XV Annual NOSPlan Convention

DISASTER RESILIENT AND CRIME FREE CITIES: A Case Study of Mumbai

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Bhopal

SAFE CITY

A Safe City can be defined as city which provides safety to all the citizens from crimes, natural calamities, health hazards etc. A safe city deals with every aspect of Planning.

Issues targeted: Disaster Risk Management Crime Prevention Health Hazard Management

Mumbai: India’s Commercial Capital COASTAL MEGACITY : MUMBAI Mumbai has been identified as one

of the 3 most vulnerable cities of the world which will be affected by climate change by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

As a Mega polis, Mumbai has a diverse population which results in a variety of crimes.

Crime against women more than double in 2013.

Population Density: 27,209 persons/km2

Slum Population: 6.5 million

Issue 1: Disaster Management

Assessment of state of disaster risk Utilities: water supply – lack of back-up system; inadequate sewerage systems Infrastructure: flyovers, hospitals in weak condition Power failures (interstate power grid) Existence of hazardous industries Oil spills

The factors contributing to disaster risks in Mumbai :

Being an “Island city”, the transport networks are in general poor. Inadequate road width vs. parking space Change of use of buildings from ordinary to critical functions without

retrofitting or strengthening the building.

Presence of large floating population during office hours High population density in commercial areas and slums Improper and inadequate garbage collection and disposal. Mumbai is a soft target for human induced disasters such as bomb blasts,

terrorism and riots.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MUMBAI

MCGM is the primary organization responsible for disaster management in city.

Several other agencies that are administratively independent of MCGM (Mumbai Police, Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA), Mumbai Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA), Indian Railways etc) are also responsible for the administration of the city.

Each agency has its own emergency control room for disaster management and has Standard Operating Procedures in place for responding to disasters.

During a disaster various control rooms, municipal departments and state departments are actively associated and are simultaneously involved in disaster response from warning to relief and rehabilitation.

This creates a situation of multiple authorities and multiple controls and relies on effective coordination by the MCGM.

COORDINATION WITH INTERNAL DEPARTMENT

Law

COORDINATION WITH EXTERNAL AGENCY

MASTER PLAN PROVISIONS FOR DISASTER RESELIENCY IN THE CITY

An Integrated and Sustainable DRR System for Mumbai

The DRMMP (Disaster Risk Management Master Plan) is developed and adopted by Mumbai as a city-wide system for achieving disaster resiliency.

Under the DRMMP, all DRR activities are coordinated, monitored and evaluated to ensure that all stakeholders are working efficiently and that investments in DRR are optimized and justified.

The participatory approach taken by the DRMMP enables sustainability , capacity building and ownership building and will support the awareness raising of all stakeholders and communities

OBJECTIVES OF DRMMP

1. Establish a competent emergency management system within Greater Mumbai.

2. Institutionalize a sound disaster risk management (DRM) practice for Stakeholders.

3. Propose a coherent set of policies and actions to reduce disaster risk within Greater Mumbai.

4. Make this project a model to other cities in India through knowledge sharing and participation.

DRMMP COMPONENTS

The DRMMP addresses the following 9 components: Component 1: Legal and Institutional Arrangements Component 2: Hazards, Vulnerability, Risk Analyses Component 3: Emergency/Disaster Management Component 4: Disaster Risk Resiliency of Slums and

Core Services Component 5: Urban Development and Land Use

Planning Component 6: Construction Codes and Standards Component 7: Training and Capacity Building Component 8: Advocacy and Strategic

Communication Component 9: GIS and Information Technology

A. IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING DISASTER RISKS

City highly vulnerable to floods. Almost 60% of average rainfall during 2 months in a

year Often 35-40 % of annual rainfall occurs in 2-3

events. Highest rainfall recorded in one day: 944mm on July

26, 2005 (1200 mm is the average annual rainfall for India)

Probability of 24-hour rainfall exceeding 200 mm is 50%.

The problem of flooding acute when heavy rainfall coincides with high tide; i.e., more than 4.5 meters (average: 20 times during the monsoon).

KEY PROCESSES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN DRMMP

Restricted access to mainland –relatively inaccessible to rest of country during a major hazard.

