mastermind companion
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•
as
r
1n
Use
of
nglish
MINI COMPANION
Paul Hains
nna Johnson
[J
urlington ooks
with
exercises
for Advanced
Proficiency classes
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liliill:i
1
Mastermind Use Of nglish
by Paul Hains and
nna
Johnson
Burlington Books
P.O.
Box
54411
3721 Limassol
Cyprus
urlington ook s is an imprint
o
Danos ooks Ltd
This mini-companion has been revised to reflect changes in REVISED Mastermind and now
includes extra vocabulary practice exercises after every two units as well
The definitions provided in this glossary reflect the context in which the words and phrases are
used in the book.
BBREVI TIONS
adj adjective
eni8no)
adv adverb
e n i p p ~ ~ a )
conj conjunction o u v o e o ~ o c ; )
Der derivative napaywyo)
fml
formal e n i o ~ ~ ~ yl\wooa)
inf informal l\citK6
t o i w ~ a .
apyK6)
n noun OUOLQOTLKO)
H
005 767 Pack ISBN 978 9963 47 k95 8
Copyright© 2008 Burlington Books
1 9 8
17 16 15 14 13
Opp
phr v
pi
prep
v
A mE
opposite avTi8no)
phrasal verb m:ptcppaonK6
p ~ ~ a )
plural n l \ ~ 8 u v n K 6 < ; )
preposition n p 6 8 e o ~ )
verb p ~ ~ a )
American English
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UNIT
Business and Employment
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 14)
2 1
o
the
dole
receiving
money
from
the government
because you are unemployed:
oro
TOIJ Eio av£pylac;
James can t find a
job; he
has been
on
the dole
for
almost
a year
2 2
make redundant
dismiss from a job because the
person is not needed: anoADw
(f...6yw
nc:ptopLO -iOU
Staewv
epyaoiac;) I was made redundant
at my
company and now must find a
new
job.
Der: redundancy (n)
2 3
situations vacant
a newspaper listing of available
jobs:
O T ~ A ~ ae
o j l ~ ~ e p i o a ayyehiec; yta Stoet<;
epyaalac;
The company ran an advertisement in the
situations vacant column for the receptionist s position.
2 4
foreman (n) = a person in charge of a
group
of
workers:
Emor6T lC:, OPXL£py6n]c; He worked his way
up
at
the factory from the assembly line to foreman in
charge
of 50
men.
2 5
board
(of directors)
(n)
= group of people responsible
for making decisions about
how
a company or
organization is managed: OU1Jr3oUAto,
OtOlK'lTlKr')
OIJOOa
The
board will make
a
decision on the
matter
at its next meeting.
2 6 make cutbacks = to reduce
the amount
or
number
of something: Kclvw m::ptKontc;
Due to the
economic
situation,
the
company was forced to make cutbacks;
15
people lost their jobs.
2 7 lay off (phr
v)
(laid, laid) = stop employing someone,
especially when there is not much work to do:
anohuw (npoowptva)
After
the fire
at
the factory, the
owner
laid off hal f the workers.
2 8
manufacturing (n)
=the
business of producing large
quantities of goods
in
a factory:
~ L o ~ ~ x a v i a
Clothing
manufacturing used to
be a
significant
part
of
the
region s economy, but
many
factories have closed.
Der: manufacture (n)
manufacturer
(n)
manufacture (v)
2 9 sector (n)
= part (of economy, a count ry s business
etc.):
TOIJE:ac;
Teachers
and police
work in the
public
sector.
2 10 freelance
(adj) = working independently for various
organisations:
eA.eUSepoc;
(enayyeAIJaTlac;) Tom
works
as a
freelance
photographer for
several
different magazines.
2 11 permanent (adj) = continuing
for
an unlimited time:
1J6Vq J oc;
Margaret had
a
temporary position for a
while,
but now
she s on permanent staff.
2 12 contract (n) = a written agreement:
u ~ ~ o h m o She
signed
a
contract with the publishing company,
agreeing to write two books a year.
Der: contract
(v)
contractual (adj)
2 13 career ladder levels of progress in a profession:
K A i ~ a K a e n a y y e h ~ O T L K ~ < ; e ~ t h L ~ ~ < ;
People who
choose to climb the career ladder often have to
sacrifice their persona/life to reach the top.
2 14
2 15
2 16
2.17
2 18
2 19
2 20
2 21
2 22
2 23
2 24
2 25
2 26
2 27
2 28
apprenticeship (n)
= time spent working for someone
in
order
to
learn a skill:
~ a 8 ~ r e i a
She is doing an
apprenticeship as a hairdresser
at a central salon
and
hopes this will help her establish her caree
Der: apprenticeship
(n):
~ a 8 ~ r e i a
apprentice (v)
take
on
(phr v) = 1. employ: n p o o h ~ ~ v w They are
taking
on
temporary
staff
for the holiday season.
2. accept
a
job or responsibility: v h ~ ~ v w
She
took
on
extra work to earn
more
money.
post (n)
= a position
of
employment or responsibility:
8to11 epyaolac;, n6oTo
She
accepted
the
post
even
though
it
meant relocating to China
and
accepting
much more
responsibility.
Der: post
(v)
long-term (adj) = lasting for a long period of time:
IJOKponp68£0IJOC:
Borrowing money is
not
a long
term solution to
your
money problems if
you don t
have
a
job.
Opp: short-term (adj)
prospects (n)
= possibility that something will
happen: npoonTtKE:c;
His
promotion
prospects are
excellent because
he
has
both
first-rate qualifications
and
great
people
skills.
executive
(n)
= high-level manager: av<inepo
OTtA exoc; emxetprioewc; She was the first woman
executive in her company.
delegate
(v) =to give part of your
work
or
responsibility to a subordinate: I J O t p O . ~ w
a w o o t T ~ T e < ;
The
director
always delegates the less
important
tasks to his deputy.
Der: delegate (n): avTmp6ownoc;,
aneoTaA.IJE:voc;
paperwork
(n)
= office
work
related
to
letters, forms,
reports, etc.: ypacptKr'j epyaola
There
is
a
lot
of
paperwork
involved in banking.
PA
(personal assistant) = someone who is employed
to help a manager with organizational tasks: tOtmTtpa
y p a ~ ~ m t a c ;
The manager s PA spent over a month
making all the arrangements
for
the conference.
overtime (n) = extra hours worked: unepwpla
People
in tourism work overtime in summer.
workload (n)
= amount
of
work a company or person
has
to do: (jl6proc; epyaoia<;
The travel agency s
workload
is much
lighter
in
the winter as fewer people
book
holidays
at
that time
of yea
salary
(n)
= money paid regularly by employers to
employees:
~ L o 8 6 < ; Her
monthly salary is still the
same as it was three years ago.
Der: salaried (adj): ~ L o 8 w r < ;
perk (n) = extra benefit that
you
get at
your
job:
n p o v ~ L o One of the perks of working at a hotel is
that
you
can use the gym.
put in (phr v) =
spend
time or effort: O(jltepwvw
(xpovo) The office
staff put
in about 10 hours
of
overtime last week.
supervise (also -ize) (v) = oversee others work to
make sure they do tasks correctly: £ntT lPW The
manager supervised the new employee s work.
Der: supervision
(n)
supervisor (n)
supervisory (adj): enonnK6<;
3
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I
UNIT
2.29
clerical
(adj) = related to office work: Tou ypmpelou,
unai.Anl\lK6<; The job requires clerical skills such as
typing.
Der: clerk (n)
2.30
promote
{v)
give someone a higher position: Otvw
npoaywytl Lisa has been
promoted
to manager and
now
supervises five peopfe.
Der: promotion
(n)
2.31
duty
(n)
= something you have been assigned
to
do:
Ka8i;Kov it s
my duty
to
lock up
the office each night.
Der: dutiful (adj): undKouoc;, euouveionTo<;
2.32
administration
(n) activities involved
in
running a
business or organisation:
0tOlKT1011, 6taxeiptorjlt
seems that
more of
the doctor's time
is
spent on
office administration than on patient care.
Der: administrator
(n)
administer (v)
administrative (adj)
2
33 efficiency (n)
= ability
to
do something successfully
without
waste:
ano6oTtK6TflTO
We
are impressed with
Tony's efficiency; he does
a
lot
of
work
in a
short time.
Der: efficient (adj)
Opp: inefficiency
(n)
2.34 people skills
= ability
to get
on well with others:
lKOV6TflTO
OtanpoowmKWV
oxtoewv She
is a
good
manager because of her people skills.
2.35
colleague {n)
person
who
works
with you:
ouvaoel\<)lo<;
My
colleagues and I
get
on so we// that
we even socialise after work.
2 36 rise t a challenge
manage
to do
something new
or difficult: avTanoKplvo Jm or. ~ l a np6KAfl01l Tony
was a weak maths student but he rose to the
challenge
and got good
results on his final exams.
2.37 managerial
(adj) = related
to the work of
a manager:
5tr.u8UVTl.K6c; Alex was hired because of his
manageria l skflls.
Der:
management (n)
manager (n)
manage (v)
2.38 further
(v) = help something
to
progress
or
develop:
npow8W You
can further
your
career
by
learning
foreign languages.
2.39
human resources personnel: av8pWmvo 5uva)Jl.K6
(T)Jr'j)JO 810Lp8lac;
nou
8KTIOL68U8l KOl t . p p O V T [ ~ E . l
TOU< ;
unal\1\i;l\ouc;) If you are interested in a job, send your
appfication to the human resources department.
2.40 staff (n)
group
of people who
work
for a
business
or an
organisation:
npoowmK6
The
teaching staff
meets regularly with the principal of the school.
Der: stall
(v)
2.41
firm
(n) company: E.TOlpeia The firm 1work for is
very generous to the workers.
2.42 maternity leave
paid
time
away from work
before
I
after giving birth: di5£La ~ ~ T p 6 T w a c ; After Sue gave
birth, she took three months maternity /eave.
2.43 V (n) written account of education, work experience
and personal details; resume: ~ l . o y p a < . p t K 6
OfliJ8iW)JQ
To
apply for
a
job,
send
a
letter
and your CV
2.44
asset (n)
= something valuable
or
especially useful:
nAeovtKTT)IJ.O Helen's English skills are an asset to
her employer.
Opp: liability
(n)
BOOST YOUR
VOCABULARY
eOLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS (page 15)
2.45 set
(v) = decide when or where something will
take place: opii;w
The
board set a date for its next
meeting.
Der: set (adj)
2.46
circulate (v) = pass something around:
1 i l a v t ~ w .
KUKI\oqlOpW
Could you please circulate this letter
amongst the staff?
Der: circulation
(n)
2.47
select (v)
choose:
r.mA£yw
We
can onfy select one
person from the three qualified candidates.
Oer: selection (n): eml\oyi;
selectivity (n): r.mA.eKTLK6Tr)TO
selective (adj)
2.48 negotiate (v) =discuss a conflict (usually in politics
or
business
in
order
to
reach
an
agreement:
6LOnpay)JaTeUo1JOL The workers
met
with the
managers to negotiate an end to the strike.
Der: negotiation
(n)
negotiator
(n)
2.49
demand
(v) = ask for something in a forceful way:
anmTW This coat is torn. I demand my money back
Der: demand (n)
demanding (adj)
2.50 set up (phr v) = make arrangements that are
necessary to
start
something:
oTijvw,
tOpUw
e m x e i p n o ~ ) We helped Tom set up his new busine5'
2.51 draft (v) =write the
first
copy
of a speech, letter
or
book: npoxnpoypO<JlW, n m ~ ~ w
npooxtolo
(
~ L \ l a <
emoTOI\i;c; KTA.)
My
assistant drafted the letter for m<
but
J
made
several changes before sending it.
Der: draft
(n)
2.52
run (v) be in charge of an
activity
or
business:
6leu8uvw e m x d p ~ o ~ )
Mrs
Green has been running
a
sweet shop for more than 3 years.
2.53
recruit (v)::: get
new people
to join
an
organisation:
enavopwvw,
oTpmol\oyw The
basketball club
is
hoping to recruit some new players this season.
Oer: recruit (n): vto ~ t l \ o c ; , vwoul\1\e<TO<;
recruitment
(n)
2.54 chair (v) = be in charge of a meeting: npoeopeuw
Dr Robertson chaired the session on women's hea1
at
the medical conference.
Der: chair
I
chairperson
(n)
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
(page 15)
2.55 handle (v)
= manage a difficult situation or job:
XE.Lpll;O lOl,
Q V T l . l 8 T W T i i ~ W
2.56 cope
(with) (v) = deal with a problem:
Ta
~ y a ~ w n
OVTl\.181Wn[l;W
2.57
l ine
(of work) =type (of work): ei6oc; epyaoiac;,
e n d y y e l \ ~ a
2.58 occupation
(n) = profession or job: e n a y y e l \ ~ a
Der: occupy
(v):
anaoxot.w
occupational (adj)
2.59
vocation (n} a job someone
does
because the
think they are particularly suited
to
it:
e n a y y e l \ ~
1 \ n T o u p y n ~ a
Der: vocational (adj)
2.60 effective
(adj) = producing the intended result:
OnDT8i\£OIJOTLK6<.:;, On000TLK6<:;
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2 61
affectionate
(adj)
=showing
love, warmth or caring:
mopyLK6c;
2 62
domain
(n) = area of activity or interest: T O ~ t a c ;
YVWOTLK6 O V T L K E : i ~ E V O
2 63 field (n) =area of
activity or study: T O ~ t a c ;
E n L O T I 1 ~ 0 V L K 6 c ; xWpoc;
2 64
aspect (n)
= part, feature or quality: nM:upi:t, i:tnol)Jn
2 65
leave
(n) =time
off from work: i:tOsta (i5taKonwv K.An.)
2 66
permit
(n)
= official paper giving permission
to do
something: m i o n ~ n
i:tOCLa
Der: permit
(v)
2 67 permission
(n)
=the
act
of
allowing somebody
to
do
something:
6i5£LO,
OUYKOT68E011
2 68 outlook (n)
= view of a situation:
Onm Jn
2 69 prospect (n)
= chance
of
success:
npoonTLKr')
2 70 perspective (n) = point
of
view:
i:tnol)Jn
2 71
significance
(n) =special
meaning or importance:
mwoola,
v6n1-1a
2.72 priority (n) = more important thing:
npoTEPOLDTWO
2 73 expertise (n) = expert knowledge: n£lpa, eti5tK6TflTO
WORD FORMATION
(page
16)
2 74 beneficial (adj) = having a good effect or influence:
w < p t A t ~ o ~ euepyenK6c;
The
new sports programme
has been beneficial to students health.
Der: benefit
(n)
benefit (v)
2 75 commercial (adj) = related to business activities:
£ ~ n o p t K 6 c ;
The
town s commercial centre has a bank
and
some shops.
Der:
commerce (n):
E1-in6pto
commercialise (v)
commercialised (adj)
2 76 competitive (adj) =trying very hard to be more
successful than others: ovToywvtonK6c;
We
will have
to
offer competitive prices
if
we want to
boost
sales.
Der: competition
(n)
compete (v)
2 77
confidential (adj) = not to be shared with others:
£ ~ n t O T £ U T t K 6 c ; Medical information is confidential.
Der:
confidence
(n):
El-lnLOTooUvn
confidentiality
(n): s x s ~ u 8 s t a
2 78 constructive (adj) = useful and helpful:
£ T I O L K o i 5 o ~ n n K 6 c ; Maggie s comments always help
because she gives constructive criticism.
2 79 co-operative (adj) = working well with others:
o u v £ p y 6 m ~ o ~ A co-operative person works well on
a
team
Der: co-operation
(n)
co-operate (v)
2 80
emotional (adj) = relating to strong feelings:
o u v m o e n ~ a T L K 6 c ; Brenda gave
me
emotional
support
when
my
father was
ill
Der: emotion (n)
2 81
excessive (adj)
=too
much: u n s p ~ o A L K 6 c ;
The
floods
were caused by excessive rainfall.
Der: excess (n)
exceed
(v)
2 82 extensive (adj) = large in amount or degree:
E K T E : T a ~ t v o c ; The shop has
an
extensive stock of
wine
Der: extension
(n)
extend
(v):
nopoTelvw, EnEKTElvw
2 83 financial
(adj) = related
to
money: X P n ~ a n K 6 c ;
O L K O V O ~ t K 6 c ; Sue works as a financial adviser in a bank.
Der: finance (n):
X P f l i - I O T O O t K o v o ~ t K 6 oUOTfli.J.O
finances (n):
TO OlKOVOI.J.LK6, OlKOVOI.J.lKr )
KOT60TOOfl
financier (n): x P n ~ m o i 5 6 T n c ;
finance (v)
2 84
inclusive
(adj)
=containing
everything: nou
OU1-im:pt,\a1.J.[36vet
TO
n6v1a
The
price of the cruise is
inclusive so you
don t
pay extra for meals.
Der: inclusion
(n):
o u v u n o l \ o y t o ~ o c ; n p o o 8 ~ K n
include
(v)
2 85 influential (adj) = having the power to affect others:
toxup6c;, nou aOKE:i emppor )
The
president of the
bank is
a
very influential person in the community.
Der: influence
(n)
influence (v)
2 86
innovative
(adj) = using new and creative methods or
ideas: KOlVOT61.J.OC: Our designer has an innovative
idea for redecorating the living room.
Der: innovation
(n)
innovator (n)
innovate (v)
2 87
instructive
(adj) = giving useful information:
Oti50KTLK6c;
If
you want to learn
about
aerobics, you
II
find this video very instructive.
Der: instruction (n)
instructor (n)
instruct (v)
2 88
intentional
(adj) = on purpose: o K 6 m ~ o c ; I m sorry I
hurt your feelings;
it
wasn t intentional.
Der: intent (n): oKon6c;, np68wn
intention (n): oKonoc;, np68wn
Opp: unintentional (adj)
2 89 inventive (adj)
=
creative; having new ideas:
ec.peupE:TtK6c;
Barbara is very inventive;
she
makes
useful items from junk.
Der: invention (n)
inventor (n)
invent
(v):
S<jlsupioKw
2 90 official
(adj) = approved by someone
in
authority:
e n l o n ~ o c ; There has been no official confirmation of the
rumour that the company is going out of business.
Der: official
(n):
uni:tMnl\oc;
2 91 preferential (adj) =treating
one
person or
group
better than others:
npoVOI.J.LOK6c;
People with physical
disabilities
get
preferential seating on the bus.
Der: preference (n)
prefer
(v)
preferred (adj): n p o n ~ n T t o c ;
2 92
professional (adj) = relating to
work
that needs
special knowledge or training: e n a y y e A ~ o T t K 6 c ; Could
you give
me your
professional opinion as a lawyer?
2 93 residential
(adj) = related
to
an area with houses and
without factories or businesses:
KOTOLKfli.J.Evoc;
We live
in a quiet residential area.
Der: residence (n)
resident (n)
reside (v)
2 94 supportive
(adj) = helpful and sympathetic: nou
npoo<JlEPEL ~ o ~ S E L a KOL u n o o T ~ p ~ n Tom s friends
were very supportive when he lost his job.
Der:
support
(n)
supporter (n)
support (v)
supporting (adj):
EVLOXUT KO<;
5
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UNIT 2
RELATED WORDS
(page
17)
2.95
boost
(v) =
make something increase or become
more successful: evtoxUw, evSappUvw His
colleague's kind words
boosted his
self-confidence.
Der:
boost
(n)
booster
(n)
2.96 bro den
(v) = become wider: i5teupDvw,
nAaTaivw
The company
has
broadened
its
appeal by adding
new
products.
Der: broad (adj)
2.97
contract
(v)
become smaller or tighter:
ouaTE:Ai\oflOl, ouancil lOL
As
you lift the weights, you
will feel your arm muscles contract- when you
put
them down allow
your
muscles to relax.
Der: contraction
(n)
2.98 deterior te (v)
=
become worse: XELpon;peUw Their
relationship deteriorated after they quarrelled.
Der:
deterioration
(n)
2.99 diminish (v) =
become less:
flELWvw
01 J.OL
Dan's
hopes of buying his
own
home have diminished since
he lost
his
job.
2.100 downsize (v) =make
smaller:
K6vw nc:ptKontc; Many
high-tech companies have downsized because
of
the
poor economy.
2.101
enlarge
(v)
make bigger:
~ e y e S u v w My uncle
enlarged
his
living
room by
knocking
down a
wall.
Der:
enlargement (n)
enlarged
(adj)
2.102
exp nd (v) =become larger:
em::KTeivw Sales are
good
and
our
company is expanding its market share.
Der:
expansion
(n)
expansive (adj)
2.103
extend (v)
~ m k e something longer or bigger:
en£KT£tvw, napaT£lvw
Bob's company has extended
his contract so he can finish the project.
2.104 shrink (v)
(shrank,
s h r u n k ~
become smaller:
~ a ~ n J w , ~ L K p a l v w Our expenses have shrunk
following
severe budget
cuts.
2.105
swell
(v)
(swelled. s w o l l e n ~ to become larger than
normal due
to
a build-up of liquid:
n p ~ ~ o ~ m My feet
tend to swell in hot weather so I have to wear loose
fitting
shoes.
Der:
swelling
(n)
swollen (adj)
2.106 widen (v)
=become bigger: OteupUvw, eneKTeivw
Our
company is widening its range of
products
for the
Christmas season.
Der:
width (n):
nlo.aro<;
wide (adj)
METAPHOR
AND
MEANING
(page
17)
2.107 go under
(phr
v) ~ g o
out o f business:
K O T O O T p t c p o ~ m , xpeoKonW Times were
bad
during
the war and thousands
of
businesses went under.
2.108 fly h i g h ~
feel very happy and successful:
nnaw
ora
aUvvecpa an6
xapO.
We've been flying high since we
won the lottery.
2.109
high-flying
(adj) ~ v e r y
ambitious and successful:
q n / o . 6 0 o ~ o < ;
Kl e m T U m ~ t v o c ; Anne
is
a high-flying
executive with two secretaries.
2.110
fall
through
(phr
v ~ n o t
work out
as
planned:
anoruyxavw George's
skiing plans fell through
because there was no snow.
6
2.111 down-and-outs (n)
homeless people without jobs:
Ol
aOTeym
Unfortunate
down-and-outs had to
sleep
on the
streets
last winter.
2.112 meteoric rise sudden
increase: an6TOWI a U ~ 1 1 0 1 1 /
O.voOoq The singer had
a
meteoric rise to fame
and
won many awards.
2.113
reach the o p ~ become the most successful in a
field:
q>Savw
OT ]V
K o p u < p ~ Jim reached the top of
his
profession before
he
retired.
2.114 up-and-coming (adj)
=likely
to succeed:
a v e p x 6 ~ e v o < ; Our
club gives
up-and-coming
singers
a
chance to perform in front of
a
live audience.
2.115
take
a
d i v e ~
fall suddenly: Kavw ~ o u n a , nt<prw
The
value
of
the dollar
took
a dive during the
war.
2.116 pick up
(phr
v)
= 1. improve:
~ e / o . m i J v o ~ m .
Kalo.urepeuw The
hotel
hopes
business
will pick up
now that they are advertising
more. 2. learn a skill
without much effort:
~ a 8 a i v w She
picked up some
Spanish while
she was
on holiday in Spain. 3.
notice:
O V T t l o . a ~ ~ a v o ~ m
Nobody
p1cked
up
Mark's problems
with maths unt il he
was
12
2.117 take off
(phr
v)
1. become popular or successful:
a v e ~ a l v w
ae
emruxta
B ~ ~ O T L K 6 r ~ m
Sales
of the
book took off after the author
was
interviewed on TV
2. leave in a hurry:
<peuyw
~ t a O T t K < " : t
She
jumped
in the
car and took off
at high speed.
2.118
low ly (adD= low
in
importance:
a a i ] ~ a V T o < ; ,
Kmcinepo<;
People working in lowly
positions
are
paid
very little.
2.119
rising star= person on the way to being very
successful:
a v e p x 6 ~ e v o
aOTtpt
The latest rising star
in Hollywood
has
appeared on all the talk
shows.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS
(page
18)
2.120
apply
(v)
= 1. request
to
be accepted to a job, club or
academic institution: Kavw
a l T T ] a ~ I
applied for
six
different jobs after I graduated.
2. put into practice:
e < p a p ~ 6 ~ w We
must
apply the rules equally to
everybody.
3. be relevant:
LO)(UW, a<popciJ These
prices
apply
to al l students.
Der: applicant
(n)
application
(n)
applicable (adj):
e < p a p ~ 6 a t ~ o < ;
applied
(adD: e < p a p ~ o a ~ E V O < ;
app ly (myself)
(v)
= concentrate hard for a long time:
a < p o m w v o ~ m / f
I apply myself, I'll
do
well on the exam.
2.121 d e l ~ 1.
(n)
agreement:
OUI.lq>Wvia Boeing made a
deal to
sell
aeroplanes to British Airways.
2.
(v)
(dealt,
dealt) give out cards
in
a game:
~ o t p a ~ w
ra
xaprta)
Robert dealt five cards to each player.
a
great
I
good
deal
of
large amount:
~ e y < : t A ~
noa6TT]TQ
There
was
a
great
deal
of snow
in the
streets
after the snowstorm.
deal
with
(phr
v)
= handle:
O V T L ~ e r w n i ~ w She
has
a
lot
of problems to deal with at work.
a
raw
deal = unfair treatment:
c " O t K ~ ~ e r a x e i p t a ~
Henry
got
a raw deal; the
boss took away
his car
and
cut
his
salary.
