mass_flow_rate.pdf

Mass flow rateFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the mass of a substance which passes through a given surface per unit of time. Its unit is kilogram per second in SI units, and slug per second or pound per second in US customary units. The common symbol is (pronounced "m-dot"), although sometimes µ (Greek lowercase mu) is used.

Sometimes, mass flow rate is termed mass flux or mass current, see for example Fluid Mechanics, Schaum's et al.[1] In this article, the (more intuitive) definition is used.

Mass flow rate is defined by the limit:[2][3]

i.e. the flow of mass m through a surface per unit time t.

The overdot on the m is Newton's notation for a time derivative. Since mass is a scalar quantity, the mass flow rate (the time derivative of mass) is also a scalar quantity. The change in mass is the amount that flows after crossing the boundary for some time duration, not simply the initial amount of mass at the boundary minus the final amount at the boundary, since the change in mass flowing through the area would be zero for steady flow.

Contents

1 Alternative equations■

2 Usage■

3 Analogous quantities■

4 See also■

5 References■

Alternative equations

Mass flow rate can also be calculated by:

where:

ρ = mass density of the fluid,■

v = velocity field of the mass elements flowing,■

A = cross-sectional vector area/surface,■

Q = volumetric flow rate,■

jm = mass flux.■

of 3Mass flow rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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The above equation is only true for a flat, plane area. In general, including cases where the area is curved, the equation becomes a surface integral:

The area required to calculate the mass flow rate is real or imaginary, flat or curved, either as a cross-sectional area or a surface. E.g. for substances passing through a filter or a membrane, the real surface is the (generally curved) surface area of the filter, macroscopically - ignoring the area spanned by the holes in the filter/membrane. The spaces would be cross-sectional areas. For liquids passing through a pipe, the area is the cross-section of the pipe, at the section considered. The vector area is a combination of the magnitude of the area through which the mass passes through, A, and a unit vector normal to the area, . The relation is .

The reason for the dot product is as follows. The only mass flowing through the cross-section is the amount normal to the area, i.e. parallel to the unit normal. This amount is:

where θ is the angle between the unit normal and the velocity of mass elements. The amount passing through the cross-section is reduced by the factor , as θ increases less mass passes through. All mass which passes in tangential directions to the area, that is perpendicular to the unit normal, doesn't actually pass through the area, so the mass passing through the area is zero. This occurs when θ = π/2:

These results are equivalent to the equation containing the dot product. Sometimes these equations are used to define the mass flow rate.

Usage

In the elementary form of the continuity equation for mass, in Hydrodynamics:[4]

In elementary classical mechanics, mass flow rate is encountered when dealing with objects of variable mass, such as a rocket ejecting spent fuel. Often, descriptions of such objects erroneously[5] invoke Newton's second law F =d(mv)/dt by treating both the mass m and the velocity v as time-dependent and then applying the derivative product rule. A correct description of such an object requires the application of Newton's second law to the entire, constant-mass system consisting of both the object and its ejected mass.[5]

Analogous quantities

In hydrodynamics, mass flow rate is the rate of flow of mass. In electricity, the rate of flow of charge is electric current.



See also

Continuity equation■

Fluid dynamics■

Mass flow controller■

Mass flow meter■

Mass flux■

Orifice plate■

Thermal mass flow meter■

Volumetric flow rate■

References

^ Fluid Mechanics, M. Potter, D.C. Wiggart, Schuam's outlines, McGraw Hill (USA), 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-148781-8

1.

^ http://www.engineersedge.com/fluid_flow/mass_flow_rate.htm2.^ http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/mflow.html3.^ Essential Principles of Physics, P.M. Whelan, M.J. Hodgeson, 2nd Edition, 1978, John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-3382-1

4.

^ a b Halliday; Resnick. Physics. 1. pp. 199. ISBN 0-471-03710-9. "It is important to note that we cannot derive a general expression for Newton's second law for variable mass systems by treating the mass in F = dP/dt = d(Mv) as a variable. [...] We can use F = dP/dt to analyze variable mass systems only if we apply it to an entire system of constant mass having parts among which there is an interchange of mass." [Emphasis as in the original]

5.

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This page was last modified on 26 February 2013 at 04:04. ■

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