mass spectrometry - nptel 16.pdf · basic steps involved in mass spectrometry: 1.vaporization of...
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MASS SPECTROMETRY
S. Sankararaman
Department of Chemistry
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai 600036
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Historical Significance:
J. J. Thompson – Cathode ray – 1913 –
Discovery of isotopes
separation of 20Ne and 22Ne isotopes
During WW2 separation of U isotopes
J.J. Thomson's separation of neon isotopes by
their mass was the first example of mass
spectrometry, which was subsequently
improved and developed into a general
method by F. W. Aston and by A. J. Dempster.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson
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J. J. Thompson1906
Francis W. Aston1922
Wolfgang Paul1989
Hans Dehmelt1989
John B. Fenn2002
Koichi Tanaka2002
NOBEL MEN OF MASS SPECTROMETRY
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MASS SPECTROMETER – ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
Ionization source Mass analyzer Detector
Controllers
Data Analyzer
High vacuum
system
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Basic steps involved in mass spectrometry:
1.Vaporization of molecules into gas phase
2.Ionization of molecules into (+) and (-) ions
3.Separation of ion according to their mass/charge ratio
(m/z ratio or m/e ratio)
4. Detection of ions
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HO
HO
CH2CH2NH2
EI-MS of dopamine
MW = 153
Typical mass spectrum of an organic compound
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Typical mass spectrum of an organic compound
CI-MS of lavandulyl acetate
Methane as reagent gas
MW = 196
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Ionization source
1. Electron Impact (EI)
2. Chemical Ionisation (CI)
3. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation (APCI)
4. Electrospray Ionisation (ESI)
5. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation (MALDI)
6. Field Desorption / Field Ionisation (FD/FI)
7. Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB)
8. Thermospray Ionisation (TSP)
Methods of ionization in MS
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Mass analyzer
1. Magnetic sector analyzer
2. Time of flight analyzer (TOF)
3. Quadrupole analyzer
4. FT-Ion cyclotron resonance analyzer (FT-ICR)
5. Hybrid of the above (Q-Q, Q-TOF, M-Q etc)
(for high resolution applications)
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Detector
1. Electron multiplier tube
2. Micro channel plate
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"Early Mass Spectrometer (replica)" by Jeff Dahl
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry
Calutron mass spectrometers were
used in the Manhattan Project for
uranium enrichment.
A modern Mass Spectrometer (Orbitrap)
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Mass range – sensitivity plot for
various ionization techniques
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Why MS? Application in many fields (to name a few):
1. Composition of solid state devices (OLED)
2. Analysis of alkanes in blood (persons working in petrol bunks)
3. Analysis of perfume residues in mother’s milk
4. The kind of clothing worn by ice-man (dating back 5500 years)
5. Drug abuse in sports and other areas (forensic)
6. Detection of counterfeits (currency, perfume etc)
7. Identification of explosives (from a blast scene, forensic)
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Why MS? Application in many fields (to name a few):
8. Detection of adulterants (in milk etc)
9. TLC-MS, direct identification of organic compounds from TLC plate?
10. Identification of flying pesticides in air
11. Medicinal mercury in medieval bones
12. Finger printing toxic venom of poisonous snakes and scorpions
13. Proteins, lipids, other biomolecules and large synthetic molecules,
polymers etc – Molecular weight, sequence etc.
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THANK YOU