2.122
resign
(v)
= leave a job or organisation:
n p m r o u ~ m
Sue resigned
her
position in
order
to take a
better
one.
Der: resignation
(n)
resign (myself)
t o ~
accept an unpleasant situation:
a n o B t x o ~ m
I
don t
like working with Bob,
but
l ve
had to resign myself to it.
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PREPOSITIONS (page 18)
2.123 in
search of = looking for something specific: o£
a v a ~ ~ r n o n
It was a hot day so we went in search
of
a
cool
drink.
2 124
out of
work=
unemployed: avepyoc;
John lost his
job and was out
of
work for a
year:
2.125 for nothing
=without
payment or without
any
positive results: yta TO rinora, xwpic; O JOLI}f]
I'm not
going to work for nothing; I expect to be paid.
IN OTHER WORDS (page 18)
2 126 none of (my) business = not of concern to (me): oe
( ~ e ) mpopa I asked what
had
happened
but
Bill said
it was none
of
my business.
2 127
get down to business= start working seriously:
O T P W V O ~ Q
orn OOUAElQ
We've got to stop laughing
and get down to business.
2.128
superior
(n) =someone with higher rank or more
importance:
npo"LOT6)Jevoc;
Sally respects
her
superiors because of their experience in the field.
Der: superiority (n)
superior (adj): avwrepoc;
2 129 have
(my) work
cut
out for (me) = have a difficult
task to do: txw va K6vw llLO iSUOKOA.'l OouA.et6
Finishing the
project
in such a short time will be
difficult; I really have
my
work cut out for me.
2 130
feedback (n) =comments about your work or
pertormance:
ox6A.La
(YLO TflV an6CioOT") KC:tnotou) New
employees need to be given feedback in order to
learn how to do the
job
correctly.
2.131 voluntary work work people
do
without pay:
c:Sc:.\oVTtKf] epyaola Jenny is doing voluntary work
at
the local hospital.
Der: volunteer
(n):
s 8 e l . o v r ~ c ; ,
e8sA6vrpta
volunteer
(v):
npoa<ptpw rtc; unnpeoisc; ~ o u
e8e.\OVTLK0
2 132 feasible
(adj) =possible:
e<plKT6c;
Is it feasible to build
a swimming pool in such a short time?
Der: feasibility
(n)
2 133
status
(n)
= position in a company, organization or
society, usually compared to others: KotvwvtKf]
Stoll
As an indication of the president's status, everyone
stood when he came into the room.
UNIT4
Entertainment
TOPIC
VOCABULARY (page
30)
4 1 agent (n) = someone who helps a performer, writer or
other professional find work and who acts as his
representative:
O T ~ t v n ] ~ ,
a v T m p o w n o ~
The actor's
agent managed to get him
a
role in the new television
series.
Der: agency
(n)
4 2
auditorium
(n)
= large room used for
concerts
or
meetings: ai8ouoa ouvau.\tWv, O t a . \ t ~ e w v The
concert will be held
at
the Wilson Auditorium on
Saturday night.
4 3
backstage
(adv) =the area behind the stage in a
theatre 010
napaoKI ]vta The actors
get
dressed in
small rooms backstage.
4 4 box office
(n)
= a place
at
a theatre or cinema where
tickets
are sold: rawio (Ssarpou K.l.n.) We bought
our
tickets online so we didn t have to wait
at
the box
office.
4 5 broadcaster
(n)
= person whose
job
it is to speak on
television or radio: E : K < p W V f l T f ] ~ (paOto<pWvou f]
rnl.s6paonc;) Millions
of
people listened to the sports
broadcaster as he described the game.
Der:
broadcast
(n)
broadcast (v)
4 6
ca t (n)
= people who
act
in a play or film: Siaooc;
The cast of the Harry Potter films includes many
famous actors.
4.7 celebrity
(n)
=famous person: OtO.aru.1o np6owno
We watched all the celebrities arriving
at
the Oscar
ceremony.
4 8
co star
(n)
= actor who has one of the main parts in
a film: o u ~ _ m p w T a y w v t o T f ] < ; I au,.mpwTaywvloTpta The
film featured Nicole Kidman with Tom Cruise
as
her
co-star.
Der: co-star
(v)
4.9
costume drama
(n)
= play
or
film
set
in
the past
with
actors
wearing
costumes
of the period: O p O ~ a
e n o x l ' ] ~ The play was a costume drama set in the
1800s.
4 10
crew (n) =team of people, often having technical
skills, who work together:
(rnl.eomtK6)
ouvepyeio
The film crew were making a documentary in Wales
4 11
director
(n)
= 1. senior manager in an organisation:
6 t e u 8 u v r ~ c ; The directors decided on major budget
cuts. 2. person who tells actors what to do:
o K n v o 8 t T i l ~ The director
told
the actors where to
stand on stage.
Der: direction (n): oKnvo8eoia, OteU8uvon
direct
(v)
4 12
documentary
(n)
=film, radio or television
programme that shows real events or gives
information about a particular
subject
VTOKq.J.avTtp
Did you watch the documentary on water pollution?
Der: document (n): VTOKOUIJ.tVTO, ~ a p T u p l a
documentation (n): T £ K ~ n p i w o n
document (v): T E K ~ n p t w v w
4 13 on location (n) =a place away from a studio where
a film is made: 0£
XWPO
y u p i o ~ O T O C :
e ~ W T E p l K W V
OKf]VWv Tat viae;
They were filming on location in
Scotland.
4 14
movie buff
(n) =someone
who is enthusiastic
and knowledgeable
about
films: AC: rpnc; Kat
~ a 8 u c ;
y v c J J O T l ~
TOU KLVf]IJ.OTOyp6<pOU Josh knows who
directed almost every classic 1940's f i lm- he's such
a movie buff
4 15 presenter
(n)
=person who introduces a TV or radio
programme:
n a p o u m a a r ~ c ;
n p o y p a ~ ~ m o c ; ) The
radio presenter began by introducing his guests.
Der: presentation (n)
present (v)
4 16
producer (n) =person who organizes the making
of
a
film,
1V
or radio programme: napaywyoc; (Ssarpou,
K t v n ~ m o y p a < p o u ) The producer agreed to pay the
star € 10 million.
Der: production
(n)
produce (v)
productive
(adj)
7
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4 17 screenwriter
(n) a person
who
writes stories for films:
oevaptoyp6cpoc;
A team
of
Oscar-winning screenwriters
is
working on the new
James
Bond film.
4 18 set (n)
=furn iture and scenery used
in
a play, film or
television
programme:
XWPO<:;
yup(OIJOTO<:;, OKT'JVLK6
Visitors are not allowed on a film set because they
can interfere with the work of the actors.
4 19
stage
(n)
=part of a theatre where the performance
takes place:
O K ~ V ~
Secnpou
When the lead singer
finally came on stage, the crowd went wild.
Der: stage
(v)
4 20 studio
(n)
=
place where films are made or
music
is
recorded: OTOUVTLO The band went to a music studio
to record their CD
4 21
stuntm n wom n (n) =
person who
does
dangerous
things
in a film, in place
of
an actor:
OVTLKOTOOT6TT']<:; (OVTlKOTOOT6Tp O) T']SOnOLWV OE
emKlvouve<; o K ~ v £ < ; (KOOKOVT£p)
The
stuntwoman
jumped from the roof and landed safely in a net.
4 22
thriller
(n)
= book or film with an exciting story,
especially about crime: ~ L ~ A l o I TOLVla
~ u m ~ p i o u
Kate
had trouble sleeping after she read a chapter
of
the
latest thriller.
Der: thrill (n): plyo<;,
o u y K l v ~ o ~
thrilled (adj):
o u y K t . o v t a ~ t v o < ; , a u v e n a p ~ t v o < ;
thrilling (adj):
auyKAOVLOTLK6<;,
ouvapnaonK6<;
4 23
trailer
(n)
= short advertisement for a film: 1 i L a q > ~ ~ L O T L K 6
TOLVlac;,
TpttA.ep
Watching the trailer made
me
want to
see the film
4 24
venue
(n)
= place where an event happens: xwpo<;
e K 1 i ~ t . w a e w v )
The
castle would be a perfect venue
for the wedding.
4 25
blockbuster
(n)
= book or film which is very successful:
mtvla ~ L j l t l o ~ e y 6 A ~ emTuxla "Gladiator" was a
blockbuster; it broke all records for number
of
tickets
sold
4 26 critic (n) = 1.
person
who
writes
reviews:
KPLHK6c;
(Secnpou,
KLV/q>ou,
~ L ~ A l w v KTA.) The critics all praised
Peter Carey's latest book. 2
person who disapproves
of someone or something: KPLTt']c; He is
a
fierce critic
of
the government.
Der:
criticism
(n)
critique (n):
K p L T L K ~ a v M u o ~
criticise
(v)
critical (adj): emKpLTLK6<;,
K p l m ~ o < ;
4 27
base on (phr
v)
= use a particular source as a model:
~ a o l ~ w
(Kim) ae Is the film based on a true story?
4 28
tale
(n)
= story, often about imaginary events:
~ u 8 o < ;
This is a tale about a princess, a frog and a flying pig.
4 29
sequel
(n)
= book or film which continues the story
told
in
previous book or film:
a u T O T e A ~ < ; ouvtxeta
TOLvla<;,
~ L ~ A l o u We all agreed that the sequel wasn't
as good as the original film.
4 30
masterpiece
(n)
= a piece of work done with
extraordinary skill, often refers to artistic work:
a p t m o u p y ~ ~ a
The
Mona Lisa is considered by many
to be Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece.
multiplex
(n) = a cinema with several screens:
n o A U K L V ~ ~ m o y p a q > o < ; You can choose from 8
different movies
at
the new mul tiplex cinema.
gross
(v)
= to earn a certain amount of money:
npawmonOLtil
e L o n p a ~ e L < ; The latest George Clooney
film
grossed a $100 million,
of
which the studio
probably made a profit
of
about
15
million.
Der:
gross
(n)
4 33 sequence
(n)
= part of a film that deals with a single
subject
or
action: oetpa
o K ~ v w v
(oe Tmvla)
The best
sequence in the film was when the aliens landed in
Chicago.
Der: sequential (adj): 1itaooxtK6<;
4 34 plot (n)
= storyline:
n t . o K ~ The
book had such
a complex plot that I
couldn t
follow what was
happening.
Der: plot
(v): o u v w ~ O T W
4 35 script (n)
=written
text of a play
or
film: oevapto
(mtvla<;,
8eOTpLKOU tpyou K.An.) Jeanne is writing the
script for the school play.
4 36 highlight (n) = best or most interesting part of an
event:
T
mo
eVTunwmaK6
~ t p o < ;
Highlights of the
game were shown on the news.
4 37 villain
(n)
= evil character in a film or book:
KOK6<;
~ p w a < ;
(mtvla<;,
~ L ~ t . l o u James Bond always defeats
the villain.
4 38 state of the art (adj) =something
which uses the
most advanced ideas
or
technology:
o u y x p o v ~ < ;
Texvot.oyla<;
Mark
has
a state-of-the-art home
cinema
-
it
must have
cost
a fortune
4 39 screenplay (n)
= script for film or
TV:
oevapto
Jack
read the screenplay and decided to produce the film.
4 40
audition (n)
= short test performance to select a
performer: OoKLj..IOOTLKt'] aKp6aoT ) The orchestra is
holding auditions for a violinist.
Der: audition (v)
4 41
censorship (n) =official
banning of all or part of a
book or film: t.oyoKpLola
Many people think that
censorship of violent films
is
necessary.
Der: censor
(n): t . o y o K p L T ~ < ;
censor
(v)
censored (adj)
4 42
debut
(n)
= first public performance:
n p t i l T ~
1 i ~ ~ 6 m a
e ~ q > a v t ~ . V T e ~ n o u m Sarah made her debut
as
a
singer with
a
local band.
4 43 forthcoming
(adj) = happening soon:
n p o o e x ~ < ;
Everybody is waiting to
see
the forthcoming film
about the life
of
John Lennon.
4 44 premiere (n)
= first performance of a film or play:
n p e ~ L t p a
The James Bond film will have its premiere
in July.
4 45
review
(n)
= media report about a film, book,
exhibition or
TV
programme:
K P L T L K ~
(tpyou,
~ L ~ A l o u ,
n p o y p a ~ ~ m o < ; ) The play received rave reviews so
we
went to
see
it
Der:
reviewer
(n)
review
(v)
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
PHRASAL VERBS (page 31)
4 46 come
out
(phr
v) =finish: a n o ~ a l v w , K O T O ~ y w
Sometimes even the director is not sure how the
film will come
out
in the end.
4 47
come
cross
(phr v) = communicate; make
something clear:
y l v o ~ O L O V T L A ~ m 6 < ; The message
comes across loud and clear in the advertisement: if
you drink, don t drive.
4 48 go back
(phr
v)
= exist since a particular time:
avaTpExw
Barbara's interest in rock 'n' roll goes
to the time she first heard Elvis Presley sing.
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4 49 go into (phr
v) =spend
time, money
or
effort
to
do,
make
or get
something: aoxoA.mJI-lOL IJ.E, ac.ptepti:lvw
xpovo oe KC TL
A
lot
of
effort
went
into making the
party a success
4 50 go on
to
(phr
v)
=
do
something after finishing doing
something else: ouvexicw ( ~ e
K<in
6to<jJopntK6) Sally
began
her
writing career as
a poet and
has
gone on
to write novels
4.51
go
down as
(phr
v)
=
be
remembered
in a
particular
way: n a p a ~ t v w (orn
~ v l i ~ n )
Lady Diana has gone
down
in
history
as
a
person who cared about the poor.
4 52
go on
(phr
v) =happen: o u ~ ~ a l v w
There s a
lot of
noise next door. I wonder what s going
on?
WHO SAID
IT?
(page 31)
4.53 commentator
(n) = person who describes
events
on TV
or radio:
o x o A . t a m ~ < ;
The sports commentator shouted
excitedly when the focal team scored another goal.
Der: comment (n)
commentary (n)
comment
(v)
4.54
contestant
(n)
= a
person
who
participates
in a
competition:
O t a y w v t ~ 6 1 1 £ v o c ;
Of the three contestants
in the
V
quiz show, only one will
be
able to
go on
to
the finals.
Der:
contest (n)
contest
(v)
4 55 chat-show host
(n)
= person who
interviews
famous
or
interesting
people on
TV
or
on a
radio talk show:
napoumaou ]c; TllAeonTLKciN
I
paOtoc.pwVLKci.lv
o u ~ l T f ] o e w v
My
favourite
chat-show host
specialises
in interviewing politicians.
4 56 conductor (n) = person who leads an orchestra or
choir:
~ a t o T p o c ;
The players
picked
up their
instruments
as
the
conductor
raised his baton.
Der: conduct
(v)
4 57
director (n)
= see 4.11
4 58
disc jockey (DJ) (n) = person who chooses music on
the
radio or in a
club, etc.:
auT6c; nou n a l ~ . s L
l.lOUotKT ]
o.s
paOtoc.pwvtKtc; .sKnOI.lntc; f]
KAa11n
The disc
jockey
chose great music
at
the
party
4 59
critic
(n) = see 4.26
4 60
playwright (n)
= person who writes plays:
8emptK6<:;
ouyypa<jltac;
Sophocles
1s
one
of
the
best
known
Greek playwrights.
PHRASES WITH PREPOSITIONS (page 32)
4 61 in many respects = in
many ways:
an6 noAAtc;
a n 6 ~ . s t c ;
In
many respects, life today
is
more
dangerous than
in
the past.
4 62 in conjunction with =
together with:
oe ouv.spyaoia
1 1e In
conjunction with a
major
bank, the
company
is
working on
a
new building.
4 63
o
a large r)
scale
very big in size or
extent:
oe
~ e y c ' A n ( ~ e y a A l n e p n ) K A l ~ a K a
His customers invest
on
a
large scale
-
only one million euros
or
more.
4.64
in comparison with = looking
at similarities and
differences: oe
oUyKpLOJl
1 1£
In comparison with last
year
this
summer
is much warmer.
4 65
for
good
= permanently: yta navTO,
~ O V L ~ Q
The
Smith family is moving to Ireland for good, so I
probably will never
see
them again.
4 66
in no
time
=
very
quickly: m: xp6vo
peK6p James
was back
to
normal
in no time
after
the operation.
4 67
on the part
of =
done by someone: EK
11Epouc; Tou
I
TnC:
More effort on the
part
of
the police
would
help
solve the problem.
4 68 at the forefront
of
in a
leading position: OTJlV
nptinn y p a ~ ~ l i
American CD companies are
at
the
forefront
of
the international music industry.
WORD FORMATION (page 32)
4 69
acceptance
(n) = agreement to an
idea
or plan:
ano5oxf1 The
new
railroad fine depends
on
government acceptance
of
the engineer s report.
4 70
adaptation (n)
=film
or
play that was originally
written in a
different form:
OtaoK.sur ] Several
new
films
are adaptations
of
Shakespeare s plays.
Der: adapt (v): otooKeuacw. npooawocw
4 71
annoyance
(n) =feeling
of impatience and
anger:
e K v e u p t o ~ 6 c ; , evoxl.non To
my
annoyance, my boss
wouldn t
let
me
take
off
any extra time.
Der: annoy
(v)
annoyed (adj):
e v o x l . n ~ t v o c ;
annoying (adj): evoxl-nTLK6c;
4 72
attendance
(n) = presence at an
event
or
number of
people present:
npootl.euon,
napaKol-ou8non
Attendance
at
the concert
was
low.
Der: attend
(v)
4
73
availability (n)
= state
of
being not too busy:
6 t a 8 e m ~ 6 T n T D
The doctor s availability depends on
how
many patients are scheduled for the week.
Der: available (adj)
Opp: unavailability (n)
4 74 clarity
(n)
= state of being clear: 6tauyeta The clarity
of
the water made
it
possible to see the fish.
Der: clarify
(v)
clear (adj)
4 75
complexity (n) =state at being complicated:
noAunAoK6TflTO Due to the complexity
of
the case, it
took lawyers months to prepare.
Der: complex (adj)
4 76 credibility (n) = state of being believable or
trustworthy:
~ t o m m l
The police
doubted
the
credibility of the witness.
Der: credible (adj)
incredible (adj)
4.77
dedication (n)
=
commitment
acpoolwo l
The nurses
showed
dedication to their patients
by
working
throughout the night.
Der: dedicate
(v)
dedicated (adj)
4 78
devotion (n) = great love or loyalty: o<jloolwon
Mother
Teresa s devotion to the
poor touched
many lives.
Der: devote
(v)
devoted (adj)
4 79 distraction (n) =
something
which
takes your
attention away from
a
task you
are
doing:
Ot< :tonaon
npoooxf]c;
There are always distractions when you
share an office with other people.
Der: distract
(v)
distracted (adj)
9
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4 80 dramatisation (also -ization) (n) = making a book
or
story into a play or film: o p a ~ m o n o i ~ a ~ ,
O l 0 0 K 8 U ~
The dramatisation of
Tom
Clancy s
book
was
successful in
capturing
the
complicated
story.
Der: drama
(n)
dramatist (n):
O p Q ~ G T O u p y 6 c ; , 8EGTplKO<;
ouyypa<ptac;
dramatise (v):
6 t O O K E U 6 ~ w
~ u 8 t o T 6 p ~ ~ a )
yta
T
StaTpo
4 81 generosity (n) = quality of giving
or
doing more than
is usual: yEvvmoOwpla Her generosity
is
well known;
she always donates time and money to
good
causes.
Der: generous (adj)
4 82 ignorance (n) = complete lack of knowledge
about something: O.yvma I don t want to show my
ignorance,
but
what
is
the speed limit
in
this country?
Der: ignorant (adj)
4 83
imitation
(n)
= 1.
copy of
something:
avTiypa<JlO,
anol-llllrJOTl This painting is such
a good
imitation
that
you
can t telf it s
a
copy.
2 copying
someone s
speech or behaviour: IJ-l\l lOfJ Peter does a great
imitation
of
the prime minister.
Der: imitate
(v)
4.84 insistence
(n)
= act of saying something firmly
or
in
a
demanding
way:
Enq.wvr j
At
her family s insistence,
Monica applied to law school though she
had
wanted
to
study
art.
Der: insist (v)
insistent (adj)
4.85 inspiration (n) = sudden feeling or new idea: t ~ J n v e u a n
Seeing the film
about
the young writer gave me the
inspiration to
go
back to writing.
Der: inspire
(v)
inspirational (adj):
nou
Oiv£t t ~ J n V £ U O f l
inspiring (adj):
nou
CiVEt
t ~ J n V £ U O f l
4 86
interference
(n)
= unwanted involvement in a situation
which is not your concern: a v 6 1 J t ~ T l Mark didn t marry
Ellen because of his parents interference.
Der: interiere
(v)
interfering (adj)
4 87 maturity (n) = 1 state of being fully developed or
grown: £Vf]AtKiwof]
When boys reach maturity their
voices
become
deeper. 2
quality of having a fully
developed personality and adult emotional behaviour:
wpt1J6Tf]ta His writing shows surprising maturity for
such
a
young person.
Der: maturation (n):
w p l ~ a v o ~
mature
(v)
mature (adj)
4 88
objectivity
(n)
= ability
to
make decisions based on
facts, not on personal opinion: avnK£tiJ£VtK6tflTO We
questioned the producer s objectivity because he is
married to the director.
Der: object (n): O V T l K e i ~ E v o
objective (adj)
4 89
offence (n) = illegal activity: a o i K ~ ~ a , n a p ~ a o ~
Smoking in a no-smoking restaurant
is
an offence
punishable by law
Der: offend
(v)
offensive (adj)
4 90
originality
(n)
= quality
of
being
new
and different:
npwtoTunia
His work shows originality, with lots
of
new
ideas.
10
Der: origin (n): n p o t l . e u o ~
original (adi)
4 91
pretence
(n)
=way of behaving intended
to
make
others believe something which is not true: npoonolnon
I made
a
pretence
of
enjoying the cake even though I
don t like chocolate.
Der: pretend (v)
4 92
simplicity
(n)
= quality of
not
being complicated:
anMTwa
The
simplicity of the design makes it very
easy to produce.
Der: simplify
(v)
simple (adj)
RELATED WORDS (page 33)
4 93 nag (v)
= continually demand
or
criticise in an annoying
way:
y K p t v t 6 ~ w ouvexwc; She nagged her teenage
children all day about the state
of
their bedrooms.
4 94
blurt out (phr
v)
=say suddenly, without thinking:
~ e < J l O U p v i ~ w ~ y 6 ~ w O T ~
q>6pa
Margaret blurted out
the truth before anyone could stop her
4 95
mumble
(v) = speak quietly and not clearly:
~ o u w o u p i ~ w ,
l j J t S u p i ~ w The lecturer
mumbled so we
couldn t
understand what she was saying.
4 96
reminisce
(v)
think, write or talk
about pleasant
things in the past: avanol.w
The
old
men
sat over a
cup
of coffee and reminisced about life in the village.
Der: reminiscence
(n)
reminiscent (adj)
4 97
grumble
(v) = complain in a bad-tempered way:
y K p t v t 6 ~ w , n a p a n o v t t ~ m
The
staff grumbled
about
their working conditions.
4 98
waffle (v) = talk a lot
without
making a clear
point:
~ l A W
OKGTODX£TO
She
waffled on for
an
hour,
boring
us to death.
4 99
butt
in
(phr
v) =
interrupt a conversation in
a rude
way: OtaK6nTw
He
is so
rude; he s always butting into
my conversations.
4 100 snap at (v) =speak sharply and rudely: ~ l A W a n 6 T O ~ a
Janet
is
in
a
really
bad
mood today; she s
snapping at
everybody
4 101 chatter (v)
= talk quickly and continuously about
unimportant things: <jli-uapw We
sat in the
corner
chattering and catching up on each other s news.
4 102 swear (v) (swore, sworn)= 1 use offensive or rude
words: ~ p i ~ w When the builder
hit
his thumb with
a
hammer, he swore loudly.