About 60% of the population lives in slums

There are over 3 million structures in Mumbai, giving it a very High structural density

MUMBAI LIES IN ZONE III OF MODERATE RISK QUAKES UPTO MAGNITUDE 6.9

More than 2 million people living in > 16,000 dilapidated buildings of 4 to 6 storey, constructed 100-125 years ago.

Buildings vulnerable to collapse: 721

Roads narrow, sewage & garbage disposal systems collapsed

Structures act as death trap in case of accidents, like fire

Mumbai is highly vulnerable to fire, presence of petrochemical industries within city and lack of evacuation routes during fire.

154 Landslide Prone Areas where more than 3 million citizens live in informal hutments

B.USE OF KNOWLEDGE & INNOVATION TO BUILD A CULTURE OF SAFETY

1. MCGM schemes supporting local communities in risk reduction activities:

a)Advanced Locality Management: Initiated in 1997 to mobilizing citizens in a participative approach insetting up a system for dealing with the problem of solid waste management in an environmental friendly manner.

b)Slum Adoption Scheme: Initiated to keep slums clean.

c)Slum Sanitation Programme:Innovative approach in providing toilet facilities to slum dwellers.

2.Manuals for awareness generation of the community.

3.Training Programmer conducted by MCGM & supported by UNDP & Govt. of Maharashtra.

4. Mock drills5. Mumbai Emergency Management

Exercises6. Workshops / Exhibition

Well equipped Emergency Operations Centre at MCGM headquarters & all wards.

The Emergency Support Functions (ESF) concept has been adopted in the DRMMP project to provide a systematic and efficient system to organize the several stakeholders engaged in disaster risk management in the city, to provide them with a methodology for sharing knowledge and resources and to work efficiently to address the challenges of preparing, responding and recovering from any emergency situation.

On the basis of the ESFs, table top exercises are being conducted and hazard specific Standard Operating Procedures will be prepared which will be validated by conducting mock drills.

C. STRENGTHEN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR EFFECTIVE

RESPONSE

RISK REDUCING INFRASTRUCTURE

SLUM REHABILITATION SCHEME

CONSTRUCTION OF SHELTERS

SAFE SCHOOLS EARLY WARNING

SYSTEMS PREVENTIVE HEALTH

CARE

State of the Art Emergency Operation Center at Municipal Head Office & at all Wards

Operational 24x7 Latest Communication

Systems Early Warning System

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM Emergency Support Functions (ESF)

concept has been adopted to engage all stakeholders involved in disaster management.

14 ESFs have been formulated, each of which is headed by a lead agency and is supported by identified support agencies.

Stakeholders are organized and provided with a methodology for sharing knowledge and resources and to work efficiently to address the challenges of preparing, responding and recovering from any emergency situation

On the basis of the ESFs, hazard specific Standard Operating Procedures will be prepared which will be validated by conducting mock drills.

Issue 2: Crime Prevention

Issue 2 : Crime Mumbai has gained the dubious distinction

of being the second-most crime-prone city in India, registered under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

6th most unsafe city in India for women. In 2012, Mumbai registered the highest

number cases of rapes, molestation and sexual assault in Maharashtra. Mumbai accounted for around 10.4 per cent of crimes against women in the state in 2012.

25

Occurrences of Crime in Mumbai City

Specific Crime 2008-09 2009-10

% Increase 2008-09 to 2009-

10 2010-11

% Increase 2009-10 to

2010-11 2011-12

% Increase 2010-11 to

2011-12Murder 211 240 14% 240 0 220 -8%Rape 193 171 -11% 180 5% 207 15%Molestation 413 384 -7% 483 26% 552 14%Riot 280 384 37% 385 0% 365 -5%

House Breaking (Day/Night) 2731 3047 12% 3386 11% 2813 -17%

Chain Snatching 1575 1712 9% 2134 25% 1775 -17%Thefts 6378 6697 5% 6495 -3% 6271 -3%Accident/Fatal Accidents 1437 2080 45% 2583 24% 2867 11%

Vehicles Stolen 4245 4436 4% 4339 -2% 4833 11%

Rape, Molestation, Accidents and Vehicle Stolen are growing consistently

Reference: Report on State of Mumbai Policing 2013

Provisions For Different Types Of Crime Prevention General

Zoning For commercial buildings with high turnovers CCTV

security system compulsory Street lights, and planning of road network in

neighborhoods.

