UNIVERSITY OF PARMADott.Marco Rossetti

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15Parma, Parma, 1313hh of June 2009 of June 2009 –– Soil & Groundwater conventional remediation techniquesSoil & Groundwater conventional remediation techniques

While soils are as essential to human society as air and water, soil degradation has not received nearly as much attention as

the threats to these other two elements.

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the threats to these other two elements.

Still soils are the basis for 90 % of all human food, livestockfeed, fibre and fuel. They support human settlements andprovide raw materials and groundwater. Major problems inEurope include: loss of top-soil due to erosion or buildingactivities, contamination, and acidification.

.. contaminated sites in Europe in the 2006:

... up to 1.800.000

Contaminated sites in Europe in the 1987:from 120.000 to 150.000Number of

contaminated sites is

increasing

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... up to 1.800.000

1. Cadastre and remediation plans2. Standard definition and Risk evaluation criteria 3. Research program on sampling and analysis

increasingaccording to the

following reasons .. potentially contaminated sites in Europe to the 2025: .. increasing by 50 %

SAFETY LEGISLATION

WASTES LEGISLATION

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TENDER LEGISLATION

QUALITYSAFETY

ENVIRONMENT?

USA:• RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)• CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (1980)

ITALY:• D.Lgs 22/1997: art. 17 Bonifica e ripristino ambientale dei siti inquinati (1997)

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inquinati (1997)• L. 426/1998: Prima lista dei siti di interesse nazionale (26 siti) (1998)• D.M. 471/1999: Regolamento recante criteri, procedure e modalità per la messa in sicurezza, la bonifica e il ripristino ambientale dei siti inquinati ai sensi dell’art. 17 D.Lgs. 22/97 (1999)• D.M. 468/2001: secondo programma nazionale di bonifica e ripristino ambientale dei siti contaminati (aggiunti altri 23 siti) (2001)• D.Lgs. 152/2006: Titolo V bonifica di siti contaminati (da art. 239) (2006)

... abandoned landfills where in the past industrial wastes were treated, stored or disposed of, and abandoned industrial sites, where in the past

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abandoned industrial sites, where in the past through industrial or commercial activities environmentally dangerous substances were used or dealt with, which pose or are likely to pose a risk to the environment, particularly to human health…

Tanneries, creosote production plant, mining, foundry

As, Cu, Cr

PbFoundry

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HCPetrol station, fuel stoking plant, oil spill, chemical waste disposal

PAH, PCDD, PCDFSame sources of HC +Gas production from coke

Pesticides (DDT, Dieldrin, ..)Agricolture

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Soil

Momitoring well

Soil s.s.

… the result of bedrock degradation mixture of mineral particle, organic matter (humus, root, bacteria, ..) and water

Vadose Zone:

Unsaturated zone (soil horizon where non all the pore are saturated by water )+ capillary fringe (transition layer between unsaturated and saturated zone)

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Bedrock

Saturated Zone

Unsaturated Zone

Capillary fringe

Ground water /

Subsoil

…. mineral particle having pore where water or air can be founded

Saturated zone: soil horizon where all the pore are saturated by water while while there is no air at alla and gases are there is no air at alla and gases are dissolved into the liquid phasedissolved into the liquid phase

SOURCES VECTORS RECEPTOR

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CHARACTERIZATION AND PROJECT DESIGN

LANDLORD(Landlord, Estate agency, Works director, Works director assistant, Safety supervisor, .. )

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CHARACTERIZATION AND PROJECT DESIGN(designer, specialist, .. )

CONTRACTOR(designer, project manager, job site supervisor, specialist, research and development technician, … )

GOVERNATIVE CONTROLLER (Functionary, technician, consultant, .. )

RESEARCH(researcher, laboratory technician, .. )

SOIL IN SITU PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL/THERMAL TREATMENT

1. Chemical Oxidation2. Electrokinetic Separation3. Fracturing4. Soil Flushing5. Soil Vapor Extraction6. Solidification/Stabilization7. Thermal Treatment

SOIL EX SITU PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL/THERMALTREATMENT (ASSUMING EXCAVATION)

1. Chemical Extraction2. Chemical Reduction/Oxidation3. Dehalogenation4. Separation5. Soil Washing6. Solidification/Stabilization7. Landfill disposal8. Hot Gas Decontamination9. Incineration10. Open Burn/Open Detonation11. Pyrolysis

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11. Pyrolysis12. Thermal Desorption

GROUNDWATER IN SITU PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL/THERMAL TREATMENT

1. Air Sparging2. Bioslurping3. Chemical Oxidation4. Directional Wells5. Dual Phase Extraction6. Thermal Treatment7. Hydrofracturing Enhancements8. In-Well Air Stripping9. Passive/Reactive Treatment Walls10. In situ containment

GROUNDWATER EX SITU PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL/THERMAL TREATMENT (ASSUMING PUMPING)

1. Adsorption/Absorption2. Advanced Oxidation Processes3. Air Stripping4. Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC)/Liquid Phase

Carbon Adsorption5. Ground Water Pumping/Pump and Treat6. Ion Exchange7. Precipitation/Coagulation/Flocculation8. Separation9. Sprinkler Irrigation

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httphttphttphttp://www.epa.gov://www.epa.gov://www.epa.gov://www.epa.gov

hhttphhttphhttphhttp://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng----manuals/em.htmlmanuals/em.htmlmanuals/em.htmlmanuals/em.html

http://cluhttp://cluhttp://cluhttp://clu----in.org/in.org/in.org/in.org/

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http://cluhttp://cluhttp://cluhttp://clu----in.org/in.org/in.org/in.org/

Environmental Engineering, 1985, HOWARD S. Environmental Engineering, 1985, HOWARD S. Environmental Engineering, 1985, HOWARD S. Environmental Engineering, 1985, HOWARD S. PeavyPeavyPeavyPeavy ET AL., ET AL., ET AL., ET AL., McgrawMcgrawMcgrawMcgraw hillhillhillhill

Siti contaminati, L.Morselli, 1993,CLUEB BolognaSiti contaminati, L.Morselli, 1993,CLUEB BolognaSiti contaminati, L.Morselli, 1993,CLUEB BolognaSiti contaminati, L.Morselli, 1993,CLUEB Bologna

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