2 say you are telling
the
truth: o p K i ~ o ~ m l swear I ve never seen that person
before in my life.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
(page
34)
4 103 adopt
(v)
= take somebody else s child into
your
family
and become its legal parent: uto9£Ttil
4 104
adapt
(v) =change to suit a different situation:
n p o o a p ~ 6 ~ w , · o ~ m
4 105
adept (adj) =able
to do
something skillfully: tKav6c;,
£ m o t ~ toe;
4 106
wind
(v)
(wound, wound)= wrap
or twist
something
around: TuAiyw
4 107 rewind (v) (rewound, rewound)= make a tape or film
go
backwards:
y u p i ~ w nlaw
(KaatTa, Tmvia)
4 1 s unwind
(v)
(unwound, unwound) = relax after being
tired
or
tense:
XOAOpWVW,
~ e K O U p O ~ O ~ Q l
4 1 o9
highlight
(n)
= see 4.36
4 110
spotlight
(n)
=strong light
or public
attention:
n p o ~ o l . t a c ; , KtvTpo t ~ c ; n p o a o x ~ c ;
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4 111
limelight (n) = public attention
and
interest: npooKJivto
4 112 downright (adv) = extremely (in negative sense):
evtel\ciJc;, anoALltwc;
4 113
upright (adj)
=straight:
6p8toc;,
O T ~ t 6 c ;
4 114
outright
(adv) =openly or directly: ~ E K < l 8 a p a .
anepi<j>paom
4 115 feature
(v)
=include
as a special item: n p o ~ a l \ 1 \ w
4 116 characterise (also -ize) (v)
=be
a typical feature or
quality: X O P O K T ~ p i ~ W
4.117
focus (v) =concentrate:
EntKevrpWvoi-IOL,
ouyKEVTpc.iJvw,
- O ~ Q L
4 118
engrossed (adj) =so interested
you
don t
pay
attention
to
anything else: a n o p p O < j > ~ ~ t v o c ;
4.119
appeal
(v) =seem
attractive or interesting to
someone: npom:i\KUw (To Ev6tacptpov)
4 120 addicted (adj) = unable to stop doing or using
something, especially something harmful: c : 8 t o 1 1 t v o ~
4 121 so-called (adj) =
described
in an incorrect or
misleading way: 6Ji8ev
4 122
alleged
(adj) =
stated
but not
proven:
u n o T t 8 £ ~ e v o c ;
4 123 renowned (adj) = well-known and admired:
~ Q K O U O T O < ; , < j > ~ ~ L O ~ E V O < ;
4 124 ratings (n) = statistics that
show
the
popularity
of TV
programmes:
o e i K t ~ c ;
T ~ A e 8 t a o ~ c ;
I
a K p o a ~ a n K 6 t ~ m c ;
4 125 credits
(n) = list of people involved in
making
a
film
or TV programme: ouvtel\eottc; napaywyJic; (tmviac;,
n p o y p a ~ ~ m o c ;
subtitles (n) =translation of a film appearing
at
the
bottom of the screen:
un6TtTi\OL
~ E T A P H O R AND MEANING (page 34)
flash (n) = sudden burst of light: a v a l \ a ~ n n
The
falling
star appeared
as
a flash in the night
sky.
Der: flash (v)
flashing (adj)
dim
(adj)
= 1 giving off weak light: a ~ u 6 p 6 c ; . 8 a ~ n 6 c ;
The car s headlights seemed dim in the fog. 2 stupid:
Kout6c;
Bert is not naughty; he's JUSt a bit dim.
Der: dimmer
(n):
~ ~ x a v t o ~ 6 c ; nou p u S ~ i ~ e L T ~ v t v t a o ~
TOU <j>WTO<;
dim (v)
faint (adj) = not strong or clear: a ~ u 6 p 6 c ; There was a
faint light showing through the mist.
not have the faintest idea = not know anything at
all
about something: oev
txw
t ~ v n a p a ~ L K P l i toto I
haven't the faintest idea
what
his
name
is
since I've
never met him before in my life.
brilliant (adj) 1 giving
off
a very bright light:
acrrpa<j>tep6c; A diamond looks especially brilliant in
the sun.
2
very clever: noAu t ~ u n v o c ; ,
EU<j>uJic;
Pat is
brilliant
at
languages; she speaks six
Der: brilliance
(n)
dazzle (v) = 1 make someone unable to see for a
short time because of
the
brightness of light:
TU<j>l\cilvw
We were dazzled by the brightness of the sun.
2 impress by skill or beauty:
S a ~ n c i J v w
He was
dazzled
by
Claire's red hair and green eyes.
Der: dazzling (adj)
bright
(adj) =
1
full
of
light
or
colour:
<PWTetv6c;,
l \ a ~ n e p 6 c ; The large windows make the room bright
and
airy.
2 intelligent: t ~ u n v o c ; Only the brightest
students get accepted to the top universities.
Der: brighten (v)
UNIT
4 133
cloud= 1.
(n)
white or grey mass in the sky: olJVvEcpo
The sky was dark because
of
the clouds.
2. (v) confuse your understanding: SoAWvw,
~ n e p o e u w
My
understanding of the situation was
clouded
by
the reporter's confused news report.
4 134
dull
(adj) = 1
not
shiny: 8 a ~ n 6 c ;
The
silver looks dull;
it needs a good polishing.
2.
not intelligent KOUT6c;
The
new
student seems dull and
might
have trouble
passing his exams.
4.135
dawn (n)::: early morning: auyr ] The sun rises at dawn
and sets
at
dusk.
dawn
on
(phr v) realise something
for
the first time:
a p x i ~ w va a v n l \ a ~ ~ a v o ~ m Kanlt finally dawned on
us that he was
not
telling the truth.
4.136
keep
(someone) in the dark=
hide
information from
someone:
KPOTc iJ
(KQnolOV)
OTO OKOT00t (OTJlV 6yv0la)
Why did she keep us in the dark about her new
job?
4.137
shed
l ight
on
= make something easier to
understand: pixvw < pwc; OE K6n, ~ E : O l a A U v w K6Tt
The discovery of this virus sheds some light on the
development
of
the disease.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS
(page
35)
4 138 cast= 1 (n) hardened plaster on a broken bone:
yul)JO<;, v a p 8 ~ K a c ;
I
wore a cast on my broken leg for
six weeks. 2. (v) choose a
performer
for a part in a
film or
play:
oivw
p61\o The
actor
they cast as Hamlet
was far too old for the part. 3 (n) see 4 6
cast
(an) eye over = look
at something
quickly: pixvw
IJlO
1JOn6
Before you leave the office today, please
cast an eye over the
new
contract.
cast
doubt
on
= make something seem less certain
or good:
a ~ < P L ~ a M w
yta
KOTL, a ~ r p L o ~ ~ T c i J Your
comments
seem
to cast
doubt
on the wisdom
of
the
whole project.
4 139
set= 1 (v) see
2 45
2 (n) group of things
that
belong
together: oUvoA.o npay1J6Twv, oE:T My aunt gave
me
a set of coffee cups for an engagement present.
3.
(n) part of a tennis match, consisting of six games
or more: yupoc;, oer (nmxvtotou) When
I
played tennis
against my
sister
lost
the first set but won the next two.
4 (n) see 4 18
set
in
(my) ways =
not
willing to change: txw
a n o p u m a M w ~ t ~
a n o l J ~
My grandfather is rather
set in his ways; everything
must
be done as
he
says.
4 140 act
= 1 (n) part
of
a play: (SemptKli)
n p a ~ ~
The first
act of
a play usually presents the conflict which is
then resolved in the last act. 2 (v) behave:
o u ~ n e p t < j > £ p o ~ m Although he knew
about
the surprise
party, Tim
acted
totally shocked.
act
on
(phr v) be guided by: evepyciJ o u ~ < j > w v a ~ e
I decided to
act
on the advice of my lawyer and not
go
by
what my friends suggested.
catch
in the act
(ofj = find
someone doing
something
wrong and interrupt them in the middle: mOvw KOnOlov
E:n'auTo<.pWpw The shop owner caught his assistant in
the act of stealing money from the cash register.
IN OTHER WORDS
(page
35)
4.141 get into (phr v) =
become interested
in: E:VOta<.ptpOI- Ol
yta
She has never been able to
get
into jazz; she
prefers classical music.
4 142
play
up
(phr
v) =not work
properly: oe AELtoupyciJ awcrra
My car has been playing up so let's go in your cat
11
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UNIT
4 143
hype up
(phr
v) =exaggerate the
quality:
npowew
npot6v
w
a p a n A a v ~ T l K ~ i 5 t O < P ~ u t a ~ The shop
assistant
hyped
up this camera,
but
it s really no
better
than
my old
one.
4.144
run through
phr v)
=
practise and
review:
m a v a A a u ~ a v w e ;aoKou
0
m Let s run through this
song once more before the perlormance.
4 145 laze
around
(phr
v)
=relax:
xaAapwvw,
T E u n E A l a ~ w
The weather was beautiful,
so
we lazed
around
the
pool
all
day
4.146
come up
with (phr v) =create or produce: 3ploKw
an6.vTJ1011,
AlloT")/ need an idea for a costume but I
haven t come up with anything so far
4 147
bring
in (phr v) =make money: K E p i 5 i ~ w X P ~ u m a
Philip is bringing in
a
lot more
money
since he started
his
new
job.
4 148
branch out (phr
v) =expand
into new areas
or
activities: eneKT£lvw, OIJ.OL (enayye}qJOTLK6)
The local
shoe store
decided
to branch
out and
started sefling
clothing too.
VOCABULARY
PRACTICE
lUnits 2-4)
A.
Match.
1. A screenwriter is someone who
2.
A foreman is someone who
4 149
put on
(phr v) =stage a performance: a v e ~ a ~ w
n a p a o r a a ~ ) The town s gymnasts
put on
a display
of
their talents.
4 150
crack up
(phr
v) =laugh
uncontrollably:
1 ; £ K a p i 5 i ~ o u m
I cracked up every time the comedian looked
my way
4 151
malfunction (v)
=not
work properly: i5UOAEtToupyw
The television is malfunctioning; there s no picture.
Der: malfunction
(n)
4 152 diversify (v) = develop products
or
activities that
are new or different from what is usual for you:
en£KT£(V0 -10l, Q U ~ 6 . V W T'lV nOLKLAiO (npol6VTWV KTA..)
ur
company needs to diversify into other products if
it is
to
survive.
Der: diversi fication (n)
diversity (n)
diverse (adj)
4153 generate (v) =cause
something
to
happen
or
to be
produced:
npoKaA.W
The announcement
about
the
new
theatre generated
a lot
of interest.
Der: generation
(n):
n a p a y w y ~
generator
(n):
y e v v ~ T p t a
a. has a broad
knowledge of
films.
b. perlorms administrative tasks to assist a manager.
3.
A rising star is
someone
who ...... c.
perlorms
dangerous scenes in place
of
an actor.
4
An agent is someone who
d. you work with.
5 A stuntman is
someone who
e. has one
of
the lead roles in a film.
6.
A movie buff is
someone
who f. interviews people on a TV programme.
7
A chat-show host is
someone
who
g. seems likely to have a successful career.
8. A
co-star
is
someone who
h. is in charge
of other
workers.
9. A P is someone who
i. represents actors, singers, etc.
10
A
colleague
is someone who j. writes stories for films.
B. Write
T (True)
or
F (False)
according to
the meaning of
the words in bold.
1 If you are
on
the dole, you have a satisfying
job
.....
2. If two people get down to
business
they open a business together
3. If you catch somebody in
the
act you see
them doing
something wrong.
4. If something is confidential, it is
not
to be shared with other people ....
5. If you
keep somebody in the dark about
something, you inform them
about
it .
6. If you set a deadline you finish your work on time . . . .
7.
If somebody is
set
in
their
ways,
they easily change their habits
8. If you work overtime you leave the office early.
9. If you are serving an
apprenticeship
you are learning a trade.
10
If something clouds your
judgment it makes it
easier
for
you to assess a situation
.....
c.
Choose the odd one
out.
1.
n)lockbuster
broadcaster commentator
~ ~ ~ ~ t e r
2.
:
~ a z z l e
grumble snap nag
3
( d e b ~ credits
subtitles
scr ip t
4.
G W ~ I I
u
extend shrink enlarge
5. dim
dull brilliant faint
6 ~ ~ ~
.. employ appeal
recruit
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D. Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs below. Make any necessary changes.
take
on
come up with e go
on
to go back to run through
put on • go under e set up + 111 butt in
«
crack up
1.
The studio executives are still trying to ..................................... a catchy title for the new action movie.
2
The tradition
of
celebrating May Day ..................................... pre-Christian times.
3. I just ...................................... when I heard that joke for the first time.
4 A
friend
of
mine is planning
to
..................................... her own online dating service.
5
His early years were spent playing bit parts in local theatrical productions but he ..................................... become
one of
the Hollywood s leading men.
6 Our English class
is
...................................... a play at the end
of
term.
7. Business
is
slow and costs keep rising so I think the firm
......................................
soon.
8. A local electronics manufacturer has just announced plans
......................................
200 new workers.
9.
I m sorry to ...................................... but did I overhear you say that you work at the BBC?
10
The director made them ...................................... the scene again until he was satisfied.
UNIT
ody
and
Mind
TOPIC
VOCABULARY
(page 47)
6 1 ligament
n)
=
a band
of
tissue that holds bones
together or supports organs: o u v i 5 w ~ o < ; he
runner
suffered a torn ligament
in
his leg and
was
unable
to
compete for
several
months.
/
abdomen
n)
=
ower front part
of
body where
e
stomach and intestines are:
KOL LO After eating
a
huge
meal he had severe pain in his abdomen.
Der: abdominal (adj)
6 3
artery n)
=
a tube that carries blood away from the
heart:
OPTTlPiO
When
doctors
discovered
his
arteries
were almost completely blocked he underwent
emergency heart surgery.
Der: arterial adj)
6 4 vein
n)
=
a tube that carries blood to the heart:
q > A t ~ a he doctor
inserted
a
needle into
a
vein in
his
arm to take a blood sample.
6 5 chest n) =
upper front part
of
the body between
abdomen and neck: m ~ S o < ;
Complaining
of
chest
pains the old man was rushed to the hospital in case
he was having
a
heart attack.
6 6 kidney
n)
=
organ
in
the body that cleans your blood
and removes waste: ve<pp6 he doctor gave him
antibiotics for
his
kidney infection.
6 7 lung
n)
=
he
two
large organs in your chest with
which you breathe: n v e u ~ o v a < ; Breathe deeply nd fill
your lungs with air.
6 8 liver
n)
=
arge organ in the body which helps to
clean the blood:
ouKtilTL
Surgeons today can do heart
lung
and liver transplants.
6 9
jaw n)
=
ower part
of
face below the mouth
including the bottom teeth and chin: oay6vL When I
had a wisdom tooth removed my jaw was sore for a
week.
pelvis n)
=
group of bones which support the back
and connect to the legs: A e K a v ~ (avSpwmvou
o w ~ m o < ; ) After breaking her pelvis
in a
car accident
she was in constant pain nd h d difficulty walking.
6.11
rib
n)
=
a curved bone
of
the chest: l1Aeup6
He broke
three ribs in a
fall
and had to wear a bandage around
his chest for a month.
6 12
6.13
e ~
8
@
@
G ~
' '-
19
9
6.21
skull
n)
=
bones
of
the head that protect the brain:
Kpavlo He fractured
his
skull
several
years
ago and
you can still see a scar on the side of his head.
spine
n)
= backbone or row of bones that contain
the spinal cord: o n o v i 5 u A L K ~ O T ~ A ~
An injury to the
spine is extremely serious and may lead to paralysis.
Der: spinal (adj)
bruise
n)
=
a dark mark on the skin caused by being
hit:
~ e A a v t a
He had a nasty bruise on his
knee
after
being kicked during a football match.
Der: bruising n)
bruise
v)
bruised (adj)
fracture
n)
=
a break or crack
in
a bone or other hard
substance:
o n a m ~ o .
Kamwa he X-ray showed that
he had multiple fractures to the bones on his foot.
Der: fracture
v)
fractured (adj)
sling n) = a piece of material worn around the neck
to support
an
injured arm:
x e t p o M ~ o c : ; , a v a p T ~ p o c ;
(yta
a n a a ~ t v o
xepL)
Andrew had to wear
a
sling for
over a month
to
support
his
broken arm.
stitch
n)
= a short piece of thread used to close a
deep cut by sewing: p ~ ~
I cut myself badly with
the bread knife nd
had to have 6 stitches.
stretcher
n)
=
a kind
of
bed used to carry injured or
dead people:
<popeio
~ e m < p o p a < ;
appwamu)
Four
attendants carried the injured player off the pitch on a
stretcher.
consult
v)
= ask someone's opinion about something:
a u ~ ~ o u l - e u o ~ m he doctor recommended that
Richard consult
a
specialist about his heart problem.
Der: consultant n)
consultation n)
GP
n)
= general practitioner; doctor who gives
general medical care to patients
in
his area:
ylaTp6c;
naSoMyo<; Go nd see your GP if you have any
symptoms which are worrying you.
vaccination n) =
substance given to protect against
a disease: EIJ130i\lOOIJ6c;
I
was
given a
vaccination
against yellow fever before going to Africa.
Der: vaccine
n): e ~ ~ 6 A L O
vaccinate
v)
13
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6 23
6 24
6 26
6 28
6 29
6 31
6 32
6 34
6 35
6 36
contagious
adj)
= able to spread quickly:
~ e r a 6 o T L K 6 < ;
Contagious diseases can be avo ided by washing your
hands.
prescription
n) = a written order for medicine from a
doctor:
o u v T a y ~
ytaTpoU /lost
my
prescription
and
the chemist wouldn t give
me
the medicine without it.
Der:
prescribe v)
prescriptive (adj): K m £ u 8 u v r ~ p i o < ;
medic tion
n)
= drugs used to treat illness:
cp6p1JOKO,
q > a p ~ a K £ U T I K ~ a y w y ~ When the medication didn t cure
the infection, the
doctor
changed it
Der: medicated (adj)
common sense = natural ability
to
make good,
practical judgements: Kotvfl A o y t K ~ If Tom had more
common sense, he
wouldn t
drive so fast.
hygiene n)
practice
of
keeping yourself and your
things clean
to
prevent illness:
u y l £ 1 V ~ , K a 8 a p i 6 T ~ T a
People can avoid catching illnesses by paying more
attention to personal hygiene.
Der: hygienic (adj)
int ke n) = amount
of
something eaten
or
drunk:
n p 6 o . ~ L j J ~ .
t . a ~ ~ a v 6 ~ £ v ~ n o o 6 r ~ m
Doctors
recommend a daily intake
of
75-90mg
of
Vitamin
C
for adults.
dehydration n) state of not having enough water in
the body causing you to feel weak or ill: acpui56nuo l
Long-distance runners must drink regularly to avoid
dehydration.
Der: dehydrate v)
dehydrated (adj)
acupuncture n) a Chinese medical treatment that
involves inserting special needles in certain points on
the body: ~ £ A O V I 0 ~ 6 c ; A friend of mine suggested that
acupuncture
might
help relieve the pain in
my
back.
Der: acupuncturist
n)
well being n)
state of being happy, healthy and
prosperous: £ U £ ~ i a , uy£ia Spending time with family
and friends gives him a wondetful sense of well-being.
pain relief n) lessening of the feeling of physical
suffering: avaKoUcptofl
an6
Tov
n6vo
The advert for
the medicine claims that it offers fast effective pain
relief for headaches.
ddiction n)
= an uncontrollable need to do
something
or
take a drug:
e8to116c; The
centre
for
the
treatment of drug addiction offers psychological
counselling to addic ts and thei r families.
Der: addict
n)
addicted (adj)
addictive (adj)
joint n) place where
two
bones meet and the limb
is
able
to
bend: 6 p 8 p w o ~ In
cold
damp weather, he
often feels pain in his joints, especially his knees.
Der:
jointed (adj)
llevi te v)
=to make something less severe or
painful:
avaKouq>il;w,
~ e r p 1 6 1 ; w The aspirin did nothing
to alleviate my headache, so I called the
doctor
tre t
v)
= provide medical care:
m::pmotoUIJOL,
8epaneUw Most eye infections can
be
successfully
treated with eye drops.
Der: treatment
n)
treatable
adj)
cure v) ~ t o make a person healthy again: 8£pan£uw
The doctor cured the child s bronchitis.
Der: cure
n)
ano8epam::ia, ytaTpetO
6 37
6 38
6 40
6 42
6 43
6 44
6 45
G
~ . 4 8
6 49
6 50
remedy n)
= solution to a problem or illness: 8epanela,
y1mp1K6 Some people believe the best remedy for a
sore throat is a hot lemon and honey
drink
insomni
n) = inability to sleep: alinvia If you can t
sleep
at
night, you suffer from insomnia.
Der: insomniac
n): a o 8 e v ~ c ;
nou nOoxet an6 aUnvia
ilment
n) = illness which is not serious: ai5ta8eoia
For a minor ailment, you probably
don t
need to see a
doctor
Der: ail v): naoxw
ailing (adj): a o 8 £ v ~ c ; . nou naox£1
allergy n)
physical reaction
to
something you eat,
breathe
or
touch: aM£pyia Sue has
an
allergy to
cats; when she
is
in a room with them she sneezes.
Der: allergen
n):
aM£pytoy6vo
allergic (adj)
eczema
n) skin condition that makes skin dry, sore
and itchy:
t K ~ £ 1 1 0
The chemist gave
me
a
new
skin
cream to help ease the discomfort of
my
eczema.
indigestion
n) = discomfort in the stomach when the
body has difficulty digesting food: 6uon£LjJia Many
people suffer from indigestion after eating a heavy meal.
Der: indigestible (adj)
prev iling
(adj) = existing or being most common at
a particular time or place: emKpaTton::poc; The
prevailing attitude to dieting in the United States has
shifted to healthier, smaller portion sizes.
Der: prevail
v)
circul tion
n) = 1. movement
of
blood around the
body: KuKAocpoptK6 oUOTfliJO People with circulation
problems often have cold hands
and
feet 2. number of
copies
of
a newspaper or magazine sold: KUKAa<.popia
TUnou) The newspaper s circulation increased when
they added an editorial section.
Der: circulate
v)
circulatory (adj)
migr ine
n) = a severe headache: TlllLKpavla People
who suffer from migraines often complain of nausea
as well as a blinding headache.
rthritis n) = a condition in which the joints are
swollen and are painful:
ap8pin6a
My grandmother s
hands were so crippled with arthritis that she was
unable to do any household chores.
Der: arthritic (adj)
disorder n)
illness
or
medical condition: 6 m a p a x ~
Melissa has
a
skin disorder and cannot spend a
lot
of
time in the sun.
posture n) ~ t h e
position of the body while standing,
sitting or walking: o r a o ~ o w ~ a m c ; ) The doctor told
her
that an improvement in
her
posture would help
prevent lower back pain.
medit tion n)
= a mental exercise
in
which someone
concentrates on his thoughts and relaxes: OtaAoylOIJ6c;
Meditation
is
often combined with breathing exercises
to relax the body and combat stress.
Der: meditative (adj)
flexibility n) ability
to
bend easily: £uf.uy1oia Doing
exercise will give you more flexibility.
Der: flexible (adj)
concentration
n)
ability
to
give
all
your attention
to
one thing: ouyKtVTpwon Safe driving requires a lot of
concentration.
Der: concentrate
v)
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6.52 conventional m edicine = typical modern medical
treatment: o u ~ ~ O T L K ~
t a T p t K ~
Many
people
turn to
alternative therapies when conventional medicine fails
to cure a health problem.
6.53 complementary
therapy
(n)
= a form of treatment
used in combination with ordinary medical treatment:
o u ~ T 1 A ~ p w ~ a n K ~
Sepaneia Massage Is often used as a
complementary therapy for people suffering neck pain.
6.54 asthma (n)
= illness
in
which breathing is difficult:
a o ~ a
Tony has asthma
and
he needs to take
medication before exercising.
Der: asthmatic (adj)
BOOST YOUR
VOCABULARY
VERBS
+
PREPOSITIONS
(page 48)
6 55
6.56
(:;; ,.
- ,
r:::
~
6.59
6.60
G
6.62
blame (for) (v)
=to
be responsible for something bad:
K O T ~ y o p c i J (yta)
My
sister blames
me
for breaking her
MP4player.
Der: blame
(n)
blame
(on) (v) = say that something is someone s
fault:
emppimw
eu8uvec; (yta Kan oe Kcmmov)
The
restaurant
owner blamed
the
poor
service on the
shortage of staff.
elaborate
(v) = explain in more detail:
avannJaow,
neptypatpw A e m o ~ t p e t e c ; We asked the
tour
guide
to elaborate
on
the history
of
the site.
Der: elaboration
(n)
elaborate (adj)
specialise (also -ize) (v) = concentrate on
just one
area
of
work or study:
e t i 5 t K e u o ~ m
John specialised
in paediatrics.
Der: speciali sation
(n)
specialist
(n)
confide
(in)
(v)
= tell
someone
a secret:
e ~ m o T e u o ~ m .
E:KilUOT lPELloj..im
She
confided
in
me
because
she
trusted
me not
to tell anyone
her
secret.
Der:
confidence
(n)
confidential (adj)
comply (v) =
do
what you are required to do:
o u ~ ~ o p t p c i J v o ~ m / f you
don t comply
with the rules,
you
will
be
dismissed from
your
job.
Der: compliance
(n)
compliant (adj): u n o x w p ~ T t K 6 c ;
associate (v) =
make a connection in your mind:
ouvOE:w, o u o x e T L ~ w
Many
people
associate the
number 13 with
bad
luck.
Der: associate
(n):
ouvhmpoc;
ouvTPotpoc;
association
(n)
associated (adj)
identify with
(phr v) = empathize with and
understand someone
or
their situation because you
have a similar
background
or experience: T O U T [ ~ O J l O L
Having been
brought
up in a small village like the
main character in the novel, I
could
easily identify with
her.
account
(for) (v) = give an explanation for something:
e ~ ~ y c i J How do you account
for the fact that the
money is missing?
Der: account (n): avatpopa, n e p t y p a t p ~
accountancy
(n):
A o y t o T t K ~
accountant
(n): A o y t o T ~ c ;
accounting (n): A o y t O T t K ~
accountable (adj)
..