Provisions for Traffic related crimes for reducing Accidents: Traffic rules Planning of routes, one ways, signals etc. Provision of CCTV cameras at signals

Facilities provided by the Law enforcing agencies

Law enforcing activities by Mumbai Police Neighborhood security system/ guards Helpline numbers for Women Traffic police for Enforcing the traffic rules Night patrolling by the Mumbai Police Coast guards for the Sea border protection

Issue 3: Health Hazards

Issue 3: Health Hazards Mumbai health and safety is badly affected

by the pollution. The pollution causes allergies, infection and other diseases among the Mumbai public.

The health and safety services available are very less then their requirement. The disaster training is also not in pace with the changing environment.

The rate of chronic sickness such as diabetes, hypertension and coronary artery disease increased in Mumbai last year.

Health Hazard

The Dharavi slums are Asia’s largest slums.

The Drainage and Waste management facilities areinsufficient.

Due to poor living conditions, high population densities and pollution there is a high risk of epidemic outbreak.

Provisions to prevent healthhazards Management and disposal waste

More than 5000 metric tons of solid waste is generated every day in Mumbai.

The municipal corporation is in charge of the disposal of this waste

 Health in Mumbai Hospitals Mumbai has about 1000 health care centers. Of these about 17are municipal hospitals which can

be afforded by the urban poor who make up 50% of the population.

Awareness campaigns to prevent any epidemic.

Provision for Health Hazard Management in DRRMP Govt. & Private Hospitals are linked

with Disaster Management Cell for cases of epidemics.

MCGM has provided healthcare service to over 3 lakh patients through Health Camps.

As per norms, required number of beds is 100,000 which is 60,000 more than the actual number of beds.

PROPOSALS Land Use Planning

Informal Settlements, decongestion, landfill sites, hazardous units and control on land reclamation should be considered in drafting land use plans.

Waste Water Drainage

The sewerage system underground drainage pipes in Greater Mumbai needs renovation and a plan in providing underground drainage connectivity to slum areas needs to materialize.

The need to provide new sewerage network and pre-identify open places during disasters for evacuation where disaster victims may be temporarily settled in relief camps with proper waste disposal facilities.

Transport

Focused attention needs to be paid to the transport bottlenecks which may arise in disaster situations, particularly if main arterial roads are breached or obstructed .

Maximum Traffic calculation, accident reduction using intelligent transportation system (ITS).

.

Project Planning and Control Department Disaster risk reduction should be

integrated with the development plans and structural and non-structural safety should be considered among project proposals.

Implementation Effective participation of Non

governmental organisation / voluntary organisation.

PROPOSALS

Private security as a general measure of crime prevention in city should be recognized and enhanced.

E-safety mapping provisions in the master plan. The existing flood warning system should be

made effective. All the major bridges and foot bridges should be

fenced to minimize dumping of waste directly to the river.

Where necessary create infrastructure for continuous training, forensic labs, crime mapping and crime forecasting.

PROPOSALS

E – Safety Mapping Initiative

Three E - Mapping initiatives have been introduced by citizens in Mumbai, such as Jagaran.

The E-maps are based on public sources for information.

These E-maps mark the unsafe areas which are tagged by people and the reason why these are unsafe.

The E- map generates awareness among the common mass.

E- Safety Map

There should be anofficial E- Safety Map, prepared by an authority.

With this map therewill be data availability to citizens about the unsafe areas.

These maps will be helpful to the Law enforcing agencies

CONCLUSION

Mumbai is subject to many natural and man-made hazards, and is a highly vulnerable city due to its geographical characteristics, a high urban density and about 8 million people living in extremely vulnerable slums

The city faces some of the complex challenges associated with vulnerability and risk reduction

Mumbai has made a remarkable shift from reactive to pro-active disaster risk management within a few years

Through sustained investments, leadership, scientific planning and a participatory approach, the City has taken an irreversible course towards addressing its challenges in DRR.

REFERENCES

Mumbai, India disaster risk management profile.

A MCGM initiative DRMMP in collaboration with earthquake and megacities initiative.

Development plan for greater Mumbai 2014-2034 inception report.

http://www.slideshare.net/tdapdm/early-warning-systems-for-disaster-risk-reduction

http://www.nisg.org/home.php?page=capacity_building.php

http://www.sanfranciscotobaccofreeproject.org/capacity.html