massachusetts institute of technology sloan school of...
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Design for Environment
Prof. Steven Eppinger Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sloan School of Management
in collaboration with Michael Baeriswyl, ETH Zürich
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Patagonia Fleece !"#$%%&#'()(*+",(#-./(0.#)1.#234)#/+05("6#)+#(7+5)#5+4)8/+"490.3#3./6/:.7#;../.#,")+#)1.,3#53+79/)#:,".<#
=3+0#&>?@@#3./6/:.7#A8:,).3#-.B.3(*.#-+C:.4>#'()(*+",(#/("#0(D.#$E@#*(30.")4<#
F1,4#4(B.4#(#-(33.:#+G#+,:#("7#(B+,74#(553+H,0().:6#1(:G#(#)+"#+G#)+H,/#(,3#.0,44,+"4<#
www.patagonia.com!
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Peter Opsvik (for Stokke) designed the Tripp Trapp chair to grow with the child. The same chair can be used for children from 0 to 15 years, greatly increasing the effective lifetime of the chair. The award winning Tripp Trapp highchair was launched by Stokke in 1972.
www.stokke.com
Stokke Tripp Trapp Chair
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Dunlop Recycled Wellington Boots Dunlop Wellington boots are made from polyurethane, PVC, and rubber.
Dunlop developed a line of recycled boots.
Dunlop takes back used Wellingtons from customers.
The old boots are ground into small pieces and re-manufactured into new boots.
Source: www.biothinking.com
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Freitag Bags
Freitag reuses • truck tarps • inner tubes • seat belts
www.freitag.ch
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Environmental Impacts
Water pollution
Solid waste Global Warming Resource depletion
Air pollution Land degradation
www.buildbabybuild.com www.flickr.com Ben Rad www.wonkroom.thinkprogress.org
www.co.rockingham.nc.us commons.wikimedia.org www.adb.org
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a legacy problem?
a materials problem?
a solvable problem?
YES!
Is this …
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Design for Environment (DFE)
Design for Environment (DFE) is a method to minimize or eliminate environmental impacts of a product over its life cycle.
Effective DFE practice maintains or improves product quality and cost while reducing environmental impacts.
DFE expands the traditional manufacturer’s focus on the production and distribution of its products to a fully closed life cycle.
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Cradle to Cradle Cradle to Cradle (C2C) is a DFE method emphasizing renewable resources and sustainable life cycles.
William McDonough and Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, 2002.
McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry (MBDC) works with companies to select the safest materials for product design.
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Life Cycles
Recovery
Materials Production
Distribution
Use Deposit
Resources Post-consumer
Recycling Remanufacturing
Reuse
Natural Decay
Natural “Bio”
Life Cycle
Industrial “Product” Life Cycle
Disposal
Post-industrial Recycling
Extraction
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Life Cycles
Environmental Toxins
Non-Renewable Resources
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy
Recovery
Materials Production
Distribution
Use Deposit
Resources Post-consumer
Recycling Remanufacturing
Reuse
Natural Decay
Natural “Bio”
Life Cycle
Product “Industrial” Life Cycle
Disposal
Post-industrial Recycling
Extraction
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“Conditions” for Sustainability
• Consider the earth as a closed system with limited solar input and natural bio cycles.
• Solar energy and other renewable fuels are sustainable energy sources.
• Resource usage must balance to the rate the earth creates each resource (even the rate at which the earth creates fossil fuels).
• Toxic wastes, heavy metals, radiation, and other “molecular garbage” must be eliminated because they are not part of the bio cycle.
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New Textbook Chapter forthcoming in PDD 5th edition, 2011
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Planning
Product Development Process
Concept Development
System-Level Design
Detail Design
Testing and Refinement
Production Ramp-Up
How can we understand and eliminate environmental impact of products
during the product development process?
Assess Impacts and Refine Designs
Set DFE Goals
DFE and Material Guidelines
Improve DFE Process
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DFE Process
Detail Design Compare to
DFE Goals
Concept Development
System-Level Design
Product Planning 1. Set DFE Agenda
3. Select Material and DFE Guidelines
2. Identify Potential Environmental Impacts
5. Assess Environmental Impact
4. Apply DFE Guidelines to Initial Designs
N
7. Reflect on DFE Process and Results
6. Refine Design
Y Process Improvement
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Life Cycle Impacts
Materials Production Distribution Use Recovery
Materials-Intensive Product Impact
Materials Production Distribution Use Recovery
Use-Intensive Product Impact
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DFE and Material Guidelines Example DFE Guidelines • Do not combine materials
incompatible in recycling • Label all component
materials for recycling • Enable easy disassembly
into separate material recycling streams
• Use no surface treatments • Eliminate packaging • Reduce weight and size for
shipping
Example Material Guidelines • Use recycled and recyclable
industrial materials • Use natural materials which
can be returned to biological decay cycles
• Use processes which do not release toxic materials
• Capture and reuse all hazardous materials
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Herman Miller
Aeron, 1994 Mirra, 2004 Setu, 2009
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Herman Miller’s Environmental Goals Perfect Vision 2020
• Zero landfill • Zero hazardous waste generation • Zero air emissions (VOC) • Zero process water use • 100% green electrical energy use • 100% of sales from DfE products • Company buildings constructed to a
minimum LEED Silver certification
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Setu Spine
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Setu Spine Development
Studio 7.5, Berlin
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Herman Miller Setu Multipurpose Chair
• Environmentally friendly and non-toxic materials – 41% aluminum, 41% polypropylene, 18% steel, by weight
• Recycled materials – 44% by weight - 23% post-consumer, 21% post-industrial
• Less material content – 20 lbs lighter than most task chairs
• Easy to disassemble – 86% easily separable materials
• Recyclable – 92% by weight
• Production line uses 100% green power • No air or water emissions released in production • Returnable and recyclable packaging
Source: Herman Miller, Inc.
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Herman Miller DFE Assessment Method
Material Chemistry (33.3%)
Recycled Content (8.4%)
Disassembly (33.3%)
Recyclability (25.0%)
Safest Low Hazard Uncertain High Hazard
Separation Time (30 sec) Tools (common) Labeling
Post-consumer Post-industrial Virgin Material
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Ref: Rossi, Charon, Wing, and Ewell, “Incorporating Cradle-to-Cradle Design into Herman Miller Products”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2006.
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Better Packaging for Puma: Clever Little Bag
• Fuseproject created new environmentally friendly packaging for Puma shoes
• 65% less cardboard than standard box • No laminated printing, no tissue paper • Takes up less space • Weighs less in shipping • The bag is made of recycled PET, and is
also recyclable • Replaces the plastic retail bag • Puma plans to start shipping in 2011
www.fuseproject.com
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Final Message on Green Design
• This is hard. • This is important. • This is our responsibility. • This is a great opportunity…
– for businesses and entrepreneurs – for scientists, engineers, and designers
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Thank you
Please email comments and suggestions to [email protected]
Draft textbook chapter available upon request