~ 6 3 .
6 64
6 65
6 66
6.67
6.68
6 69
6 70
6.71
6.72
yearn (v)
= want something very much:
AOXTOPciJ
When
I m on
a diet, I yearn for chocolate.
Der: yearning
(n)
opt
(for)
(v)
= make a choice: emAtyw They thought
of
going
to Paris
but opted
for Rome instead.
Der: option
(n)
optional (adj)
notify
(v)
= inform officially:
eti5onmciJ
Successful
applicants will
be
notified
in June.
Der: notification
(n)
derive
(v) = originate: n p o t p x o ~ m . n a p a y o ~ m
Leather is derived from animal skins.
Der: derivation
(n)
derivative
(n)
distract
(v) = take attention away from something
else: anoonW
nw
npoooxr ] The noise outside is
distracting the students from their studies.
Der: distraction (n) see 4. 79
distracted (adj)
distracting (adj)
discourage
(v) =
persuade someone not
to do
something: ano8appUvw, anoTpE:nw Students are
discouraged from bringing mobile phones to school.
Der:
discouragement
(n)
discouraging (adj)
Opp: encourage
(v)
boast (v) = proudly talk
about
things relating to you
so others will admire you: KOUXLE JlOL The Jacksons
always
boast about
their children s achievements.
Der: boast
(n)
boastful (adj)
respond (v)
react, reply: a V T a n o K p i v o ~ m .
anaVTciJ
Over
a
thousand applicants responded to the advertisement.
Der: respondent (n)
response
(n)
responsive (adj)
devote
(v) = see
4.
78
subject (v) = make someone experience something
unpleasant:
u n o ~ Q M w
(Kanmov oe
Kan)
People in some
countries have been subjected to cruel punishments.
Der: subject
(n): unoKeiwvo
subjection
(n): u n o T a y ~
RELATED WORDS
(page 49)
6 73
alarmed
(adj) = afraid or anxious: T p o ~ a y ~ t v o c ;
avr ]cruxoc; We were alarmed when we saw fire
engines racing towards
our
street.
6.74
0 ~
Der: alarm
(n)
alarming (adj)
cross
(adj) = angry:
e u ~ w ~ t v o c ;
Theodore s parents
were very cross when he came home from the party
two
hours late.
furious
(adj) = extremely angry: o p y t o ~ t v o c ; Lisa
was furious when
her
children
drew
on the walls.
Der: fury
(n)
, infuriate (v)
\ overjoyed
(adj) = extremely happy:
n a v e u T u ) ( l j ~ We
\ : : : :
v
were all overjoyed when the
new
baby was bam.
6 77
petrified
(adj)
=very
frightened:
a n o A L 8 w ~ l : v o c ; a n 6
t p 6 ~ o
K m m p o ~ a w t v o c ; Anne
is
petrified,
when she
sees
one, she
screams
in horror.
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o tl/ 4tf6
' -
6,78 scared (adj) = afraid: < P O P t o ~ t v o c ; It s quite common
for people to be scared
of
lightning.
Der: scare
(v)
scary (adj)
6.79 cheerful
(adj) = happy:
KEqlClTO<;,
X O P O U ~ E V O < ;
Although he s been sick, Sam sounded cheerful,
Der: cheerfulness (n)
6.80
6.82
6.85
6.86
glad (adj) = pleased: e u x a p t o T n ~ t v o c ; Alan was glad
that
we
would be
his
new
neighbours.
displeased (adj) = annoyed:
i S u o a p e o T n ~ t v o c ;
The
manager looked displeased when Rob walked into the
office 3 minutes late.
Der: displeasure
(n)
upset (adj) = sad, worried
or
angry:
a v a o T m w ~ t v o c ;
Margaret
was
upset when William broke her favourite
vase.
Der: upset
(v)
upsetting (adj)
incensed
(adj) = very angry: s ~ a y p t w ~ t v o c ; Jim was
incensed because the neighbours called the
police
to
complain about his dog.
Der: incense
(v)
terrified
(adj) =very frightened: K m m p o ~ a w t v o c ;
My uncle is terrified
of
heights
and won t
fly in an
aeroplane.
Der: terror (n)
terrify
(v)
terrifying (adj)
dejected (adj) = miserable: St.twtvoc;,
a n o K a p i S t w ~ t v o c ; The whole team looked dejected
after they lost the game.
Der: dejection
(n)
inconsolable (adj) = not able to be comforted:
anapnyopnTo<;
Billy was inconsolable when his
grandfather died.
Der:
consolation (n)
console
(v)
6.87 depressed (adj) = state of being extremely unhappy:
~ s t . a y x o t . L K 6 < ; . S f . t ~ ~ t v o c ; After his divorce, Mark was
depressed for months.
Der: depression (n): Kma8f.tl)Jn
depress (v)
depressing (adj): nou npoKaf.si Kma8f.tl)Jn
depressive (adj): Kma8t.mnK6<;
6,88 delighted
(adj) = very happy: not.u s u x a p t o T n ~ t v o c ;
He
is delighted with his new car.
Der: delight
(n)
delightful (adj): EUXQPLGTO<;,
~ a y E U T L K O < ;
r6,89 ;
irritated
(adj) = annoyed: E K V E U p L o ~ t v o c ; I could tell
-..__... my dad was irritated by John s rudeness.
Der:
irritation (n)
irritate (v)
irritating (adj)
miserable (adj) = very unhappy or uncomfortable:
OuoTUXLOIJ.8voc;
Their evening together was a
miserable failure.
Der: misery
(n)
thrilled (adj) = very excited: s v 8 o u m a o ~ t v o c ; ,
o u y K A O V L G ~ t v o c ; I was thrilled when I got the job.
Der: thrill
(n)
thrill (v)
thrilling (adj)
6.92
ecst tic
(adj)
=
extremely excited: EKOTOTLK6c;
Lynn
was ecstatic when Enrique Iglesias kissed her.
Der: ecstasy (n)
6.93 despondent
(adj) = very unhappy: a n s t . m o ~ t v o c ; ,
a n o 8 a p p u ~ t v o c ;
Jody
looks despondent; let s
cheer
her up.
Der: despondence (n)
6.94 pprehensive (adj) = nervous and afraid: avr jauxoc;,
cpo[3L01Jtvoc;
I always feel apprehensive before I visit
the dentist.
Der: apprehension
(n)
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
(page 49)
6.95 ncestor {n) = person
from
whom you are
descended:
np6yovoc;
s . g ~ descend nt (n)
= relative
of
a person
who
lived in an
~ earlier time: an6yovoc;
~ 9 . 7 p r e d e c e s ~ o r
(n) = person who had a position before
you: npoKmoxoc;
6.98
chieve
{v) = succeed in
doing
something:
£mruyx6vw,
Karop8Wvw
6,99
perceive
(v)
= notice, understand
or
think about
something
in a particular way: avnAa11f36vollOL
Der: perception (n)
perceptive (adj)
6 100 conceive {of)
{v) =imagine or
believe:
man:Uw,
/ < j ) Q V T Q ~ O ~ Q L
, ? . ~ :
effect (n)
= result: a n m t t . s o ~ a . sniiSpaon
@ o2) affect (v)
= have an influence:
s n n p s a ~ w
6.103 infect (v) =pass on a disease:
IJOAUvw
~ ~
conduct (v)
= carry out an activity:
i S t s ~ a y w
6105) subject (v) =see
6.72
6,106
object
(to) (v) =be opposed to something: qltpvw
avTippnon (as)
6.107
6.108
6.109
6.110
6.111
6.112
6 113
6 114
e
8
6.117
6.118
Der: objection
(n)
objectionable (adj)
remind
(v)
= help someone remember:
u m : v 8 u l l i ~ w
recall (v)
= remember: S u ~ a ~ m
Der: recall
(n)
retain (v) = continue to keep or hold: iStmnpw
im gin ry (adj) =
something which
exists only in
someone s
mind: cpavraonK6c;, avUnapKroc;
fantastic (adj) =very good: <jlavmonK6<;, untpoxoc;
im gin tive
(adj) =
able
to
create new
or
exciting
ideas:
£cp£UpE:TLK6c;, E:Ulp6VTOOTOc;
sceptical (adj) = doubtful: iSuomoTo<;
thoughtful
(adj) = considerate:
s u y s v ~ < ; .
nou
aKtcprerat roue; 6,\,\ouc;
conscious
(adj) = awake and able
to
hear, see and
think:
nou
tX£L nc; OL08r jO£Lc;
TOU
conscience (n) = part of your mind that tells you
what is morally right and wrong: auveiO lO l
attitude
(n)
=the way you feel about something:
OT60 1, OVTLIJE:Tc.iJnLO l
intuition (n) = unexplained feelings that
something
is
true even though you have no facts: iStaioSnon
Der: intuitive (adj)
WORD FORMATION
(page 50)
6.119
in ccur te (adj)
=not
correct: AavSaaJ-Ltvoc;, avaKpt[3r ]c;
If the figures are inaccurate, the accountant will have to
fix them.
Der: inaccuracy (n)
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inadequate (adj) = not good enough: avmapKJi<;
The resources are inadequate for the
programmes
needed.
Der: inadequacy
(n)
s.121 inconsistent
(adJ) = not behaving
in
the same way
each time a particular situation occurs: avTLcpanK6<:;,
ama81 )<; He's
so
inconsistent;
he
says something
different every time we discuss the issue.
Der: inconsistency
(n)
6.122
indecisive (adj) = having difficulty in making decisions:
avanocpO.moTo<;
Mark was indecisive
and didn't know
which colour to choose for painting his bedroom.
Der: indecision (n)
indecisiveness
(n)
6.123 ineffective (adj) =doesn t achieve intended result:
a v a n o n : : A e o ~ a T L K 6 < ; The new drug has proven
ineffective in preventing pneumonia.
Der: ineffectiveness (n)
6.124
unfaithful
(adj) =not true to a vow or a promise,
especially one made
to
a partner: 6mmo<;
Martin
was
unfaithful
to
his wife
and now
they have separated.
Der: unfaithfulness (n)
6.125
infallible (adj) =never wrong: aMv8aom<; No
one is
infallible, everyone makes mistakes
sometimes.
Der: infallibility (n)
6.126
unfamiliar (adj) =not having knowledge of
or
experience with something: 6yvwoToc;, OLK£lo<;
We got lost in London because we were unfamiliar
with the city.
Der: unfamiliarity
(n)
6.127
inflexible (adj) = not easily changed:
i i K a ~ m o < ; The
rules here are inflexible so
you'll
have to learn to live
with them.
Der: inflexibility
(n)
6.128
unintentional (adj) =
done
by accident: aKoumo<;,
xwpi<; np6880D I didn't
mean
to
break the glass;
it
was unintentional.
6.129
unjustified (adj)
=not
having a good reason for doing
something: a0LKOLol\6yllTOc; Your criticism
is
unjustified;
I feel/
did
nothing
wrong.
Der: unjustifiable (adj): aouyx<ilPDTD<;
6.130
disloyal (adj) = unsupportive or harmful to friends,
family,
or country:
Omaroc;
Our
boss said it's disloyal
to be critical about the company in public.
Der: disloyalty
(n)
6.131 immature (adj) =act younger than you are: a v w p t ~ o < ;
Dan
is
immature
and
prefers playing
with
friends
who
are
younger
than he
is
Der: immaturity (n)
6.132
immoral (adj) = wrong:
avJi8LKO<; Some people believe
that war is immoral so people should
not
join the army.
Der: immorality
(n)
6.133 immortal (adj)
=likely
to be remembered for a long
time: a86varoc;
"Romeo
and Juliet is
an immortal
love story
8
Der: immortality (n)
disobedient
(adj) = deliberately not following a rule:
avun6Kouoc;
Our dog
is so disobedient;
he
never
comes when we call him.
Der: disobedience (n)
disobey
(v)
6.135
imprecise
(adj) = not exact:
a v a K p L ~ J i < ;
The information
in this report
is
imprecise.
6.136
insecure
(adj) =not confident: avampai-.Ji<; Jody
feels
insecure at
her new
job.
Der: insecurity
(n)
6.137
insensitive (adj) = not sympathetic to other people s
feelings: avala811Toc; How could he be so insensitive
to
Jane's feelings?
Der: insensitivity (n)
6.138 dissimilar (adj) =not the same: a v 6 ~ m o < ; The twins
may look alike,
but
their personalities and interests
are
completely
dissimilar.
Der: dissimilarity (n)
6.139 insufficient
(adj)
=not
enough:
avenapKJi<; One
thousand calories a day is insufficient for an adult;
you need at least 1800.
COLLOCATIONS
(page
50)
6.140 bitterly (adv)
=in
a way that shows you are extremely
angry or
upset: tvrova,
IJ E mKpla
Tom
complained
bitterly
about
the
way he
had
been treated.
6.141 terribly
(adv)
=extremely:
napa
noM, u n e p ~ o A L K O
I smell smoke; something is terribly wrong
e
fully
(adv) = completely: £VT£AW<;, nAJipw<; He was
fully aware of the facts before he passed judgement.
6 143
downright
(adv) = see 4.112
6 144
:3i
e
8
deeply (adv) = very: ~ a 8 t a , tvtova His doctors are
deeply concerned
about
his condition.
highly (adv) = very (used to emphasise a belief, feeling
and opinion): nol-.u They are a highly responsible group
of people and you can trust them.
perfectly (adv) = completely; in a way that could not
be
better: tel-.eiw<; This
is
perfectly
normal behaviour
for a three-year-old.
utterly (adv) =totally: evtel-.w<;, e ~ o l - . o K A J i p o u
They enjoyed visiting Japan because
it
is so utterly
different from their own country.
~ P O R AND MEANING
(page
51)
\ : . 1 4 ~ w o u n d (v) =injure: t p a u ~ m i ~ w My
father
was
···- wounded during
the
war
Der: wound (n)
rub s lt
n
th wound do or
say something
to
make
an unpleasant
situation worse:
plxvw al\O.n
OTDV
nADYli ( ~ n p . ) Don't remind me
that everyone
except me passed
the exam - that
is
really rubbing
salt in the wound.
wound (someone s) pride = hurt (someone s) feelings:
ni-.Dy<ilvw TDV unepDcpilveta (Kanmou) Allan wounded
my
pride when he said
my
painting was the worst in
the exhibition.
6 149
sting (v) 1.
cause
a
sharp pain:
t o o U ~ w
novc.i> he
cut wasn't deep
but
it really stung 2
make you feel
hurt:
nADYWVW Fred's harsh remarks stung
me.
3. (of an insect or animal) hurt by putting a sharp
part of
the body
into
the
skin:
K e V T p i ~ w . T O L ~ n o o
I
was
stung
by
a bee while
I was
picking flowers in the
garden.
6.150
miracle cure
= solution
to
a problem
or
treatment for
a disease that works immediately:
8 a u ~ a t o u p y t )
Sepaneia
This medication is supposed
to be a
cure for the common cold.
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·· Nlfs 6
and.
8
6.151
stab
(v) = wound using a knife: uaxmpciJvw The
gangster was
stabbed
three times in the heart with a
kitchen knife.
stab
someone) in the back = do something nasty
to someone who trusted you):
XTUnciJ
Kcmmov)
mociJnAma unp.)
If you
are really
my
friend,
don t
stab me in the
back by
telling the
boss
what I did.
6 152 sc r (v) =leave a permanent mark: Ofi JOOeUw My
arm was badly scarred in the
car
accident.
Der: scar
(n)
sc r
someone)
for life
= have a permanent negative
effect on someone: orn..taOeUw
K6notov) yta 6i\n
tau
~ w ~
(uTcp.)
Harsh criticism can
scar
a
child
for life.
6.153 kick in the teeth
severe, unexpected
disappointment: a n p o o 0 6 K ~ T o n wa Taking Bob
out
of the game was a real kick in the teeth.
6.154 it pains
me)=
hurts: u£) nov6£ilt
pains
me
to tell
you that
your
work hasn t been up to
our
standard.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS page 51)
6.155 life (n) =
activity; lively behaviour: ~ w v t 6 v t a
Even
though it s small, there s
a
lot
of
life in this village.
l te n life = at
an
older
age:
ae )JeyOAf] f]i\tKla usan
devoted her 20s
and
30s to her career
and
chose to
marry
late in life.
the
t ime of my) l ife=
an
incredibly wonderful
experience:
1-110 a ~ t x a o T J l
£1-iTIEtpla Come
to sunny
Crete
and
have the time of
your
life.
6.156 mind (v) = imperative)
be careful:
np6o£xc
Mind
you
don t cut
yourself
on
that
bread
knife.
Der: mind (n): vouc;, uuaM
cross
my)
mind
= suddenly occur to: nepv6Et an6
TO uuaM K6n01ou)
As
I was looking through
my
photo
album, it crossed
my
mind that I hadn t seen
my
Aunt
Becky for over
two
years.
bear (it) in mind
= remember:
txw I
a u ~ a v w
u n 6 1 j J ~
uou) When travelling,
bear
in
mind
that dress codes
change from
country
to
country
not mind (v)
= be willing
to do
something:
i5£ Sa u£
n £ i p a ~ £
I
Sa uou Op£0£
I
don t mind
driving
you
to
the
mall,
if you can wait five minutes.
6 157 sense (v)
= be aware of: Otmo86vo11m
Even though
you haven t said anything, I sense that
you don t
approve of
my
suggestion.
n
sense
= in a way: an6 JLO
6nDLj.J l You are right,
in
a
sense,
but
it depends on
how you
took
at
it.
m ke sense
= seem
to be
logical:
tXEL A.oytKr ] I
[ 3 y 6 ~ E L
v611110
Since
Sue is
marrying someone from
Tokyo
it makes sense for her to learn Japanese.
sense of direction
= ability
to
find
your
way: tKav6TilTO
npooavaToA.tOilOU
For hiking in the woods, you need
a
map a
compass and
a good
sense
of
direction.
IN OTHER WORDS page 51)
6.158 underage
adj)
=younger
than the required age:
K6TCU
an6 TO EnLTp£n61-i£VO 6pto
JlA.lK(ac;
Underage
drinking has become
a
serious problem in England.
6 159
y
hand
without using machines:
l-IE
TO xtpt Was
the dress sewn
by
hand
or
by
machine?
6.160 (be) under (an) illusion
= have a false belief:
txw
T ~ V
l j J £ U i 5 a i o S ~ O T ]
I
a n m ~ ~ £ V T i l n w o ~
Many people are
under the illusion that money can solve their problems.
6 161
n
earnest
being serious
or
sincere:
OTa
oo[3ap6
We re never sure
if
Nick is joking
or if
what he says
is
in earnest.
5 162
n
v in
=
without
success: ll< ITOLO We
looked in vain
for
a
parking spot.
6.163
on purpose= deliberately: m i T ~ i 5 £ c ;
Alex tripped the
player from the
other
team on purpose
but
the referee
didn t
penalise
him
for it.
5.164
on
hand
available: np6xetpoc;, Ota8t0li-IOC:
I always
try to have some extra money on hand for emergencies.
6 165
on
impulse do something without thinking
first
a u S 6 p u ~ m ,
n a p o p u ~ T I K O
He
bought
the CD on
impulse;
he hadn t
intended to
spend
any money.
UNITS
Travel
and
Tourism
TOPIC
VOCABULARY
page 63)
8 1 b ckp cking
(n)
=travelling,
often on foot, without
spending much
money, carrying
your possessions
with you: mi;ii51
u£
OQKii510 They re going
backpacking in Brazil.
Der:
backpack (n)
backpacker
(n)
8.2 hitchhiking (n) =travelling for
free by asking passing
drivers for a lift: T a ~ l O t l-IE oTooT6n
Hitchhiking
is
an inexpensive way of travelling but it can
a/so be
dangerous.
Der: hitchhiker
(n)
hitchhike (v)
8.3
rucksack
(n)
= backpack: ooKii5lo
n A D T ~ c ; )
Pack a
torch
and
an extra
pair of shoes
in
your
rucksack.
8.4 guesthouse (n)
= small hotel:
~ e v W v a c ; , navm6v
We
stayed at a guesthouse with
a
view of the lake.
8 5 menities
(n) =facilities provided for enjoyment or
convenience: avtoetc;
The
hotel
offers all
sorts of
amenities, including a pool,
gym room and
minigolf.
8.6
hospitable
adj) = welcoming to guests or visitors:
< p t A . 6 ~ e v o c ; We
visited
a
remote village in the mountains
where the locals were very hospitable and friendly.
Der: hospitality (n)
Opp: inhospitable adj)
8 7 tr nsfer
(v) =move someone
I
something from one
place to another: 1-iETa<ptpw, -OIJOL
I am responsible for
transferring all food and supplies.
Der: transfer (n)
8.8 termin l
(n) = place where planes, buses or trains
begin
or end
a journey: Ttp11a
The
bus
terminal
was
crowded
with people
going
away on holiday.
Der: termination
(n)
terminate
(v)
terminal adj): oplaK6c;. KmaAnKTIK6c;
8.9 delay (n)
= something happens later or more slowly
than expected:
K a S u o T t p ~ o ~ The delay
at
the airport
in Rome caused
us
to
miss
the meeting.
Der: delay (v)
s.10 duty-free shop
(n)
=a
shop, usually at international
airports,
where
items are
sold
tax-free:
1 - i O Y O ~ i
l-IE
acpopoMynTO npot6vTa o u v ~ S w c ; oc a£poi5p6uiO)
I always
buy
perfume
at
the duty-free shop when I
travel to New
York.
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8.11
departure lounge n) an
area
in an
airport where
8.27 terrain n)
area of land that has particular physical
people wait before they board a plane: ai8ouoa
features:
toa<poc; It's di fficul t hiking on desert terrain
a v a x w p ~ o e w v mo
a e p o o p 6 ~ t o Due to the flight
because
of
the soft sand.
delays, the departure lounge
was
crowded with
8.28
trail n) path through the countryside: ~ o v o n c m We
dtssatisfied travellers.
walked along the traJi admiring the colourful wild flowers.
8.12
travel agency
n)
a business which makes travel
Der: trai I
v)
arrangements:
T O ~ L O L W T L K 6
ypacpeio I planned my trip
8.29 under canvas
in
a tent: oe OK lVtl We spent the first
through a
travel
agency in
order
to
secure a better price.
night
o
our
trek
under canvas and the second night
8.13
brochure (n) small magazine advertising services
in a youth hostel.
or products:
O L a c p ~ ~ L O T L K 6
cpuMMto Let's read the
8.30 lodge n) a house usually in the countryside used
brochures I picked up at the travel agency and plan
by travellers
or
hunters:
KOTacpuyto The family spent
our vacation.
their holidays
at a
mountain lodge
near a lake where
8.14
all-inclusive
(adj) ncluding all costs: nou
they were able to fish and hike.
c r u ~ n e p L A O ~ ~ c i v E L
6Aa
TO t ~ o o a
The all-inclusive price
8.31 itinerary
n) plan
of
a journey:
o p o ~ o M y L O The
of
the holiday made it a very attractive package deal.
itinerary of our tour
includes
Spain, Italy and Greece.
8.15
package n)
holiday arranged by a travel company
8.32 pioneer n) one of the first people to do something:
that
includes hotel,
transport
and
sometimes meals:
npwton6poc;
The
pioneers who
crossed
the
western
o p y a v w ~ e v e c ; 5taKonec; They decided to take a
territories
settled
in California.
package tour
so
everything would be pre-arranged.
Der: pioneer v)
8.16
resort n) place for a holiday:
8epnpo
Margaret
8.33 far-flung
(adj) distant:
a n o ~ a K p u c r ~ e v o c ; I spent my
went
to
a
ski resort
in
the Swiss Alps for
a
week-long holiday visiting far-flung places in South America.
holiday.
8.17
self-catering adj)
(of a holiday or accommodation)
BOOST
YOUR VOCABULARY
where you do your own cooking: a u T o e ~ u ~ p n o u w v o c ;
COMPOUND NOUNS AND PHRASAL VERBS (page
64)
(cre c p a ~ T 6 We prefera self-catering holiday because
we can save
money
on
restaurants.
8.34
check-in n) place where you show or process
of
8.18 off the beaten track area where not many people
showing your ticket before flying: EAEYXOC: xwpoc;
go: cre ci.yvwmo ~ e p o c ; The restaurant
is off
the beaten
EAeyxou E L O L T ~ p i w v The line at the check-in moved
track; you ll never find it without clear directions.
very slowly because everyone S luggage was searched.
Der: check
in
(phr v)
8.19
isolated adj) ar from other places, often difficult
getaway n) place away from home where you can
to
get to: anOIJ.OVWIJ.tvoc;
The
farmhouse
was
in
an
8.35
isolated area.
relax:
T6noc; a n 6 0 p a c r ~ c ; What Sue really wants is a
Der: isolation n)
getaway
at
the beach.
isolate
v)
Der: get away (phr
v)
8.20
destination
n) place you want to reach:
n p o o p t c r ~ 6 c ;
8.36
outset n)
beginning:
a p x ~ They warned us at the
There
is
a stopover in Berlin but
our
final destination is
outset that only
30
of the participants finish the
Athens.
course.
