mass movements, wind and glaciers chapter 8 notes
TRANSCRIPT
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Mass Movements, Wind and Glaciers
Chapter 8 Notes
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Mass Movement….
• What factors determine how fast you go down a waterslide?
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Mass Movement: Changing the Landscape
• Definition: Movement of soil and rock downslope due to gravity
• All mass movements occur on slopes (i.e. almost everywhere)
• Can be subtle (creep) or catastrophic (landslide) and everything in between
• Range in size from small sediment to large boulders
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Factors that influence mass movement
• Climate• Composition of the earth material• Weight of the material• Friction• Triggers (an earthquake, for example)• Water/rainfall: increases weight and
decreases friction
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Types of Mass Movements• Creep– Solifluction
(permafrost)
• Flows• Slides• Slumps • Falls
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Examples of Mass Movement
Creep Slump
Note the curved crescent shape at the top of the slump.
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Examples of Mass Movement
Flows Slides
lahar
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Examples of Mass Movement
Avalanche Falls
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Wind Erosion
• Moving air can transport sediment– Suspension– Saltation (bouncing motion of sand particles)
• Precipitation limits wind erosion:– Precipitation promotes plant growth that anchors
sediment– Moist soil is not carried as easily by wind
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Dust Bowl: Great Plains 1930s
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Wind Erosion and Transport
Abrasion Deflation
Desert pavement
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Wind Deposition
• When wind velocity decreases, particles are deposited.
• Dunes: piles of windblown sand– Windward side is not as steep as the leeward side– Wind causes dunes to move (“migrate”)
• Loess: Thick windblown silt deposits. – Loess soils are very fertile due to abundant
nutrients and minerals.
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Wind Deposition
Loess Dunes
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Glaciers
• Large moving masses of ice
• Currently, 10% of Earth’s surface is covered by glaciers
• Can be– Valley glaciers (alpine
glaciers)– Continental glaciers
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Valley Glaciers
• Turns V-shaped river valleys into U-shaped glacial valleys
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Glacial Erosion
U-shaped valley with hanging stream
Horn
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Glacial Erosion
Cirque Arête
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Formation of a Cirque
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Glacial Deposition
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Glacial Deposition
Drumlin
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Glaciers in Indiana