 30-40 years, KV1 did in 10 Years…”

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Leadership with Vision Higher Standards of Resettlement

Resettlement Action PlanThe People

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RESEARCH FOCUS:

Identify milestones in the development of KasiglahanVillages’ economy

Identify economic hubs and its effect on the economy of the resettlement site.

Determine risk management strategies adopted by “relocatees” to restore or increase income levels.

Determine role of “relocatees” in the economic development of Kasiglahan Village

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Research Methods

Cognitive Mapping (Spatial Approach)Quantitative SurveyQualitative Interviews“Non-standardized Interviews”

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Economic Hubs and History:

Step 1

Step 2

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Pamantasan Ng Montalban (College)

30

90

Businesses were established to cater to the needs of the students. Instant Entrepreneurs.

Employment opportunities were generated

Developed Human Capital Absorbed unemployed members of the community Improved integration with local communities

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Jeepney TerminalBefore:Tricycle and Jeepney Ride to Quezon City: 106P (Roundtrip)

Now:Tricycle and Jeepney ride to Quezon City: 36P (Roundtrip)

66% Decrease in Transportation Cost

Decrease in the cost of livingNoticeable drop in commodity prices sold in the market and community Better Access to Market and employment opportunities outside KV1Facilitated Community Integration

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Private Market

212Employed in the Private Market

84%

of workers reside in Kasiglahan Village

•Instantly created an economic hub, or area for commerce•Overtime, the private market generated employment opportunities•Private Market absorbed unemployed community members•Improved Integration with Local Community•Sign of Economic Growth

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

Lessons Learned…

Address Transportation Cost from the onset. Integrate into Resettlement Action Plan.

Using RAP as the foundation, design communities with the intent of creating strategically-placed economic hubs.

Leverage “economic hub” framework to avail basic services and community amenities.

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: OPPORTUNITIES FOR STIMULATING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND GROWTH

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80%

1% 3%1%

7%

1%0% 1%

2%0%

1%

3%

Sari Sari Store

Internet Café

Restaurant, Turo Turo, Carenderia

Utility, Electricity, Coal

Mixed (Mixture of all the other business)

Beauty Products, Barbershop, Salon

Tailor

Home Improvement, Plumbing, Hardware

Agri-Business

Micro Businesses

552Home-based Businesses

68%Started with Savings 62%

Relocated Peoples

80%Are Sari-SariStores

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

Sari Sari Store Start Up: 4500-6000Pesos

Market: Depends on Location Primarily Neighbors

Daily Net Profits: 350-1000Pesos

Reasons:

• Related to Previous Employment Vendors• Low Start-Up• Source of Income for “stay-at-home” family member• Low Risk: Open to possibility of Bankruptcy: Consumable Products• “Low Batt” – “Close Open”

Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates

552Home-owners stimulating economy

68%Are investing their savings into Enterprises

342 Relocatees are economically active

Moving Forward:

Expose to alternative business models –Identify low risk, mid-high return businessesSupport high risk, high return business through micro-credit

Use data to identify area needs Economically stimulate areas through the establishment of community facility

ORGAN Market

Market: Middle East,China, and Upper Class Filipinos

Blood 500cc: 500P

Kidney: 90,000-175,000P

Case Study 1: Kidney Seller (rare story)

Price: 175,000PMonthly Stipend: P5000Purchaser: Transplant Service Foundation (St. Luke)What did she do with the money? Bought Appliances and Computer. Invested in Sari-Sari store and padjak. Home Improvement

Bio: Lola 82 Year OldLives with sick daughter.No electricity.

3-4 Days per SackSack = 40Pesos

ENTREPRENEUR

Rizalina Rose

Sells mice, colorful chicks, and ducklings…Works across from church…300-600P/per day –One of her source of income

Luzvininda Flores (Pasig Relocatee May 2001): Sold Ukay Ukay, Siomai, Bag, and Divisoria Products in Municipal Building. Sold School Supplies. Started Sari-Sari Store and Carenderia in Commercial Strip. Invested in 2 Stalls in Public Market.

HARDWORKERER

Community Entrepreneurship

The Repackaging

Business Model

Aling Yolanda

CREATIVE

ENTREPRENEUR

Building Sustainable Communities driven by resettled people