8.21
the ends of the earth distant places: c i K p ~
Tou
8.37
let-up n)
essening
of
something unpleasant:
K 6 c r ~ o u
As a journalist, he has travelled to the ends
of
x a M p w ~
e M n w c r ~ I d
like to
go
on holiday
but
the earth and has
met
many fascinating people.
there s
never a let-up at work.
Der: let up (phr v)
8.22
expedition n)
organised journey, especially
to
explore distant
places:
anootoA.t j,
E:Kotpan:la
The
8.38
touchdown n) moment when plane lands on the
group's next expedition will
be
to Mt Everest.
ground: n p o a y e i w o ~
aeponMvou) The
captain said
to keep our seat belts fastened until after touchdown.
8.23
remote
(adj) distant:
a n o ~ a K p u o ~ t v o c ; I stopped at
Der: touch down (phr
v)
a remote village which tourists generally never get to.
trekking
n)
walking and climbing a long way in
8.39
mix-up n) confusion:
~ n e p o e ~ a There was
a mix-up
8.24
with
our
booking
at
the hotel and they didn't have a
rough areas:
n e ~ o n o p i a Trekking through mountain
room torus.
areas is hard and
tiring.
Der: mix up (phr v)
'
Der: trek n):
~ a K p U ,
KomaonK6 T a ~ i O L
trek v)
8.40
letdown n)
disappointment:
a n o y o ~ T e u ~
I had
expected to have the time of my life but the party was
8.25
scenery n)
1.
background and furniture
on
a stage
boring. What a letdown
set:
O K ~ V L K 6
The scenery
in
the play looked almost real.
Der: let down (phr
v)
2. view
seen
in an area
outdoors:
ronlo
et
The
scenery was just beautiful; there were rolling hills,
8.41
pile-up n) accident involving
a
number
ot
cars:
rivers
and
flowers
everywhere.
K a p a ~ n 6 A a There
was
a 10-car pile-up on the highway.
Der: scene n)
Der: pile up (phr v)
scenic (adj):
ypacpLK6c;, 8empLK6c;
8.42
stopover n)
stop on the way to somewhere
else:
8.26
escort (v) accompany someone to a place or event
e v o t c i ~ e o ~
m c i . ~ They had a brief stopover in Madrid
as a guide
or
as protection: ouvoOEUw Because of
before going on to Barcelona.
the
danger involved, trained guides must escort
Der: stop over (phr
v)
guests who visit the National Park.
8.43
washout n) complete failure:
K O T O O T p o c p ~ ,
Der: escort n)
anoTUxia The rock concert
was
a total
many
tickets remaining unsold.
9
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RELATED WORDS (page 64)
8.44
sw rm (n)
=
large group
of
insects or people moving
together: O I J ~ v o c ;
A
swarm of bees came out of
the
beehive in the tree.
Der: swarm (v):
o x r u J a T i ~ w OIJi]voc;, ouyKevrpWvoiJ.GL
8 45
flock (n)
= group of sheep, goats, birds or group of
people that attend a particular church: OIJr ]voc;, Kon6i5t
We
watched
a
flock
of
arge white birds crossing the sky
Der: flock
(v):
oupptw,
O U Y K £ V T p W V O ~ O L
8 46 herd (n) =group of animals of the same kind that
move together: aytA.n There were more than 200
elephants in the herd.
Der: herd (v): ~ Y W (KOTIOOL), ~ O £ U W (0£ KOTIOOL)
follow the herd = do and think the same as everyone
else: OKOAOU8W T ~ V
a y t \ ~ ~ T q J . ) Don t
follow the
herd. Be yourself
8 47 pack
(n)
= a group of wild dogs or wolves which live
and hunt together:
a y t \ ~
(oKLl.\wv, .\LlKwv) Residents
are very concerned
about
the
pack
of wild dogs that
lives on the outskirts of the town.
Der: pack
(v):
O T P L ~ W X V W
qJOpTWVW
8 48
horde
(n) = large number
of
people: o p o ~ . oxl\oc;
Hordes of screaming teens filled the stadium.
8.49 in droves (n)
=
in
large
numbers: KOT6 ~ u : : y O A t : c ;
Dll00ec; Teenagers came in droves to the rock festival.
EXPRESSIONS
(page
65)
s.so round nd round =
in circles: yUpw-yUpw
We
drove
round
and
round looking for a place to park.
8 51
f r nd wide =
in
many different
places: navToU They
searched far
and
wide
for
the
perfect
gift.
8 52 there nd back going and
returning:
nr jymvs-tA.a
The
village was close to
our
hotel; we went there
and
back
in
about
an hour.
8 53 out nd bout = going to
different places: oro n65t,
as
ouvsxrl KiVJ10J1
They were
out and about
during
the day
and
managed to
do many
things.
8 54 pros nd cons = good points and bad
points: untp
KOL KOTO
We need to discuss the
pros and
cons
carefully before we decide what to do.
8 55 ifs nd buts = doubts and objections: avnppr jostc;
KOL OI.HPLf3oAisc;
There are no ifs
and
buts; the
project
is
definitely going ahead.
8 56 bits nd pieces
= various items:
IJ.LKponpOyiJ.aTa
I have
most
of the furniture I need;
now
I'm looking
for a few bits
and
pieces.
8 57 safe and
sound
= unharmed: owoc;
KOL
a ~ , \ a ~ ~ c ; All
the ships returned safe and
sound
to the harbour.
8 58 y nd large in general:
yEVLK6
By
and
large,
people in this town are warm
and
friendly
8 59
now nd g in
= occasionally:
n6TE n6TE
We
walk
along the beach now and again.
WORD FORMATION (page 66)
8 60 oversleep (v) = sleep later than planned:
napaKOLIJ.61J.OL
I overslept
and
missed the bus.
8 61 overestim te (v) =
guess that
something is greater
than it really is: un£pEKTqJW The cook overestimated
the
number
of
guests and prepared too
much
food.
Der: estimate (n): £ K T i ~ ~ o ~
estimation (n): u n o \ o y l o ~ 6 c ;
estimate (v)
Opp: underestimate (v)
8 62
over ctive
(adj)
= too
active:
nou
unspA£tToupy£i,
unEpOpaorr jptoc;
If
you have an overactive thyroid,
your
metabolism works faster than normal.
8 63 overe t
(v)
=
eat more
than
you
need:
rpWw
unsp[3oA.tK6
At
holiday time, I always overeat because
my mum
cooks such wonderful dishes.
8 64
underv lue (v)
=
fail
to
recognise
the
true
worth of
something: unoTqJW
After
Usa quit, we realised
we
had
undervalued
her
contribution to the business.
Opp: overvalue (v)
8 55 underr te (v) =
not recognise
the full
importance of
something: unon1J.W,
u n o [ 3 t [ 3 6 ~ w She
is
underrated as
a player
Opp: overrate (v)
8 66
underdressed
(adj) = clothed
in
a way that
is
not
formal
enough for
the
situation or not warm
enough
for the weather: v r u ~ t v o c ; a K m a \ \ ~ \ a (yLa
r ~ v
nsploTOOJ1)
If
you don't wear an evening gown to the
opera, you'll feel underdressed.
Opp: overdressed (adj)
8 67 outlive (v) = live longer
than
others:
n£ptoo6rEpo
ana (J,\,\ouc;
My
grandmother outlived all
her
brothers
and
sisters
and
died
at
the age
of
98.
8 68
outvote
(v) = defeat a person or an idea by getting
more votes: ~ £ n E p v W o£ Lj.Jr jc.pouc;
Jane was outvoted
because not enough people supported
her
pian.
8 69 outweigh (v) = be more important
than
the
alternative: un£pTEpW, unEptoxUw The benefits
of
exercising far outweigh the risks
of
minor injuries.
8 70 multimillion ire (n) =
person who
has many millions
of
dollars
or pounds: noA.uE:KOTOIJ.IJ.UPLOUxoc;
Bill Gates
is
a multimillionaire thanks to the success
of
Microsoft.
8 71 multicoloured (adj) =
having
many
colours:
noA.UxpwiJ.oc;
Male birds often have multicoloured
feathers, while the females are less colourful.
8 72
multicultural
(adj) = made up of many cultures:
noA.unoA.tTLOIJ.LK6c;
London
is
a multicultural city
8 73 oversimplify (v) = wrongly present something
complex as
being simple:
un£panA.ouorsUw The
board
of
directors oversimplified the problems
and
didn't deal with the issues
properly
8 74 multilingu l (adj)
=
related to or
speaking
a number
of languages:
n o A . U y A . w o o o ~ Europeans are often
multilingual; speaking several languages.
8 75
overcook
(v) = cook for too long:
n a p a ~ p a w
n a p m j J ~ v w
The pasta was overcooked
and
too soft.
Opp: undercook (v)
8 76 multistorey (adj) = with many levels: no.\uwpoqJoc;
The building needs a multistorey
car park
since so
many
people come
to
work
by
car.
8.77 overbooked (adj) = having sold or reserved more
tickets
than available:
u n £ p a p t 8 ~ £ c ;
K P O T ~ O £ L c ; The
restaurant was overbooked
and
we had to
wait half
an
hour
to
get
a table.
8 78 outnumber (v) = be greater
in
number than
another
group:
un£ptxw
apt81J.J1TLK6
Women outnumber
men
in advanced psychology courses.
8 79 multipurpose
(adj)
= serving
a
number of
purposes
at one time:
noMan.\wv
X P ~ O £ w v
A Swiss Army
knife
is a multipurpose tool.
8 80
outstay (v)
= stay longer than expected or wanted:
IJ.f:vw n£ptoo6r£po (an 6oo
nptn£L) After a month,
Barbara
had
outstayed
her
welcome.
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8 81 outsmart (v)
= gain an advantage using a clever or
dishonest trick:
a n o o e L K v i l o ~ O L
el;unv6Tepoc;
The
police
outsmarted
the criminals by carefully analysing
their method of operation.
882 overcharge (v)
= charge too much: unepxpewvw
That
shop
has
overcharged
me
again.
Opp: undercharge
(v)
8 83 understaffed (adj)
= not have enough staff to do
the work:
IJE
avenapKtc;
npoowmK6
e
are currently
understaffed
and
are going
to
hire three more employees.
Opp: overstaffed (adj)
COLLOCATIONS
(page
66)
8 84
unspoilt (adj) = not harmed or changed to be made
less beautiful: aneipaxmc;
The
beach
area is
unspoilt
and
clean.
8 85
rough
(adj)
= 1. uneven and not smooth:
< p o u p T o u v t a o ~ t v o c ; ayptoc; The sea was very
rough
and
some
sailors began to feel sick. 2 approximate:
KOT< l
n p o o t y y t o ~ I have a rough idea of what the trip
will
cost but
I don t know the exact price.
8 86 exotic
(adj) = interesting because it is unusual: e ~ w n K 6 c ;
My
aunt enjoys growing exotic plants like orchids.
METAPHOR
AND
MEANING
(page
67)
8 87 go round
n
circles =
not make any
progress
because you keep coming back to same point: oev
oOrwW
noueeva The conversation went round in
circles for hours and we
didn t
come to any decisions.
8 88
drift (v)
= move gradually:
K L v o i l ~ m . n a p a o t l p o ~ O L Our
conversation drifted from one top ic to another:
8 89
take a
sudden I unexpected turn
= change without
warning: nalpvw anp60IJEVf] Tponr j he
conversation
took
a
sudden turn
and
became very political.
s.eo
move n n unexpected direction = change
surprisingly: O A A i l ~ w nopeia
l;a<pvLKil
The conversation
moved
in an unexpected direction when Sally began to
tell us about her serious marital problems.
8 91 say
(something) in a roundabout way = avoid
speaking directly to the point:
Atw
(Kim) nAilyta,
unovoW
I didn t want to hurt my
mother-in-law s
feelings, so I tried to tell her in a
roundabout
way
that
we were
making
other
plans for
the holiday.
8 92 go off tr ck = move away from the subject under
discussion: ~ y a i v w an6
TO 8t11a
He
went
off
track
and
started
talking about
unrelated
issues.
8 93
(be)
on
the right
I
wrong track
= act in a way that is
likely to lead to a successful/ unsuccessful end:
( E i ~ m ) ae owm6 I A68oc; 1 i p 6 ~ o Even though we have
not
yet solved the
problem,
we are definitely on the
right
track.
8 94
w nder
off
the
topic
= talk about issues not related
to the
subject under
discussion: ~ e < p e U y w an6 TO
8 t ~ a The
lecturer
wanders off the
topic all
the
time
and it confuses the students.
8 95
steer
(a)
convers tion
= direct the way
a conversation
is
going: KOTeu8tlvw o u ~ ~ T ~ o ~ I steered the
conversation
round
to the
topic
I
wanted
to discuss.
8 96
follow (a) conversation
= understand what is being
said: napaKOAouew ~ L a
o u ~ ~ T ~ o ~
Emily can follow a
conversation in English, even though she doesn t
understand every word.
8 97 follow
(someone s)
train of thought
= understand
the
sequence or logic of what someone is saying:
napaKOAOU8W
a K t l j J ~
(Kilnmou) Please don t
question me yet;
just
try to follow
my train
of
thought.
8 98 wonder where
(a)
convers tion is going le ding
=
be confused about the direction of the
conversation:
avapwTLtllOL noll nO.e1
o u ~ t ] T J l O J l
e
wondered
where the conversation was going when Pat changed
the subject.
8 99
drive at (phr
v)
= say something without saying
it
directly:
unovoW, npoana8W
va nw tllllEOa
I heard what you said
but it s still not clear to
me
what you are driving at.
8 1oo
get
at
(phr v)
=say
something without saying it
directly: npoana8w
va nw I don t
understand what
you are getting at; please explain.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS
(page
67)
8 1o1 board= 1 (n)
long piece
of
wood: aavioa
m w ~ m o c
That board in the floor creaks if
you stand
on it.
2 (v)
get on a train, plane, bus, or ship:
e m ~ L ~ i l ~ o ~ m
e
boarded
a
ship in Piraeus and set sail for Crete.
across
the
board
= affecting all people or all things:
yLa
6AOU<;
avel;mptTw<;
It was decided to give
across-the-board raises to everyone.
board of
directors
(n) =see
2 5
8 102 leave=
1 (n)
see
2 65 2 (v)
arrange to give property
or money to someone after your
death:
a<pt ]vw
K A ~ p o v o ~ L i l
My
uncle left
all his money to the local
hospital
when he died.
leave
to chance
= take a risk by not planning:
a < p ~ v w
~
T U X ~
Sue doesn t want to leave anything to
chance; she has
planned
every detail
of her
holiday.
8 103
land (n)
=
1 an
area
of
ground:
y ~ . K T ~ ~ a Her family
owns
a lot
of and
and they raise sheep on it.
2 country or region: xwpa
Scotland
is the
land
of
my
ancestors.
land a
job=
successfully get a job that you wanted:
K e p o i ~ w . naipvw 1iouAet6
Many people applied
for the
job but Sue was the one who landed it.
LN OTHER WORDS
(page
67)
8 104 set
foot
n =
reach
or enter
a place:
etotpxollm
nnyaivw KO.nou I had never set foot in a mosque
before
I visited Egypt.
8 105
break a
journey
= stop a trip
in
the middle for a short
time:
KO.vw OTO.on On the way to Dublin, we broke our
journey in London to visit some friends.
8 106 (be) bound for (adj) =travel
towards a particular
place:
K O T e u 8 t l v o ~ m
npoc;
The ship was
bound
for
Sydney
but
made
a
stopover
in Singapore.
8 107 access (n) =ability to
use or enter something:
n p 6 o ~ a o ~ Only the
secretary
has access to the
president s computer files.
Der: (in)accessibility
(n)
access
(v)
(in)accessible (adj)
8 108
ahead
of
schedule= earlier than planned: vwpiTepa
If
we arrive ahead
of
schedule,
we
will have
time
to
tour the town before the meeting.
8 1 oe
cater for
(v)
= provide everything needed or wanted
(Am
E:
cater to):
t p p O V T i ~ w ,
TpOtpOOOTW The hotel
caters
for
families with young children and provides a
playground
and a pool.
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a.110 in the
footsteps
of= in the same path as someone
WhO has gone before you:
OTO
OXVOpLO
KOITOlOU)
Beth
is
following in the footsteps of her father
by
studying
to
be a lawyer just like him.
s.112
embark on (phr v)
=start
a new activity
or
project,
usually one that seems difficult or which might take
a long time: p x i ~ w OTL Kmvoupyto i i5LlaKol\o
The
couple embarked on a round-the-world tour with
stops
in
numerous cities.
8.111 prior to adj) = before: nptv an6
All reports must be
completed prior to Monday s meeting so they can be
distributed beforehand.
8.113 in the
vicinity
= nearby:
ma
m:plxwpa
There are so
many interesting places to visit in the vicinity of the
hotel that you
don t
need to rent a car
VOCABULARY PRACTICE (Units 6-8)
A. Complete
the sentences
using
the
nouns below. You
might
need to
use the
plural form.
panel
•
dehydration
e
brochure
e
jaw
o
sling
o
mix-up
rucksack a herd • stitch s insomnia • pile-up 0 stretcher
1 George has
got
his arm in a ............................ - perhaps he sprained it when he fell.
2. The photo of the hotel in the ............................ was misleading. It was nowhere near as nice as it seemed.
3. That
cut
on your leg isn't deep enough to need ........................... .
4.
The emergency services rushed
to
assist the people hurt in the
motorway
............................ .
5. The injured climber was lowered
down
the mountain on a ............................ .
6.
The farmer led his ............................
of
goats
down
from the pastures.
7. Before setting out, the hiker checked he had a
map
and a bottle of water in his .........................
8
A ............................
of
professional musicians will judge the Young Musician competition.
9. Having suffered from ........ ............ ....... for years, I feel permanently tired.
10
The boxer hit his opponent in the face with such force that he broke his ............................ .
11 is a serious problem for people who
don t
drink enough in hot weather.
12. Because of a ............................ , the students were given the wrong exam papers.
B Match the adjectives to their meanings.
1
disobedient
a.
very scared
2
apprehensive
b.
considering others' feelings
3.
inadequate
c.
not friendly or welcoming
4
irritated d. showing natural beauties
5
petrified e. nervous
6
despondent f.
not
having enough employees
7
thoughtful g. very unhappy
8.
scenic
h.
angry
9
inhospitable
i. not
sufficient
10
understaffed
j.
not doing what you're told
to
c
Choose
the correct
words.
1
We've covered most items on the agenda; there are just a few
ifs and buts I bits and pieces
that we have
to
discuss.
2. We've been turning I going round in circles and still haven't
come
up with a solution.
3.
I bet your brother was
glad I
miserable
about
passing his exam.
4.
Jane has
to
have regular blood tests because she suffers from a rare remedy I disorder.
5. You
won t
have
to put
me up for more than one night I don t
want to outstay
I
outlive my
welcome.
6. When the passenger realised the train was bound to I
for
Edinburgh, he
got
off.
7. I'd love
to
be
multicultural
I multi l ingual- imagine speaking four languages
8.
The injuries
to
his
chest I pelvis
were so bad that he spent six months in a wheelchair.
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T True) or F False)
according to
the
meaning
of the words
in bold.
Places that are
off the beaten track
are very crowded with holidaymakers
.....
When talking about something
in
a
roundabout way,
you avoid being specific.
If
you
search n vain for something, you soon find it. ..... .
4.
If you
wound
a friend s
pride,
you will make him I her feel unhappy
......
5. When an idea
crosses your mind it means
you
forget it. ....
..
6. A friend who
stabs
you
in
the back is trying to support you .....
.
7. If you are having
the
time of
your
life, you are enjoying yourself ....
.
8. If you go to the cinema now and again, you go very often ......
9. Someone who is on a self-catering holiday would have all their meals provided ..... ..
10. If you take leave from work, you give up your
job
......
11. When someone
oversleeps,
they wake up later than they intended to .... .
12. Your prede essor is someone who held your position before you
did
.....
UN T
1 The Natural World
TOPIC
VOCABULARY page 78)
10 1 bush (n)
= low plant with
woody
branches:
8C IlVO<;
The garden was full
of
rose bushes.
Der: bushy adj)
10 2
bark (n)
= material which covers a tree trunk: <pl\m6<;
OtvTpou Ants live inside the bark of a tree.
10 3 branch
(n)
= part
of
a tree which grows from the trunk:
KAaOi When the branches moved in the wind, leaves
fluttered to the ground.
bud (n) = flower or leaf before it opens: llnOUilnouKL n
spring, the flower buds attract birds.
Der: bud
(v)
10 5
seed (n)
=small hard part produced by a plant that
can
grow
into a new plant: an6po<; ou can grow an
apple tree if you plant apple seeds.
10 6
@
10 8
10 9
10 10
8
10 12
stalk
(n) = part that joins the flowers and leaves
to
the
plant: KOTOOVL, llioxoc;
Daffodils are yellow flowers with
long, green stalks.
trunk (n) =
thick
part
of
a tree from which the branches
grow: KOPil6<;
The koala climbs the tree trunk to reach
the branches.
twig (n) = small, thin branch growing from a larger one:
Kl\aMKL, napaKI\6i5L
He collected dry twigs in order to
build a campfire.
weed (n) = unwanted plant growing wild in a garden:
aypLOXOPTO Their garden is full of weeds and looks
uncared for
Der: weed (v):
~ e x o p m p t i l ~ w
blossom (n)
= a flower
or
all the flowers on a tree:
<iv8oc; Orange and lemon trees have deliciously
fragrant blossoms
in
spring.
reptile (n)
= animal species with scaly skin that lays
eggs: E:pneT6 Lizards, snakes and crocodiles are all
reptiles.
Der: reptilian adj): e p n n o e t i 5 ~ < ; .
aav
epnn6
mammal (n)
= animal species which feeds its young
with its own milk:
8 ~ 1 \ a m t K 6
Whales, dogs, lions and
humans are mammals.
Der: mammalian adj)
10 13 amphibian (n) =an animal that lives both on land and
water,
but
must lay its eggs in water:
a 1 1 < p i ~ L O Typical
amphibians like frogs
and
toads inhabit areas with
lakes and rivers.
Der: amphibious adj)
10 14
species (n)
= particular group
of
plants
or
animals that
share certain characteristics and breed with each
other: eii5o<; ~ w o u , <pumu)
There are many species of
birds in tropical areas.
C . invertebrate (n) = an animal without a backbone:
\ J aan6vi5ul\o ~ w o The octopus and the jellyfish are two
common marine invertebrates.
Opp: vertebrate (n)
, o ~
shell
(n) = the hard outer part of certain animals:
-- Ktl\u<po<;,
K a ~ o u K L
The
turtle can pull its head and feet
into its shell for protection.
10 17
hatch (v)
=break out
of
an egg: EKKol\amOilOL
Chickens hatch by breaking the eggshell with their
beaks.
10 18 cold-blooded
adj) =having a
body
temperature that
depends on the surroundings and is not internally
regulated: LjJuxp6mllo<; yta ~ < i l a Snakes and other
cold-b looded animals seek warmth underground in
winter.
Opp: warm-blooded adj)
8 scaly adj) = covered in small, flat pieces
of
hard skin:
<pOALi5wT6<;, l\emi5wT6<;
I couldn t bear to touch the
snake s scaly skin.
Der: scale (n)
9 habitat (n)
= natural environment in which animals or
plants live:
<pUOLK6 n e p t ~ O M o v The natural habitat for
these birds is the jungle.
6 _ < > ~
hibernate (v)
= sleep through the winter months:
ntcpTw
oe
XElllEpla
v<lpKll Bears hibernate through the
winter months and become active again only when
spring brings warm weather.
Der: hibernation (n)
10 22 nest (n) = a bed-like structure animals make in which
to keep their eggs or young: <pWALil
Birds start making
nests in early spring for the protection
of
their eggs.
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10.23
lay v) (laid, laid) = 1 produce an egg: y£vvw a ~ y a )
Our hen laid one egg every morning.
2.
put down on
a suriace:
rono8en.i.:J,
a K o u ~ n W Sue laid the
books
on
the desk.
lay the
table
= arrange the cutlery and crockery on
the
table for a meal (AmE: set the table): mpwvw TO
T p a n t ~ t The children
helped
us get ready
for
lunch by
laying the table.
1
o.24
fur
n)
=
thick soft hair that covers the bodies of
animals: r p l x w ~ a , yoUva Environmentalists are bitterl y
opposed
to the use of animal fur by fashion designers.
Der: furry adj)
10.2s indigenous (adj) =naturally existing in a particular
area: vr6moc;, t8ayevf]c; Kangaroos are indigenous to
Australia.
/ ~ ~ n u r t u r e
v)
= provide care and attention needed to
· _/ develop: Tptcpw. KOAAt£pyw They carefully nurtured
their flower garden throughout the winter, so in spring
they had a glorious array
of
blooms.
Der: nurture n)
10.27 pouch n)
=
a pocket-like part of an animal used to
carry their young:
~ O p m n o ~
Seeing
a
baby
kangaroo
emerge from its
mother s
pouch is an amazing sight.
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ resemble
v)
::::to be similar to someone or something:
/ I J O L O ~ w The two species resemble each
other
and only
experts can tell them apart.
Der:
resemblance n)
10.29
tadpole
n)
=young frog before it grows legs: yupivoc;
The children are waiting
for
the tadpoles in the pond to
change into frogs.
10.30
gland
n) =a
part of the
body
that produces a
necessary chemical substance: a O E : v a ~ Ducks and
other water birds have a gland that produces a
substance, which protects them from the cold.
Der: glandular (adj)
1o.31 predator n) animal which kills other animals for
food: apnaKnK6 ( ~ w o , TTT11V6) The leopard
is
a
predator
known for its speed.
,,.._
Der: predatory (adj): apnaKnK6c;
10.32 feather n):::: a soft light structure that covers birds
bodies: cpn:p6, noUnouAo Everyone marvelled at the
brightly coloured feathers
of
the South American parrot.
Der: feathered (adj)
featherless (adj)
10.33
incubate v)
=to
keep eggs warm by sitting on them
until they hatch: Kilwow a ~ y a ) Modern chicken farms
have special machines to
incubate
eggs instead
of
leaving
it
to the hens.
Der: incubat1on n)
incubator n)
10.34 chick n) young bird: KoronouA6Kt Several
young
chicks followed the hen everywhere.
; ; ; ~ ) f e n d
for m y s e l ~ (phr v) = to look after or protect myself
without help: OUVTTlPOUIJOl I J 6 V O ~
IJOU
The newly
hatched birds couldn t fend for themselves, so their
parents continuously fed them worms
and
insects.
, / '••:,
i.10.36 offspring n):::: children: a n 6 y o v o ~ Animals
look after
\
their offspring by instinct.
10.37
creature (n);:;::; any living thing except for plants: nA6o1Ja
We
should
show
respect for all living creatures.
10.38 venomous adj) = poisonous: 6 ~ 1 \ ~ T ~ p t w o ~ c ; A
cobra
is a venomous snake.
Der: venom n)
BOOST
YOUR VOCABULARY
PREPOSITIONS (page 79)
10 39 n pursuit process of trying to achieve something or
chasing someone or something: oe a v a ~ ~ T l O f l The
police sped down the motorway in
pursuit of
the thief.
Der: pursue v)
10 40
aversion
n)
=strong dislike: anE:xSeta,
a n o o r p o c p ~
have an aversion to
eggs and
refuse to
eat
them.
Der: averse (adj)
~ ; - ~ e n c o u n t e r
n) chance meeting: anpoo06KflTll
\ . , . · ~ - ·
.. ouv6vTflO l
We
had an interesting
encounter
with a
group of tourists.
Der: encounter v)
10 42
thrive v):::: do well and grow strong: euOoKq.Hil She
thrives on the pressure in her new job.
10 43 impact n) ; ; ; strong effect: enlOpaon Our new
advertisement
hasn t
had
any impact
on sales.
10 44 impose v):::: to establish or introduce something
by force or authority: £ m ~ M I I w The local authority
imposed
restrictions
on
fishing in
order
to protect the
population
of
trout
in
the lake.
10 45 ban n)
=official
declaration that an activity must not
take place: a n a y p £ U o ~ The smoking ban in all
public
places was controversial despite its obvious health
benefits.
Der: ban v)
10 46 extent n) =degree size or importance: r3a8116c;,
1JE:ye8oc; We
won t
know the extent
of
his injuries
from the accident until the morning.
Der: extensive (adj): see
2.82
10 47 in captivity
in
prison (people) or in an enclosed
place that is not a natural habitat (animals):
O T ~ V
mx11aAwola It s cruel to raise wild animals in captivity;
they should be
allowed
to roam freely.
Der: captive n)
10 48
in the wild in a free, natural environment: o£
tpUOlKO
n £ p l ~ a M o v ,
mnv
aypta t p U O ~ Elephants
roam in the
wild
in Africa.
RELATED
WORDS (page 79)
10 49
abolish v) = officially end a system or Jaw:
KOTapyc.iJ
Slavery was
abolished
in the US in 1865.
10 50
10.51
10 52
10 53
Der: abolition n)
advocate v) = publicly support a policy:
u n £ p a o n l ~ o 1 J m Onll60la Nelson Mandela
advocated
equal
rights in
South
Africa.
Der: advocacy n): u n £ p a o m o ~
advocate n): o u v ~ y o p o c ; , u n £ p a o m o r ~ c ;
approve
v)
have a positive feeling towards: £yKplvw
1don t approve of the way
young people
dress
today
Der: approval n)
approved (adj)
ban v) = see
1
0.45
bar v)
=
forbid to enter: anoKAE:iw, anayopeUw
In many countries,
dogs
are barred from entering
restaurants and shops.
Der: bar n)
condemn
v)
say that something is bad or wrong:
K O T 0 0 t K 6 ~ w
Many clubs have condemned the
behaviour
of
hooligans
at
football games.
Der: condemnation n)
condemned (adj)
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. tC\consent v)
=give Permission:
ouvmvW,
OUIJ <pwv<i>
V
Veronica s
p rents reluct ntly consented to her using
the car.
E ~
Der:
consent (n)
endorse (v) = say that you are in favour of something:
u n o m ~ p i ~ w The company
asked
Tom Cruise to
endorse their clothing.
Der: endorsement (n)
€57
permit
(v)
= allow: emTptnw
The
zoo
authorities
don t
--··
permit
visitors
to
feed
the animals.
Der: permission (n):
ai'ieLa
permit (n): e n i o ~ ~ ~ Meta (an6 nc; apxtc;)
permissible (adi)
A
protest
(v)
= say or show that you strongly disagree:
-/
i ' i t a ~ a p n l p o ~ m The students are
protesting
the latest
increase in university fees.
Der: protest
(n): i ' i L a ~ a p T u p i a
protester (n): i 5 L a ~ a p T u p 6 ~ e v o c ;
~ ~ / kitten (n) =young cat: ymaKL Kittens are cute.
10.60 puppy (n) = young dog: K O U T a ~ L Our dog was really
playful as a puppy.
tadpole
(n) =see 10.29
0.6 ) lamb (n) = young sheep: apvi The tiny lambs stood
close to the older sheep.
\o.63) kid
(n)
=young
goat:
KOTOLKaKL Kids live with female
. : : : = - ~ ,
goats in herds.
10.64
calf
(n)
=young
cow:
~ o o x a p L The
cow
gave birth to
' / - ~ - , t w o
calves
· ~ ~ 'chick (n) = see
10.34
10.66l cub
(n)
= young wolf, bear, lion or other wild animal:
veoyv6
(MKOU,
apKolli5ac;, 1\tovmptou Kl\n)
Wolf cubs
...
- look like young dogs.
..
0 6 ~ foal (n) = a young horse or donkey: nouA6pL A
· veterinarian
was
c lfed in to
assist a
horse giving birth
to its foal
,·10.68 \chirp
(v)
= make a short, high-pitched sound like a
bird: n n ~ i ~ w A
bright
green bird
chirped
loudly.
•10.68
1
croak
(v)
= make a low sound like a frog: K O a ~ w .
· . ~
..
K p a ~ w The frogs were croaking loudly.
'
·,
i
10.70 mew
(v) = make a sound like a cat:
v t a o u p i ~ w
The
· c t mewed bec use it was
hungry.
/ ~
10.71 )
moo v) =make a long, low sound like a cow:
~ o u y K a v i ~ w
Mooing
loudly. the
cows
crossed the field.
: 10?1 · bleat
(v)
= make a sharp, jerky sound like a goat:
\
~ e M ~ w
The hungry goats stood bleating near the fence.
1 . 7 ~ ) bark (v) = make a short, loud sound like a dog:
.. y a ~ y i ~ w When h1s dog barked, Jack
knew something
.r '··.
:.,10.74
'
was wrong.
howl (v) = make a long, loud sound like a wolf:
o u p l \ t a ~ w We could hear the
wolf
howling
at
the moon.
• 10.75
neigh
(v)
= make the high sound horses make:
X A L ~ L V T p i ~ w We could hear the horses neighing to
each other while
we
were working on
the
farm.
WO.RDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 80)
.
. . - · ~ ·
/10.76 ··,capsize
(v)
=tip over on the water (a boat):
'-;;..-.. a v a n o i i o y u p i ~ w (yta
~ a p K a )
~ J b ? Y
capture
(v)
= take prisoner:
m x ~ a l \ w T i ~ w
~ o ) ~ ) captivate v) = fascinate: oaynveUw
9 conserve v) = take care using something so it lasts
\ · as long as possible: i i t m ~ p w , npo<pul\aoow
.. ~ observe (v) =watch carefully: n a p m ~ p w
·-
10.81 preserve
v) = protect from changing: npoaran:Uw,
OUVTT]pr.iJ
10.82 immigration n)
= moving to a new country to live:
~ n a V O O T £ U O ~ (npo<; ~ L a
XWPa)
10.83
·
migration
(n)
= moving to another part of the
world for a specific time period, usually seasonal:
1JETOV0.0TEUOT],
ano0T]I- iO
10.84. ·
emigration
(n)
= leaving your country to live
in
another country: ~ e m v a o T £ u o ~ (an6
~ L a
xwpa)
. . . . _
10.85
docile (adj) =quiet and not aggressive: unO.Kouoc;,
n e t 8 ~ V L O C :
Der: docility (n)
10.86 tame (adj) = not wild:
~ w p o c ;
.... · .., Der: tame (v)
,10.87
1
domestic
(adj) =
1.
animal kept as a pet or
on
a farm:
··
KOTOLKii5toc;
2. related to home and family life: OLKLaK6c;
Der: domesticate (v)
domesticated (adj)
0 i ~ ~ ) physical (adj) = related to the body: o w ~ a n K 6 c ;
~ i ) genuine
(adJ) = real:
y v ~ m o c ;
1 6 ~ 9 0
1
natural
(adj) =normal; found in nature:
< puOLK6c;
· .. Der: naturalist (n)
•
~ . 9 1 ) evolution (n) = gradual change over time (particularly
·· ... ' in the development of living things): e ~ t l \ t ~ ~
Der: evolve (v)
.,
evolutionary (adj)
,-·-- \
10.92)
extinction
(n) = death
of
all animals or plants
of
a
·
certain type:
e ~ a < p a v t o ~
(eii'iouc;)
.- ·•'\ Der: extinct (adj)
1 0.93
extermination (n) = the complete killing off of a group
'· . of animals or insects in a certain area:
e ~ o A 6 8 p e u o n
Der: exterminator (n)
exterminate
(v)
1 Q , ~ 4 ·,predator (n) =see
10.31
.
a·.·g}
prey
(n) = animal hunted by another animal for food:
8 ~ p a ~ a
. - ~ Der: prey (v)
_io.96 lpoacher (n) =person who illegally catches or kills
animals: l \ a 8 p o K u v ~ y 6 c ;
Der: poaching (n)
poach
(v)
involve
(v)
= include: o u ~ n e p t l \ a ~ ~ a v w , a<popw
;1o:98
revolve v) =turn around: neptoTpt<.pw,
-OIJOl
WORD FORMATION (page 80)
;Q; ;j
doubtful
(adj) = unlikely:
a ~ < p i ~ o l \ o c ;
It s doubtful
·
whether we
can finish this project on time
~ ~ ~ d u t i f u l (adJ)
=careful to do what is expected:
unaKouoc;
·..
· · James
is
a dutiful
son.
10.101 eventful (adj)
=with
a lot of things happening:
n e p t n n e t w i ' i ~ c ; .
nol\uTapaxoc;
We were tired
at
the
end
of
the long, eventful
day
10.102 fruitful
(adj)
=
1.
producing good results: anoi5onK6<;,
Kapno<p6poc; The meeting was fruitful and now we can
expect better working conditions. 2. fertile:
y 6 v t ~ o c ;
Der: fruitfulness (n)
Opp: fruitless (adj)
fruitlessness
(n)
10.103
merciless
(adj)
=very
cruel: OanAaxvoc;,
ndnnnr
The merciless king killed
many
innocent
Opp: merciful (adj)
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UNIT 1
10 104 motionless (adj) =without movement: OKivnroc;
The
soldiers stood motionless as the flag was raised.
10 105
pitiful
(adj) =looking unhappy and
in
need
of
sympathy:
a ~ t o 8 p ~ v ~ r o c ;
The thin and weak child
looked pitiful.
10 1 o6
pointless
(adj) = without purpose: 6oKonoc;
It s
pointless to plan
a
holiday
it you don t
have any time
to go away
10.107
priceless
(adj)
=worth
a large amount
of
money:
~ e y O A 1 1 c ;
a ~ i a c ; These
diamond
earrings are priceless.
10.1oa
relentless (adj) =when
something
shows no sign
of stopping
or
improving: a0t6Konoc; The relentless
barking of the dogs in the
neighbourhood
keeps
everyone up
at
night.
Der: relentlessness n)
unrelenting (adj)
10 1oe
restless (adj) =unable to be still because of being
nervous or bored: a v ~ o u x o c ; Jean was restless
and
couldn t
sit
still.
Der: restlessness n)
10 110
shameless (adj) =not feeling ashamed
of
behaviour
that others find unacceptable:
~ £ 6 L a v r p o n o c ;
Her
shameless lies caused
her
family embarrassment.
Der: shamelessness
n)
shameful (adj) maxpoc;
10 111 shapeless
(adj)
=without
shape
or
form:
aKav6vtoToc;. a o U ~ ~ E : T p o c ; I started with a shapeless
lump of clay and made it into a sculpture.
Der: shapelessness n)
10 112 tactful (adj)
=careful
not to say things which will
upset others: 5taKptnK6C: It s
not
tactful to
comment
on someone s weight.
Opp: tactless (adj)
10 113 worthless
(adj) =having little or no value: xwpic; a ~ i a
The advice he gave us was worthless.
Der: worthlessness n)
10 114
youthful
(adj)
=young-like:
V£OVLK6c; Although she is
quite old, Mrs Jenkins has a very youthful face.
Der: youthfulness
n)
10 115 featherless
(adj) =without feathers:
XWPi<;
cpTEpO
When
baby
birds hatch, they are featherless.
METAPHOR
AND
MEANING
(page 81)
10 11s cultivate v) = 1. grow plants: Kai.I.L£pyw They
cultivate every bit of land on the island 2. develop an
attitude, image
or
skill:
K a A A t ~ : p y c i . l ,
avanTUoow John
has cultivated an image
of
the caring,
kind
physician.
Der: cultivation n)
10 111 dig
v) (dug,
dug =
make a hole
in
the ground:
o a ~ w
The dog has
dug
holes all
over
the
garden
dig around (phr v) = look for information not easily
available: L)Jaxvw
navrou
n l . ~ p o c p o p i £ c ; ) The
journalist
dug
around
for
days until he
found
someone
who would reveal her secret.
10 11s
fertile
(adj) = 1. able
to
produce: £ucpopoc;, y 6 v t ~ o c ;
The fertile land in the valley
produced
a
good crop
of wheat this
year
2. able
to produce good
ideas:
napaywytK6c; Sue s fertile
mind
comes up with
amazing solutions.
Der: fertility
n)
Opp: infertile (adj)
26
10 119 flourish v) = 1 grow well: £ u 5 o K t ~ W Trees flourish
in the jungles of
South America.
2.
develop and be
successful: a v a n n J o o o ~ a t My restaurant flourished
after I hired a
new
chef.
Der: flourish
n): X £ L p o v o ~ i a
10 120
root
n) = 1. part
of
a plant that grows underground:
p i ~ a
(cpurou) The tree roots were so deep we
had
to
dig
them out. 2. place
or
culture a person
or
family
comes from:
O t K o y ~ : v £ t a K t c ;
p i ~ E C : Bob s going to
Ireland to look into his family s roots. 3 main cause
of
a problem: OLTia We
need
to
get
to the
root
of the
problem so we can solve it
Der: root v)
10 121
sow v) (sowed,
sown =
1 plant seeds in the ground:
<pUT£Uw on6pouc; The farmer sows seeds in the
spring. 2 put an idea in someone s mind: ontpvw
a ~ c p L ~ o l . i £ c ; , otxovma Ki.n.) Mrs Baker
sowed doubt
and
suspicion when she
couldn t remember
important
facts or details.
10 122
stem n)
=part
of
a plant where leaves and flowers
are attached: ~ l o x o c ;
AouA.ouOtoU. KOToO.vt
Put the
stems into water as
soon as
the roses are cut.
stem from v) = caused by: n p o t p x o ~ m
an6
His back
problems stem from an
old
football injury.
10 123
unearth
v) =discover something that was secret or
missing:
E;t:8C:tl3w,
avaKaAUnTw
After
searching for
days, I finally unearthed the picture I needed.
10 124 deep-rooted (adj)
=something
which has lasted a
long time and is difficult
to
change: ~ a 8 t a p t ~ w ~ t v o c ;
I have
had
a
deep-rooted
fear of spiders ever since I
was young.
1o 125
field
n) = 1. area
of
land that is cultivated: xwpacpt
The field is
planted
with cotton. 2. see 2.63
10 126 leave no stone unturned
=try
every possible way to
achieve something:
Ktvci.l
Yll
Kat
oupav6
The detective
will/eave no stone
untumed
in his
attempt
to solve
the crime.
MULTIPLE
MEANINGS (page 81)
10 121 branch 1. v) divide:
6 t a K I a 6 i ~ o ~ m At
the intersection
where the road branches, stay to the right.
2 n)
small store
or
office belonging
to
a bigger
company: napO.pnwa, unoKaTOOTTWO I have been
transferred from the head office to a new branch.
3. n) see 10.3
branch out
(phr
v)
= see 4.148
10 128
coat=
1
n)
covering
of
hair or fur on an animal:
r p i x w ~ a
~ w o u
The animals
grew
a thick coat for the
winter. 2.
n)
layer: O T p w ~ a m i o r p w o ~ Jane put
second coat
of
nail polish. 3. v) cover with a thin
layer: ~ : m K a A U n T w Coat the chicken with
10 129
plant=
1.
v)
put into the ground to make it
<pUT£Uw We planted a rose bush near the
2. v) put something into someone s
that
they will look guilty: rono8£Tw
OTOLXeia
Someone must have planted
in Todd s backpack. 3. n) factory:
The workers
at
the chemical plant
yesterday.
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PHRASAL VERBS
(page 82)
10 130
stamp out
(phr
v) ~ p u t an
end to something
unacceptable:
KOTOOTtMw Conservationists are
campaigning to stamp out the
use
of harmful pesticides.
10 131
back out
(phr
v)
decide not to do something you
had agreed to do:
a n o o u p o ~ m .
eyKmaAeinw The
contract hasn't been signed yet so it's
not
too late to
back out of the deal.
10 132
wear
out
(phr v)
~ f e e l
very tired:
e ~ O V T A < i l
Looking
after two young children all day really wore me out.
10 133
psych out
(phr
v)
(inf) try
to
shake
an
opponent s
confidence: ano8appuvw (avTinaAo) While Barbara
was aiming for the basket, a player on the opposing
team tried to psych her out
by
making fun of her.
10 134 drop out
of) (phr
v) ~ l e a v e
school, a competition,
etc. before finishing:
eyKOTOAeinw
(anouot<;,
o t a y w v t o ~ 6 K.An.) Todd found the pressure at law
school too much nd dropped out after one term.
Der: dropout
n)
10 135
single out
(phr
v) ~ s e l e c t
one person or thing for
special attention:
~ e x w p i ~ w .
otaMyw
Lisa was singled
out on graduation day as the student most likely to
succeed.
10 136 run out
(phr v) stop being valid:
Mvw
oev toxuw
Matthew's lease
ran
out last month so he's looking for
a new flat to rent.
10 137 hold out
(phr
v) ~ l a s t
long enough:
avTtxw
The
hikers should have enough water to hold out until the
rescue team arrives
10 136
work
out
(phr
v) ~ d o
intensive physical exercise:
y u ~ v 6 ~ o ~ O L
Weightlifters work out several hours each
day to bui ld their muscles.
Der: workout
n)
10 139
bum out phr
v)
~ b e c o m e
unable to continue because of
overwork:
e ~ a v r A o l l ~ O L K m a n o v o u ~ O L
He
worked so hard
at improving
his
tennis game that he burnt himself out
IN OTHER
WORDS
(page
82)
10 140 fundamentally
(adv) ~ c o m p l e t e l y :
~ O O L K 6
The two
politicians had fundamentally different views on global
warming.
10 141 flawed
(adj)
~ h s
a mark or mistake:
E A O T T W ~ O T L K 6 < ;
The data was flawed so the experiment has to be run
again.
10 142 radical
(adj) extreme:
p L ~ L K 6 < ; p t ~ o a n a o n K 6 < ;
Communism
is
a radical version of socialism.
10 143
makeover
n) ~ s e t
of changes that makes
someone or something look better:
O A O K A ~ p w T L K T i
avovtwo11
Our company should function better after
management carries out its radical makeover.
10 144 unjustifiable
(adj)
~ s e e
6.129
10.145 state of affairs= situation
at
a specific
time: KOT6ma0Tl
The
cutTent
state of affairs in the company does not allow
for rises.
10 146
utterly
adv) ~ s e e
6.147
10 147 disgraceful adj) ~ e x t r e m e l y
bad or shocking: moxp6<;,
OTII1WTLK6c; His poor treatment of his
mother in law
is
disgraceful.
Der: disgrace
n)
10 146 incensed
(adj)
~ s e e 6 83
10.149 spectacle n) = unusual or
impressive
sight or event:
8ta11a The laser show was quite a spectacle.
10 150
beyond
(someone s)
c o m p r e h e n s i o n ~
too difficult
or complex to understand:
a K m a v 6 ~ T o < ; It is beyond
my
comprehension why you quit your job when you
haven't got another one.
10.151
cease
v) =stop: OTO ..IOTW
Conversation
ceased
when the professor entered the classroom.
10 152 utmost
(adj) greatest:
untpTOTO<;
This letter
is of
utmost importance so please send it out immediately
10 153 concern n) ~ f e e l i n g
of worry:
a v ~ a u x i a
My mother
expressed her concern about
the
level of
security
at
the airport.
Der: concerned adj)
10.154 make
a stand
against=
strong-minded attempt
to
oppose something:
n p o ~ C A A w
o8evapn avTimaon
Local environmentalists agreed
it
was time to make a
stand against illegal hunting in the area
10.155 start from
scratch=
start
from nothing: ~ e K t v W
an6
T ~ V
apxTi I tore up
my
first draft and started the essay
from scratch.
10 156
put a stop
t o ~
cause to end:
~ a ~ w
TtAo<;
(oe
KCtTL
We
must
put
a stop to the children's rude behaviour
UNIT 2
Language and Literature
TOPIC
VOCABULARY (page 95)
12 1
blurb
n) ~ s h o r t
bit of information printed
on
the
outside of a book, etc.:
n e p i A ~ L \ J ~
nAoKTi<; (oe
omo86<pUAAO) From the blurb on the back of
the
book, it sounds like an exciting story.
12.2 correspondence n)
=
etters you write and receive
or the process of writing and receiving letters:
a M ~ A o y p a < p i a
I described all the problems I
was
having with my new car in my correspondence with
the car company.
Der: correspondent
n)
correspond
v)
12 3 legend n) ~ o l d
story which might be true:
~ u S a < ;
SpllAo<; Htstorians thtnk that some parts of the legend
of
Robin Hood might be true.
Der: legendary (adj)
12 4
linguistics n)
~ s t u d y of the way language works:
yAwoaoAoyia
Kate speaks four languages
so
she
has
decided to study linguistics t university.
Der: linguist
n)
linguistic (adj)
12 5 lyrics n)
words of a song: oTiXOL Tpayouotou I
know who wrote the music of that song but who
wrote the lyrics?
Der: lyricist
n)
lyrical (adj)
12.6 manual n) = book with instructions on how to do
something: eyxetpioto
The
manual that came with
the
video explains exactly how to operate it
i2 7 non fiction n) writing which is about
real
events:
AOYOTEXVia ( ~ a O L o ~ t v ~ e
npOWOTLKCt yeyov6TO)
The
non-fiction section
of
the library has a
large
collection of biographies.
Opp: fiction
n)
12 6
paperback
n)
book with a flexible paper cover:
xapT6ono ~ L ~ A i o It's easy to read paperbacks
in
bed
because they are light and convenient to hold.
7
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UNIT 2
12.9 sm ll
details of a
document
written in small
letters, usually contain ing
conditions that
limit
your
rights: Ta l)JLM
ypawma
(a£ a u ~ ~ 6 1 - m o Always
be
sure to read the small print on your contract before
y u
sign it
12 10
subscription (n) =money paid in order to receive a
newspaper, magazine or service regularly: ouvOpol-lr ]
We
renewed our subscription to the daily paper,
though we
don't
have time to read
it
every
day
Der:
subscriber
(n)
subscribe
(v)
12 11
edition
(n)
=a version of a book, magazine or
newspaper printed
at
one time: tKOOO l The second
edition
of
the
book came
out
two
years
after
the first.
12 12
cronym (n)
=word made
up of
the
first letters of a
phrase or name: a K p l i l v u ~ o The North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation
is
usually known
by
its acronym, NATO.
12 13 anecdote (n)
=short, funny story: avtKi5oTo
Patrick
told
us an amusing
anecdote
about
what happened
on his holiday
Der: anecdotal (adj)
1214
consonant
(n)
~ l e t t e r
in the
alphabet
that
is
not
a
vowel (a, e, i, o, u): a u ~ c p w v o The letters
b
d
m
and t
are consonants.
12.15
j rgon
(n)
=words and expressions used
by
people
in a particular profession:
c:nayyEAIJOTtKr ]
opoAoyla
I don't understand this letter from the lawyer because
it's full
of legal
jargon.
12.16
poetry (n) =literary
writing arranged in
patterns of
lines and sound, often in rhyme: noi lO l We studied
Shakespeare's plays;
now
we are studying his poetry.
Der: poem (n)
poet
(n)
poetic
(adj): nmnnK6c;
poetical (adj):
nOlnTLKO<;
12.17
quot tion
(n) =a sentence or phrase someone has
spoken
or
written: an6onoo1JO,
xwpio
The
president
of
the college started his speech with a quotation
by
Winston Churchill.
Der:
quote
(n): a n 6 o n a a ~ a
quote
(v): napa8t1w an6onao11a
12.18 rumour (n) = unofficial information that may or may
not be true: c.pr JIJ l There is a rumour going around
that Richard has lost his job.
12 19
slang (n) ~ i n f o r m a l
language used mostly in
conversation: apyK6, AmKr j
£Kcppao11 The word cool
is
popular
slang for great .
12.20 slog n
(n)
= short, easily remembered phrase:
oUv811110
The students shouted anti-war slogans at
the demonstration.
12.21 verse (n) =group of lines of poetry or song: o1pocpr ]
( n D l r j \ J O T O ~ I
TpayouOtoU)
She memorised the first
two verses
of
the poem.
12.22 vowel
(n)
=the letters a, e,
i,
o, u: cpwvr ]c:v Each
vowel
in
English has several pronunciations.
dissert tion
(n)
= long piece of formal writing, usually
for academic purposes: O t a T p t ~ r ] Barry
is
writing a
dissertation on medieval poetry for his doctorate.
post
(v)
put (a written text,
a
picture, etc.) on an
Internet website for people to see: avapnJJ,
napa8t1w
mo
~ t a C i l K T u o
Readers
of
the online magazine can
post their comments under each article.
Der: post
(n)
12.2s browse (v) =spend time looking casually and slowly:
~ e c p u M i < ; w , pixvw ~ L a ~ a n a While she waited for the
dentist, she browsed through some magazines.
12.26
outline (n) =general
points
about something
without
the details: ~ a o t K 6 orn1Eia I prepared an outline and I
used it as a basis when I wrote my speech.
Der: outline
(v)
12.27 concisely (adv) =without unnecessary words: ouvomtK6
The
marketing plan shows concisely what
we
propose.
12.2s footnote (n) ~ a note, usually found at the bottom
of the page or after the main text, providing extra
information
about something in
the main text:
unomwc:iwOJl The new
edition
of
Shakespeare's plays
has detailed footnotes on unusual words in the texts.
12.29
proofre d
(v)
= read a manuscript before it is
published and
correct
any errors: Otop8Wvw KEiiJEVO
When I proofread
my
report, I discovered that two
diagrams were missing.
Der: proofreader
(n)
12.30 m nuscript
(n)
=writer s
original pages of a play or
book before it is published: xc:tp6ypac.po Paula sent
the manuscript
of
her
novel to
a
number
of
publishers
but
none
of them accepted it.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
COLLOCATIONS
(page
96)
12.31
voice
(v)
= express an opinion or feelings: £ K c p p 6 ~ w
After the manager voiced criticism of our work, we all
agreed
to try harder
12.32
strike up convers tion (struck, struck)= begin
talking to
someone
you don t know: m6vw K O U ~ t v T a
My
grandmother likes to strike up conversations with
strangers on the bus.
12.33
return (a)
compliment do for
someone else what
they have done for you: OVTanoOLOw X6P 1 Thank
you for helping
us. We
hope to be able to return the
compliment someday.
12.34 withhold (v) ~ d e l i b e r a t e l y keep something back:
anoKplmTw
The police withheld information about
the
incident
from the reporters.
12.35 come in for criticism = receive strong negative
comments:
A a 1 1 ~ 6 v w apVJ1TlK6 ox6Ata
Jack
came
in for criticism from his mother after he
joined
the
demonstration against the government.
12.36 pay compliment
tell
someone that
you like
something about thern: K6vw KOIJnAqJtVTO Tom paid
Jenny
a
compliment about her new
hairstyle.
12.37
crack
joke
=tell a short,
funny
story: Atw aoTeio,
avtKCioTo Tom was very funny at the party; he
cracked jokes all evening.
12.38
disclose
(v)
=give out information, especially secret
anoKaAUnTW
The spy disclosed classified information
after
he was caught.
Der: disclosure
(n)
12.39 ir n
opinion
let others know what you think or
feel on a subject: £Kcppa<;w n ~ 6 m a ~ L a anol)Jn He
airs his opinions on politics even though
nobody
cares
what he thinks.
12.40
dominate
(v)
=have
strong control
or
influence
over
a person or situation: KUptapxW She always talks too
much and dominates every conversation.
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PHRASAL VERBS (page 97)
12 41
boil
down
to (phr v)
~ b e
the main reason or most
important point: Kmai\Tiyw oe
It boils down to this:
if
you
don t bring in more business, I ll have to let you go.
12 42 tear down (phr
v)
~ c o m p l e t e l y destroy: K m e i 5 a < p i ~ w .
KDTOOTptcpw The workmen tore
down
a
block of
flats
to make way
for
a
new
shopping
mall.
12 43
play
down
(phr
v)
say something is less important
than it really
is: u n o ~ a S ~ i ~ w , ~ w i l v w o ~ ~ a o i a
Although
she
won
first prize,
Monica
tried to
play
it
down at school so the others wouldn t be envious.
12 44 back down
(phr v) stop asking for something or stop
saying you will do something: unoxwp<il The strikers
backed
down
from their
demand for
a 5
pay
increase.
12 45
lay down (phr
v)
(laid, laid) tell someone how to
behave: StTw Kav6ve<:; The
headmaster laid down
the
law
and forbade
smoking
at
school.
12 46
jot
down
(phr v) write something
in
a brief way:
o ~ w : t < i l v w She jotted down Margaret s phone number.
12 47 stand down (phr
v)
leave an important position:
anooUpo1-10L, napmTOUIJ.OL
The prime minister
announced that
he would
stand
down
because of
political
pressure.
12 48
run
down (phr v) ~ c r i t i c i s e strongly: KaKol\oy<ill
don t like Bob because he s always running
down
other people.
12 49 break down
(phr
v)
~ s t o p working (machine,
car,
etc.:
xaMw
(yta ~ ~ x a v n ~ m a ) My washli1g machtne
broke
down
and
I had to call a repairman.
Der: breakdown (n)
12 so
narrow down (phr v) limit the number of
possibilities:
n e p t o p i ~ w
I ve narrowed the list down to
two options - a holiday in Rome or a cruise to Cyprus.
12 51
crackdown (n)
~ t o u g h
action by someone in authority
to stop people from breaking a law: \ T i l j J ~
a u ~ p < i l v
1- ETpwv Because
of
the recent crackdown on
speeding, drivers are staying within the speed limit.
Der: crack down (phr v)
12 52 hand-me-down (n) ~ t h i n g , especially clothing
which have been used by one person and passed
on
to someone else, often
in
the same family:
~ e r a x e t p t o ~ t v a pouxa
I a V T t K e l ~ e v a As
a
child, I
usually wore hand-me-downs from my older brother.
Der: hand down (phr v)
12 53 downpour (n) ~ e x t r e m e l y heavy, sudden rain:
~ n 6 p a
We
were
caught
in a
downpour and
got
soaked.
12 54
come-down
(n) situation in which you find that
your status or situation is not as good as before:
t;em::o1-16c; After working as an accountant, it was
quite a come-down
for him
to
become
a
bookkeeper
again.
WORD FORMATION (page 97)
12 55
enact
(v) make into a law:
e c p a p ~ 6 ~ w , S e o n i ~ w A
noise pollution law was enacted early this year.
Der: enactment (n)
broaden
(v)
see 2.96
enclose (v) i surround: neptKI\eiw, neptcppaoow
The
pool
was enclosed
by
a fence.
2. put something
in the envelope with a letter: eowKI\eiw I
wrote
a
letter
to my pen-pal in England and enclosed a photograph
of myself.
Der: enclosure (n)
12 58 encode (v) =put
secret information into
a
different
form: KWOtKonot<i:l
During World War
II
secret military
messages were encoded before they were sent.
Opp: decode (v)
12 59 deaden (v) =make
quieter or less painful:
1-iELWvw,
e ~ a o 8 e v i ~ w Closing the
windows
deadened the noise
from the
street
below.
12 60
fasten
(v)
close or do up: i5tvw She fastened her
seat
belt and drove away.
Der: fastener (n): ouvi5erTipa<:;, K6mToa
12 61
enforce
(v) =make
sure a law or rule is kept: em{3 .1AAw,
StTw ae e c p a p ~ o v T i The role of the police
is
to enforce
the
law.
Der: enforcement (n)
12 62 enrich
(v)
~ m a k e better: e ~ n l \ o u T i ~ w , ~ e i \ T t < i l v w
Reading books
and
seeing plays can enrich your life.
Der: enrichment (n)
12 63 ensure (v) make certain that a particular thing will
happen:
e ~ a o c p a l \ i ~ w We want to ensure that he
receives the best
possible medical
care.
12 64
tighten
(v)
i
make
(a
rule, a law, security, etc.) even
stricter:
Kavw v 6 ~ o
K.l\n.)
a u ~ p r e p o The laws on
immigration have been tightened, so that now it s harder
for
foreign nationals to enter the country. 2
make
(a belt, a watch strap, etc.) fit more closely: ocpiyyw
He lost
so
much weight he had to tighten his belt.
12 65 entrust (v)
= make someone responsible for doing
something important: ava8tTw
She
was
entrusted
with
managing
the factory while the boss was away.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 98
12 66 summary
(n) brief account:
n e p i l \ ~ l j J ~
12 67 biography (n) story of someone's life:
~ t o y p a c p i a
12 68
resume
(n)
CV:
~ l o y p a < p l K O
o ~ ~ e i w ~ a
12 69
compliment (n)
= something nice you say to praise
someone: KOI-InALI-ItVTO
12 70 supplement (n) ~ s o m e t h i n g added:
tv8no,
o u ~ n i \ T i p w ~ a
12 71 complement
(v)
~ t o
add to something
in
a way that
improves it: OUI-InAnpWvw
12 72 acquire (v)
=get:
anoKTW
12 73 inquire (v)
~ a s k
for information: ~ n r w
n l \ ~ p o c p o p i e < : ;
12 74 require (v)
need:
x p e t a ~ o ~ m , ~ ~ T < i l
12 75 implicit
(adj) not stated openly:
u n o v o o u ~ e v o < : ;
12 76 explicit (adj) stated openly: oa<pTi<:;
12 77
illicit
(adj)
~ n o t
allowed by law or approved of by
society:
napcivoJ-Loc;,
anayopeuJ-Ltvoc;
12 78 literal (adj) exactly as written: KUptol\eKnK6<:;
Der: literacy (adj):
l K Q V O T ~ T a ypa<pTi<:; KOl a v a y v w o ~ < : ;
12 79 literate (adj) ~ a b l e
to read and write:
e y y p a ~ ~ m o < : ;
Opp: illiterate (adj)
12 80 literary (adj) connected with literature: c p t l \ o l \ o y t K 6 ~
l\oyoT8XVlK6<:;
12 81 prescription (n) see 6.23
12 s2
inscription
(n) =
1
hand-written note inside a book's
cover: acpttPWOTl 2. writing carved into stone: emypa<pr']
12 83 subscription
(n)
~ s e e
12.10
12 84 content (n)
~ s u b j e c t ,
ideas, material in something:
neplEX6J-LEVO
12 85
context
(n) = general situation in which something
happens: o u ~ c p p a ~ 6 ~ e v a , nl\aimo
12 86 consent
(n) see 1 0.55
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~
12 119 reiter te
v)
=repeat in order
to
emphasise
or
clarify:
e n a v a A . a i - J . ~ O v w
The teacher reiterated the instructions
to make sure everyone understood.
12.120 have a (reasonable)
command
of a language = be
able to speak a language well: X E L p i ~ o ~ m (owan' ) TTl
y
1-cilooa
I have lived
in
this country for several years,
and
now
I have a reasonable command of the language.
12.121
outspoken
(adj)
=saying
freely what you think
even though it might offend someone: E L A L K p t v T i ~
My
grandmother believed in democracy
and
was
outspoken on the subject.
12.122 come to (my) attention= (fml)
be
noticed by: Kim
nt<pTEL
OTDV OVTiADL JTi ~ o u ) The headmaster said it
had come to
his attention that John had been late
to
school every day this week.
12.123 notify
v)
=see 6.65
12.124
promptly
(adv)
=without
delay:
~ t o w ~ They replied
promptly
to
my
letter.
Der: promptness n)
prompt (adj)
12 125
colloqui l
(adj)
=relating
to
informal conversation
or
language: T D ~ K a 8 o ~ L I - o u ~ t V D ~ My teacher said
that instead of using colloquial English, I should try to
write more formally.
12.126 convey v) = make feelings or ideas understood:
~ E T O < p t p w , ano15i15w
My
father said everything
was fine
but
the expression on his face conveyed a different message
VOCABULARY PRACTICE (Units 10-12)
A Match the two parts to form sentences.
B
c
1. You're bound
to
pay me a compliment when
2. Don't start cracking jokes
or
3. I'll have to start from scratch if
4. It's beyond
my
comprehension why
5. Jane may say
she's settled in at university,
but
if you read between the lines,
6.
It was kind of you
to
babysit. I'll return the
compliment anytime
Choose the
odd one
out.
1 blossom bud bush
2 mammal tadpole kid
3.
· biography . paperback manual
4
vintage
outmoded youthful
5
·mew
ban bark
6 seed fur
feather
Match.
12.127
find out
(phr v) = discover: ovaKOI-umw
I never found
out who broke into my flat.
12.128 get my)
point
across= make people understand:
KQVW
KQTL KOTOVODTO
He had trouble getting his point
across and no one understood his idea.
12.129 let (someone)
know=
inform, tell: c v n ~ c p c i l v w
KilnOLov) The librarian promised to let me know when
the·book arrives; she said she d give me a call.
12 130
draw conclusion have an idea after you have
studied something
or
thought about it: ~ y a ~ w tva
o u ~ n E : p o o ~ a What conclusions were drawn from the
mayor's report?
12.131 make (myself) understood = get people
to
understand
what
I)
mean:
y i v o ~ O L
K O T a v o n T 6 ~
Even
though I don t speak much Greek, I can make myself
understood using
my
hands.
12.132
hint v)
=give a little suggestion:
u n m v i o o o ~ O L She
wouldn t
tell me exactly what she bought for my
birthday
but
she
hinted
that it was something
I d like
12.133
hold
back
(phr v) (held, held = stop from moving
forward
or
speaking:
K p u ~ w
o L O T i l ~ w
va
~ L A n O W
She
certainly doesn't hold back; she always says exactly
what she thinks
a.
you delete all my work.
b.
you would
want
to move into an
apartment without heating.
c. you' ll have everyone in fits of laughter.
d.
you'll see it may not be the case.
o•
e. you want.
\_
f.
you see me in
my
new outfit.
pouch
foal
rumour
veteran
howl
scale
1.
Someone who is
outspoken
a. is too nervous
or
bored
to
sit still for long.
2 Someone who is
t ctful
b. does what is expected
of
them.
3. Someone who is restless
c.
carries out very cruel acts.
4 Someone who is
concerned
d. does not hesitate
to
express their opinion.
5 Someone who is
merciless
e. gives their opinion in a careful way.
6
Someone who is dutiful f. is worried about something.
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UN T
4
D. Complete the sentences using the verbs and phrasal verbs below. There are
two
verbs phrasal verbs which you
don t need
to
use each time.
1 dig around tear down burn out play down
run
out spell
out
jot down
hold out
1. If you keep on working around the clock, you ll ............................ yourself ........................... .
2.
The lecturer was talking so fast
that
the students only had time
to
........................... the main ideas.
3
Your theory
is
rather confusing - perhaps you can ........................... it .. .
. .......... for me.
4. You
won t find the information
easily-
you ll have to ........................... a bit.
5. Paul
is
so modest, he always ............................ his achievements.
6. The soldiers managed
to
........................... until reinforcements arrived.
2 enforce deaden require
book
proofread
post
enrich enclose
1. The novel will be... .... ..... ..... . .... one more time before publication.
2. It is up to the teaching staff to make sure
the
school rules are ............................ .
3.
Subscribers are invited to .......................... photos of their pets on this site.
4. The high walls which ............................ the
property
afford the celebrity some privacy.
5. The police officer took him to the station and ................. him for drink-driving.
6. The patient was given morphine to ........................... the pain
of
his injuries.
TOPIC VOCABULARY
(page 111)
14_1 fence (n)
=boundary
around an area of land:
< p p c l X T f l ~ There is a wooden fence around
our
garden.
Der: fence
(v)
14 2
hedge (n) =row of large bushes that
grow
close
together:
C J l P G X T ~ C :
(an6 otvTpa, 8 a ~ v o u c ; The hedge
that separates our garden from our neighbour s
is
too
high now.
14 3
lawn
(n)
= area
of
grass which
is
kept short: ypaalOL
Tim
had to
mow
the lawn because the grass
had
grown so high.
14 4 shutter (n) = wooden or metal cover on the outside
of
a window:
n a v T ~ o U p t ,
napa8up6<.puAAo
We closed
the shutters to keep
out
the sun
and
heat.
14 5 shed (n)
=small
building used for storage: K O A U ~ a .
n a p O n f l y ~ a We put
the tools into the
shed
when we
finished working.
14 6 radiator
(n) =a
device used for heating a room:
KaAopt<.pE:p
The radiator
in our
flat was
out
of order,
so
we
were freezing until the
plumber
came to repair
it
Der: radiate
(v)
14 7 corridor (n) = long passage with doors on each side:
O t 0 6 p o ~ o ~
The doctor s surgery
is
at
the
end
of the
corridor; it s the last
door
on the right.
14 8 bedsit (n) = rented room that
is
a combination
bedroom
I
sitting room: yKapoovttpa
His bedsit is
tiny
but
has everything he needs.
14 9
double-glazing
(n) =two layers
of
glass
to
improve
insulation: Om,\6 T ~ c l ~ L a y
dad put
in windows with
double-glazing to keep
out
the cold.
14 10 estate agent (n)
=person
whose work
is
to sell or
rent land, homes or offices: K T i l ~ O T o ~ e a l T i l C :
When we
decided to sell our house, we asked an estate agent
to help
us
find
a
buyec
14 11
detached house
(n)
=a
house that
is
not joined
to another: onln nou Oev txet ~ E O O T O L X i O TO
OmAavQ
KTr ]pLa
The
doctor
and
his wife
bought
a
four-bedroomed detached house in a quiet suburb.
14 12 dwelling (n) = (fml) home: KOTOLKia
This castle
was
the
official dwelling
of
the bishop until the church built
a
modern house for him.
Der: dwell
(v)
14 13 commuter belt (n) =an area around a large city
where people who work
in
the city live: neptoxr ]
yUpw
an6 ~ e y 6 A 1 1 n6Ail 6nou ~ o u v 01 6v8pwnot
nou £ p y Q ~ o V T O L
o
auTr ]
ost
residents
of
London s
commuter belt
travel into the city by train.
14 14
community centre (n)
=a
building used for meetings,
social events and other gatherings:
noA.moTLK6
KtvTpo The local amateur drama club meets weekly in
the
community
centre.
14 15 housing estate (n)
=a
large
group
of houses built
at the same time:
ouyKp6nwa KOTOLKLWv
The new
housing estate being built on the edge of town will
provide accommodation for hundreds
of
working
class families.
14 16 interior
design
art
of
planning the way a home
or office
is
decorated on the inside: £OWT£PLKf]
6 L a K 6 0 ~ I l O J 1
Sally redecorated
her
house after she
completed a course in interior design.
14 17
cramped
(adj)
=crowded,
not big enough:
O T P L ~ W Y I J E : v o ~ , O T £ v 6 x w p o ~ With three of us
cramped in the back seat, the ride was very
uncomfortable.
14 18
demolish
(v) =completely destroy: KOT£OOCJli/;w
The
builder demolished the
old
houses.
Der: demolition
(n)
14 19 mortgage
(n)
=bank loan taken to purchase a home:
06v£LO £
uno8r ]Kfl The bank gave us a mortgage to
buy our
first home.
Der:
mortgage
(v)
14 20
on the
market
offered for sale: O t a 8 E : m 1 J o ~
OTflV
ayopO Our house was on the market for just one
month before
it
was sold.
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14.21 slum
(n)
=poor area where living conditions are bad:
qnwxoyeLTOVL6
Many immigrants find housing in the
slums because it is cheap.
14.22 urban (adj) = related
to
the city: aanK6<; Some
researchers claim that urban living causes
stress.
Opp: rural (adj): ayponK6<;
14.23
convert (v)
=
change into another form: IJETOTptnw
The
barn has been converted into a studio.
Der: conversion
(n):
IJ ETOTponf]
14.24
rural (adj) = relating to the countryside: aypoTtK6<;
They are moving from the city to a rural area.
14.25
up for sale
=offered
for people to buy: npo<; n w l - ~ a n
I m
putting
my house up for sale since I ve been
asked
to
relocate to another city.
14.26 built up (adj) = having a lot of buildings:
n u K V O K O T O t K n ~ t v o < ;
The
speed limit is 50
mph
in
built
up
areas.
14 27
congestion
(n) = condition of being crowded with
traffic or people:
(KuKI-ocpoptaKJi)
a u ~ c p 6 p n a ~ ,
ouvwona1J6c;
Getting home at rush
hour
is
a
problem
because
of
the congestion on the roads.
Der: congested (adj)
14.28 exterior (n) = outside:
TO
e ~ w T e p t K 6
~ t p o < ;
We
painted
the exterior of the house with weather-proof paint.
Opp: interior (n)
14.29
disrepair
(n) = broken or bad condition that needs
fixing: avO.yKll emoKeur ]c;
KT lplou
The
farmhouse
is
in
a state
of disrepair
the roof leaks, the windows are
broken and the heating doesn t work.
14.30 premises (n) = buildings and land occupied and used
by a business
or
organisation: KTf]pla, E:YKOTOOT6.oetc;
e m x e i p ~ a ~ < ; ) Our company s premises are on the
town s main street.
14.31
infr structure
(n)
=basic
systems and structures
of
a place or organisation, such as transport or
communication: u n o O o ~ f ]
The
government can improve
the country s infrastructure
by
building roads and adding
electricity
lines
14.32
bypass
(n) = road which takes cars around a town
instead of through it: neptcpepetaK6<;
6 p 6 ~ o < ;
We took
the bypass; it was much faster than driving through
town.
14.33 implement tion (n)
=the
process
of
putting
something into practice or use: ecpapiJOYr J
The
implementation of a recycling scheme would reduce
the amount of rubbish waste that has to be burnt.
Der: implement
(v)
14.34 o n e ~ w a y
system
= system
of
streets where traffic
goes in only one direction: ~ o v o p ~ n a ~ The
city
has a plan for
a
one-way system which
is
intended to
ease the heavy flow of traffic during rush hour.
14.35 subsidy
(n) =financial
assistance given
to
businesses
or
individuals
to
help reduce
the cost of
a product
or
service:
e m x o p J i y n a ~ ,
em661non The
government
offers subsidies to homeowners who
buy
energy
efficient devices like solar water heaters.
Der: subsidise
(v)
14.36
incentive
(n)
= something that makes someone want
to work
harder or achieve something:
K[VTFPO
Drivers
are unlikely to use public transport without financial
incentives to give up using their cars.
14.37 landlord (n) = person who owns property and rents
it to others: omTovotKOKlJP lC:
We
pay rent to our
landlord every month.
UN T
4
14.38
renov te
(v)
=
make
something old look new again,
especially a building: avaKmvll;w They are renovating
their new home; the kitchen
and
the bathrooms need
to be modernised.
Der: renovation
(n)
renovated (adj)
14.39 property (n) =things owned by someone:
lOlOKTnoia.
neptouoia A hotel will be built on the property I own
in the centre
of
town.
14 40
restore (v) = put something back to its original
condi tion: avanaA.mWvw Chris restored his old desk
and
now it looks as good as new.
Der: restoration (n)
14.41 neglect (n)
=the
state of not receiving proper
attention or care:
n a p a ~ t l - n a n ,
eyKaTal-etl)Jn The
government buildings are crumbling from years of
neglect.
Der: neglect
(v)
neglectful (adj)
14.42
occup nt
(n)
= person
who
lives
or
works
in
a place:
evotKO<; Occupants
of
the flat haven t paid their rent
for three months.
Der: occupancy (n): KTJian, KmoxJi
occupier (n): tvotKOC:, KCnoxoc;
occupy (v): KOTOlKW, Kmtxw Stan
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
WORD
FORMATION
(page
112)
14.43 brotherhood
(n)
= friendship; support a group
of people, especially men, get from each other:
a o e l - c p o o u v ~
The
boys established
a
sense of
brotherhood after a week at camp.
14.44 citizenship (n)
=status of legally belonging to a
particular country:
un 1K06T 1TO
After
five years
of
living in Ireland, Lisa was granted Irish citizenship.
14.45
companionship
(n) =relationship with a good friend
who spends time with you: ouvTpo<ptK6T 1TO,
cptA La
I really enjoy the companionship of
my
friend Sue.
14 46 kingdom
(n)
= area or country ruled by a king or
queen: ~ a a i l e t o The
Windsors have ruled the British
kingdom for four generations.
Der: kingship (n): ~ a m l - e i a
14.47
manhood
(n)
=typical
or traditional male qualities;
time
when someone
becomes
a man: av0pto1J6c;,
avoptKJi nl-tKia The story follows the adventures
of
a
boy as he passes into manhood.
14.48
martyrdom
(n)
= having suffered or died because
of
your beliefs: IJOPTUpto A common theme in medieval
art is the martyrdom
of
the saints.
14 49
readership (n) = total number of people who read a
particular magazine or newspaper:
avayvwonK6
Kotv6
The
newspaper s daily readership
is
over a million.
14.50 sainthood (n) = having been made a saint:
a y t o a u v ~ .
aytonol 10 1
Mother Teresa
is
a candidate for sainthood
because of her work with the poor.
14.51
scholarship
(n) =
1.
money given to a good student
to
pay school fees: unoTpoc.pla
Diane won a
scholarship to study
at
Cambridge.
2.
serious
academic study: a K a o ~ ~ m K J i
~ 6 p c p w a ~ His research
project
on ancient architecture is
an
example of
serious scholarship.
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UN T
4
14.52
sisterhood
(n)
=strong
feeling
of
closeness among
women:
ai5£AcpooUvf1
( I J E : T a ~ U yuvmKWv)
I have a
feeling of sisterhood with the women in my
support
group.
14 53 sponsorship (n) ~ f i n a n c i a l
support:
X P ~ ~ m o M T ~ o ~
Athletes need sponsorship from a business or
organisation to help them
pay
for their training
and
travel expenses.
14.54
st rdom (n)
=being
very famous:
cpr )IJil
aoTtpa.
KaAAlT£XVLK6
on:ptw11a Not all actors achieve
stardom; most of
them
work hard and never become
well known.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 113)
14 55 suburb
(n)
= area
outside
the
city
where people live:
npo6ono
14 56 outskirts
(n) = part
of
a town farthest from the centre:
m:plxwpa
14.57 district (n) =particular part of a town or city: m : p L D X ~ -
m:pH.p£p£La
14 58 border
(n)
=line dividing countries or regions: oUvopo
14 59
bound ry (n)
=line
which marks the
outer
edge
of
an
area: 6pto
14 60 b rrier
(n)
=something which prevents
people
or
vehicles from entering a place: c . p p 6 y ~ a . qm66to
14.61 outdoor
(adj) = designed for use outside;
done
outside: u n a i 8 p t o ~
14.62
outward (adj) =external; going
away from
home:
K L V O l J ~ £ V O ~ n p o ~
TO
E : ~ W .
£ ~ W T £ p t K 6 ~
14.63
household (n)
group
of
people living together:
OLKoyE:V£10
14 64
housekeeping
(n) =cleaning and cooking: votKOKUpL6
14 65 housew rming
(n) =
party to celebrate moving into a
new
home: syKaivta onmoU
14 66 inhibit
(v)
= prevent or
slow down: s ~ n o i S i ~ w
14 67 inh bit
(v) =live
in a particular place: KOTOtKW
14 68 inherit
(v)
= receive
money
or property from someone
who has died: KA.JlpOVOIJW
14.69
prefer ble (adj) =more desirable: n p o n 1 J 6 T s p o ~ . mo
£ n t 8 U I J J l T 6 ~
14 70 prefer
(v) = to like one thing
better
than another:
npOTliJW
14.71
preferential (adj)
~ s e e
2.91
14 72 socialise
(also -ize) (v) ~ m e e t other people socially:
K6VW napE:a. E XW KOLVWVLKE c; snac.pE:c;
14 73
civilise (also -ize) (v) =educate and improve
someone s
way
of life: £ K n o A I T L ~ w
14 74 popul rise (also -ize)
(v)
= make interesting to many
people:
OIOOiow.
KOVW KOTI o ~ ~ O q l l l \ 8 < ;
14 75 gener lly (adv)
=true
in most situations: ysvtKO
14 76 greatly (adv) ~ v e r y : noAu. oe ~ e y O A o
~ a 8 ~ 6
14 77 totally (adv) completely: O A O K A ~ p W T I K O EVTEAW<;
METAPHOR
AND MEANING (page 113)
14 78
threshold {n) = entrance or
doorway: KaTWc.pAt,
£ l o o 6 o ~
As Jane crossed the threshold, the lights
went on
and
everyone shouted, "Happy Birthday "
on
the threshold o f ~ about to begin something
34
new:
010
KOTWc.pA.t,
OTJlV
apxrl
Pauline has
just
started
working
as
a lawyer
and is
on the threshold of a
new
career.
14 79 opening
(n)
= vacant position: Ksvr ] Stoll s p y a o l a ~
There's an opening for an engineer
at
the car factory.
14 80 the key to the way to achieve: TO KAstiSl, l A.Uoll
Hard work
is
the key to success.
14.81
opportunrty
knocks
when a chance to do something
comes up: l suKatpia n a p o u m 6 ~ £ T m hey
say opportunity
knocks only
once, so don' t miss that chance
of
a lifetime.
14 82 get
(my)
foot in the
d o o r ~ get
an
opportunity: txw
TllV suKmpla
va
~ £ K t v r ] o w
K6TL
If
I can
get my
foot
in the
door at
this company, I m sure they'll become
regular clients.
14 83
unlock
(v)
=open; make available
by
removing
an
obstacle: anoKaAUnTw. sAsuSspWvw Knowledge
of languages can unlock opportunities when you're
looking for work.
14 84 corridors
of
power
= world
of
people who
make
high-level decisions: K U ~ £ P V I l T L K o l KUKAOL
The
newspapers want to find
out
what
is
really going on
in the corridors of power.
14 85 come up g inst brick w ll = be prevented from
going ahead: ouvavTW q_m66to
I m trying to convince
my
parents to let
me go
to Peru
but
I've
come
up
against a brick wall. They refuse to let me go.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 114)
14 86 flat
1. (adj) ~ f i x e d : ora8ep6<;
The guest house
charges a flat rate for families.
2.
(adv) exactly:
aKpt[3Wc;
He changed the
car
tyre in
two
minutes flat.
fl t out = quickly,
with
as much effort as possible:
nupsTwiSWc;
She's tired because she's been working
flat
out
to finish the
project
on time.
flat on
(my) back unable
to
get
out of
bed: OTo
K p ~ a n l
pulled
a
muscle and
I've been flat on
my
back for
three days.
14 87
floor
1. (n) flat area you walk on inside a building:
n6TWIJO
I
sweep the floor every day
but
wash it once
a week.
2.
(v) unable to respond because
of shock
or
surprise:
a n o o T o ~ W v w
Paula was completely floored
when
Bob
asked her to marry him.
take the
floor begin to
speak
in a
public
discussion: nalpvw TO A6yo
The health minister took
the floor to respond to questions.
wipe the
floor with defeat completely:
KOTOTponWvw, ouvTpl[3w
Manchester United wiped
the
floor
with Real
Madrid
in the last game.
14 88
key
1
(n)
set of notes in music: KAillaKa
This
symphony
is written in the key of
C
minoc
2. (n) button
on a
computer
keyboard:
nAr ]KTpo
Press the delete
key to erase what you wrote.
3. (adj)
most
important:
o u m W i S J l ~
[ 3 a o t K 6 ~ Good advertising
is
a key factor in
our safes campaign.
RELATED WORDS
(page 114)
14 89 tin (n)
=soft,
silver-white metal: K O O O L T £ p o ~ . T £ V £ K E : ~
in
is
used to make cans for food.
14 90 timber (n) ~ w o o d used for building: ~ u A E i a
These
trees are being grown for timber.
14.91
steel
(n)
=strong metal
made
from iron:
aTaOAL Steel
rods were used to build the bridge; it should
be
very
strong.
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14 92 wood (n) =
material from a tree, used to make
furniture: ~ u , \ o I bought some
wood
to make
a
table.
Der: wooden (adj)
14 93
lead (n)
~ s o f t
grey metal: ~ 6 , \ u ~ i 5 o c ;
Lead used to be
added
to
petrol but it
caused air pollution.
14 94 marble (n) ~ h a r d rock used for statues and floors:
~ a p ~ a p o
The
floors are marble
-
aren t they beautiful?
14 95
concrete (n)
=
building material
made
from a mixture
of sand, small stones, cement and water:
).JnE:T6v,
TOLJ-ltVTo The floors were made
of
concrete.
14 96
brick (n) ~ b u i l d i n g block used for walls, paths, etc.:
r o u ~ , \ o
The
walls
are made
of
brick
and
the
floors
are
wood.
14 97
earthenware
(n) ~ d i s h e s made from baked
clay: mi/\Lva a K E U ~ ) We bought some
colourful
earthenware in Mexico.
14 98
bronze (n) mixture of copper and tin:
~ n p o u v r c ; o c ;
The
museum has a collection
of
small statues made
of
bronze.
PREPOSITIONS
(page 114)
14 99 take into account =
consider something when making
a decision: , \ a ~ ~ a v w u n 6 l j J ~ ~ o u
When choosing a
new
neighbourhood, many features must
be
taken into
account like the
schools and
facilities available.
14 100 in
tune
with
similar
in
style
or
suiting
the
feelings
or
needs of
someone
or something:
npooapllOOIJtvoc;
I
TOLpLOOT6c;
J-lE
The
new shopping
centre
is
in tune
with the surroundings as its design
and
colours match
the
other
buildings
around
it.
14 101 within reach of
easily
accessible: ae an6aTOOJl
6nou 1J.nope:l
va
qnC:tae:L Kave:lc;
Their
new
house
was
convemently located within easy reach of public
transport.
IN
OTHER WORDS (page 114)
14 102 there is a distinct possibility= very likely: e:lvot noAU
meav6 Mt
Etna erupts every few years; there
is
a
distinct possibility it will happen again
soon.
14 103
there is little prospect not much hope: unapxouv
eA6xtmec;
e,\nii5ec;
va We
had
hoped
to have
a
long
holiday this year
but
there s little prospect of us getting
away
for more than one week.
14 104
it s a foregone conclusion =certain to
happen: e:lvm
n p o E ~ a < p / \ ~ ~ t v o a n o r £ 1 \ e o ~ a It s
a foregone
conclusion tha t
our
team will win the championship.
14 105 it s
conceivable=
possible: e:lvat m8av61t s conceivable
that Sam will return tonight, though
I
doubt
it
14 106
the odds are =the chances
are:
oL
m8av6TJlTE:<;
e::lvm
The odds are they ll
lose
the game; the
other
team is
much better.
14 107 inevitably (adv) ~ s is certain to happen:
avan6q>EUKTO Inevitably, the persona/lives of the royal
family appeared in the tabloids.
Der: inevitable (adj)
out of the question
=
impossible:
aOUvaTOV A trip to
Canada
is out
of the question for us this year.
wouldn t bet on not likely:
i5ev
e i ~ m aiyoupoc;
People think he
told
the truth
but
I
wouldn t bet on
it;
I ve caught him lying several times in the past.
UN TS 4 and 6
14 110 there s a slim chance
there s
a
slight
possibility:
un6pxe::t
IJ.LO IJ.LKpr J
m8av6TJlTO There S a slim chance
that
I
will pass the history exam;
I didn t
really study
for it.
14 111 (do) not stand a chance
have no
hope: Oe::v
txw
e::AniiSa
She
doesn t
stand a chance in that race; the
others are
much
faster runners.
UNIT 6
Science and Technology
TOPIC
VOCABULARY (page 126)
16 1
hardware
(n) ~ c o m p u t e r equipment: ~ ~ X O V L K 6 c ;
e ~ o n , \ t a ~ 6 c ; uno/\oytoTwv I must
upgrade
my
computer- my
hardware
and
software are both
out
of
date.
16 2 substance (n) =
matter:
ouala Marie Curie discovered
a
substance called radium.
Der: substantial (adj)
16 3 appliance (n) ~ m c h i n e used in the home: O L K L O K ~ )
ouaKe::ur )
We bought two new
kitchen appliances:
a
microwave oven
and
a toaster.
16 4 machinery (n) ~ e q u i p m e n t :
~ ~ x v ~ ~ m The
machinery
at
the factory
is
carefully maintained.
Der: machine (n)
machinist (n):
~ ~ x a v o u p y 6 c ;
16 5 laboratory (n) =building or
room
where scientific
and medical tests or
research
are done:
e::pyaoTr )pto
The archaeologist sent bones to the laboratory to
determine their age.
16 6
vacuum
cleaner
(n) an electrical appliance that
removes dirt from carpets and
furniture
by sucking
it
into
a machine:
JlAEKTPLKr )
oKoUna While the vacuum
cleaner was
out
of order, the cleaners
had
to make do
with simply sweeping the carpets.
16 7 microwave oven (n)
=an oven that
cooks
food
quickly by electromagnetic radiation rather than heat:
<.poUpvo<;
IJ.LKpOKUIJ.OTwv
Most
kitchens today are
equipped with microwave ovens.
16 8
kettle (n) ~ container used for heating or boiling
water: ~ p a a r ~ p a c ;
When the guests arrived, the kettle
was
on and
tea was being prepared.
16 9
keyboard
(n)
the set of keys used to operate a
computer or typewriter: n / \ ~ K T p o / \ 6 y t o
The keyboard
on my new computer
is
cordless.
16 10 modem (n) =equipment used to
connect
a
computer
to
a
telephone or cable
line:
116VTE:Il (ouoKE:Ur J
O U V O E O ~ < ; U T I O A O Y L O T ~ OE
T ~ A E < p W V L K ~ y p a ~ ~ ~ )
Whenever you want to
surf
the Web, you need to
connect to the Internet by modem.
16 11
solid
(adj) ~ f i r m and hard, not liquid or gaseous:
mepE6<; I put the bottle of water
in
the freezer and it
turned
solid
in four hours.
Der: solid (n)
16 12
liquid
(n) ~ f l u i d :
uyp6
Water
is
a liquid;
steam
is
gas.
16 13
fluid (n)
~ s u b s t a n c e
that flows, not a solid or a gas:
uyp6
It is important to drink fluids such
as
water
when you spend
a lot
of time in the sun.
Der: fluid (adj)
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6
15.14 b cteri pin)= tiny organisms which often cause
disease: ~ O K T ~ p i O L O , ~ L K p 6 ~ L a
If
you
don t
refrigerate
food, the bacteria will
grow and
spoil
it.
Der:
bacterial adj)
16 15
virus (n) =
1 tiny germ that can cause disease:
t6c;,
1JlKp6[3to
Mosquitoes carry the virus that causes
malaria. 2.
computer program
which can get into a
system and damage information: t6c;
unoAoytonl.lv)
My files were lost when
my computer
got
infected
with the latest virus.
16.16 inst ll (v) =put in and make ready to use: c:yKa8toTW
A technician installed a
new
phone line in the office.
Der: installation
(n)
16 17 downlo d (v)
= move information from a
computer
or
the Internet
to
another computer:
IJE:Tac.ptpw, K O T E 3 6 ~ w
o s o o ~ i : v a , n l - ~ p o q > o p i s c ; )
I wanted to download a song
from the Internet but my computer didn t have enough
memory.
16 18
upgr de (v) =make
a computer, etc. more powerful:
a v a ~ a 8 ~ i < ; w I want to upgrade my
computer
by
adding more memory.
16 19
microscope (n)
=instrument
which makes tiny things
appear large: IJLKpooK6mo e put a hair under the
microscope
and
it looked as thick as
my
finger.
Der: microscopic adj)
16 20
test
tube
(n) =a long thin glass container open at
one end used in biology or chemistry: 6oKq...taoTLK6c;
o w A ~ v a c ;
The chemist s laboratory was full of test
tubes and other equipment used for conducting
experiments.
16 21
sterilizer
(n) = a machine in which equipment is
heated
to
a very high temperature in order
to
ki l
all the bacteria it may contain: a n o o T £ t p w T ~ p a c ;
Dentists use a sterilizer to clean their instruments after
examining patients.
Der:
sterilization (n)
sterilize
(v)
16 22
motor (n)
=the part
of
a machine or vehicle that
powers it: ~ ~ x a v ~ , K L V ~ T ~ p a c ; Powered by an electric
motor, the ceiling fan works noiselessly.
Der: motor (v)
16 23
boiler (n) =a container in which water is heated or
hot water is stored: A£13J1TOC ; Boilers for domestic use
are often
powered by
solar energy.
16 24
generator
(n) = see 4.153
16 25
surveill nce (n) =careful
watching
of
a person
or place suspected
of
being involved
in
criminal
activities: .snm']pf]OJ1 un6nTou,
KpaTOUIJE:vou)
Electronic surveillance includes security cameras that
record people entering
and
leaving the building.
16 26
virtu l re lity = images and sounds produced by a
computer that seem real: £LKOVLKf]
npay1JOTLK6Tf]TO
There s a virtual reality game that makes you feel/ike
you re in outer space.
16 27
compound
(n) = combination of two
or
more
substances: flLYIJO, X J l i J L K ~ tvwon Bronze
is
a
compound
of
copper and
tin.
16 28 emission (n) = release
of
gas or other substances
into the air:
£ K n o ~ n ~
aspiwv KTA.) Engineers say that
the emission
of
carbon monoxide from cars is high.
Der:
emit (v)
16 29
hack (v)
=break into a computer system illegally:
IJnalvw o£ apx.sla unoA.oytoTf] napO.VOIJO Some
students got into trouble for hacking into the
university s
computer
system to
check
exam results.
Der: hacker
(n)
16 30 p tent (n) = official document that says you have
legal right
to
be the only one
to
make or sell a new
invention: naTtvTa, .sup.smT.sxvla The
company
took
out
a
patent on
their
new product and
they ll start
manufacturing
next
year.
16 31
cyberspace (n) =imaginary space through
which computers send information to each other:
K U ~ e p v o x w p o c ; e emailed the
document
to Jane
but
she never
got
it; it
must
have
got
lost somewhere in
cyberspace.
16 32
device (n) =something mechanical invented for a
particular purpose: ouoK.suf], llflX6VfliJO This remote
control device will enable us to operate the television
from
our
seats.
16 33 biotechnology (n) =using
bacteria
or
cells from living
things in technology and industry: 13toT.sxvoA.oyia
People worry
about
the
long-term
effects
of
biotechnology, such as the genetic modification of
vegetables.
Der: biotechnological adj)
16 34 cell (n) =smallest
part
of
an animal
or
plant which
can survive by itself: KUTTapo Cancer cefls divide and
multiply quickly.
16 35
modify (v)
= change slightly
to
improve: Tpononotw
The teacher
modified
the course to fit the level
of
the
students.
Der: modification
(n)
16 36
artificial (adj) =not natural: T8XVW6c; Artificial light from
a
fluorescent light bu lb makes colours seem less bright.
16 37 v ccine (n) =see
6.21
16 38 genetic lly engineer (v) = alter the DNA structure of
cells or organisms to make them more suitable for a
particular purpose:
IJ.ST0136AAw TO
XOPOKTflpLOTLK6
KUTT6pwv r'j opyOVlOIJWV \18 OKOn6 Tf] 13.SA.Tiwor'] TOUC ;
Many consumers avoid soya products made from
genetically engineered beans.
Der: genetic engineer
(n)
genetic engineering
(n)
16 39 defective
adj)
=imperfect or
faulty: .sAaTTWIJOTtK6c;
Defective brakes
should be
checked immediately
as
they could result in a serious car accident.
16 40
gene
(n)
=pattern
of chemicals
in
a cell which carry
information: yovi6to
Red hair
runs in
my
family; it s
in
our
genes.
Der: genetic adj)
geneticist
(n)
16 41
clone (n)
=animal
or plant produced artificially from
the cells of another animal
or
plant, so that the new
one is identical
to
the original:
KAWvoc;
Dolly the
sheep was
a
clone.
Der: clone (v): KAwvonotW
16 42 procedure (n)
= a way of doing something that is
generally accepted as being the usual or correct
one:
6ta6LKaoia
It
is essential to fol low
proper
procedures
when
conducting
scientific experiments.
16 43
tamper (v)
= try
to
change something you have no
right
to
touch: avaKOT.SUOIJOL, nap.s1JI3aivw Someone
tampered with
my
phone; it s
got a
strange ring now.
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~
16 44
ethics (n) = beliefs and rules about what is right or
wrong: oeovmt-oyia, n8tK6<; K<ilotKac;
Doctors take
the Hippocratic oath, promising they will follow
a
strict code of ethics.
Der: (un)ethical (adj)
16 45 synthetic (adj) =art ificial : ouv8enK6<; Synthetic
fabrics can be uncomfortable in the summer.
16 46 immunity (n) =the protection somebody s body gives
against disease: avoola
The health worker s immunity
to infection
was
remarkable considering
her
constant
exposure to patients
with
serious illnesses.
Der: immunization (n)
immunize (v)
immune (adj)
BOOST
YOUR VOCABULARY
COLLOCATIONS (page 127)
16 47 m ke a breakthrough = achieve something after a
lot of hard work: Kilvw
o n ~ a V T t K ~
np6ooo
They finally
made
a
breakthrough in the negotiations.
16.48
raise awareness
make people think or
know
more
about an issue:
npoKaAW ouvalo8T]OTl
This organisation
is working to raise awareness about global warming.
16 49 raise expectations
=
cause someone to think that
something good will happen: oivw et-nioec;
The
boss
raised
my
expectations when
he hinted
he
might
increase salaries.
16 50
raise money collect money for a particular
purpose: ouyKevTpti:lvw
XPT'JI.lOTO
We
are organising
a
marathon to
raise money
for the local hospital.
16 51 t ke
precautions =
take
action
to protect
against
possible harm or trouble: naipvw npo<pu -a ;etc;
My
doctor
recommends I take precautions to
protect
my
skin from the sun.
16 52
reach a compromise = end an argument by
both
sides accepting they cannot have everything they
want: K a m t - ~ y w oe
o u ~ ~ ~ ~ a o ~ 6 Mum
and
I reached
a
compromise
about
the party: I can
go but
I
must be
home
by
midnight.
PHRASAL VERBS
(page 127
16 53
filter
out (phr
v)
=to remove something unwanted
from a substance by passing it through a special
device: qnATp6pw
Factories are required to filter
out
toxic
substances
before disposing
of
their
waste.
16 54
give
out
(phr v) = produce: e K n t ~ n w , napayw
The
fire gave
out so much
heat that we
stood
far away.
16 55
try
out (phr v) = test: o o K t ~ a ~ w
After
trying
out my
new digital camera, I
decided
to
go back
to
my
old-fashioned model.
16 56 phase out (phr v) = gradually stop using: anooupw
oraotaKil
Our company
is
phasing
out
the old
computers; it s too expensive to replace them all
at
once.
16 57
take
out
(phr v) = get something officially: Kavw
( a u v o p o ~ ~ . aocpMeta I<An.)
She
decided
to take
out
membership
at
the local swimming pool.
figure out (phr
v)
= understand something; solve a
problem:
~ p i o K W
a n a v r ~ o ~ A U O ~
I tried to figure
out
the maths problem
myself but
I
couldn t do
it.
out
(phr v) = see
1
0.135
UN T
16
16 60
sort out (phr
v)
= organise: T O ~ l V O I J W TOKTOnOlW
Sue
spent Saturday afternoon sort1ng
out
the bills from the
past three months.
RELATED WORDS (page
127
16 61 glimpse
(v)
= see something briefly:
~ t n w
cpeuyaAta
As
the
car sped
past, I
glimpsed a child
sitting in the
back seat.
Der: glimpse
(n)
16 62
make
aut
(phr v) = manage with difficulty to
see
or
hear: iStaKplvw
I
can t
make
out
the words
on
that
sign.
16 63
gaze (v) = look steadily:
m e v i ~ w . K o t T a ~ w e n i ~ o v a
He
gazed
at
the
photograph
of the lake
and
remembered
last summer.
Der: gaze (n)
16 64
witness (v)
=see
an event happen: ylVOIJ.Ol a u T 6 n T r ) ~
~ a p w p a c ;
The police asked
if
we had witnessed the
accident.
Der: witness
(n)
16 65
observe
(v) =see 10.80
16 66
notice
(v)
= be
aware
of:
a v n A . a 1 J . j 3 0 . v o ~ J m
Carol
was
drinking
her
morning coffee
and
reading the
paper
when
she noticed
it
was 9 00
Der: notice (n)
noticeable (adj):
a ; t o o ~ ~ e i w m c ;
16 67
glance (v) =take a quick look and then look away:
pixvw ~ t a ~ m t a The cycl1st glanced over h s shoulder
at
the other riders
and
then pedal led faster.
Der: glance (n)
16 68 oversee (v) = make sure something is done properly:
emj3AE:nw
Barbara s job
is
to oversee all the
company s foreign projects.
Der: overseer (n)
16 69
stare
(v)
= look at something directly for a long time:
K o t T a ~ w e n i ~ o v a Beth stared out
the
window as
the
train
pulled out
of the station.
Der: stare (n)
16 70 peer
(v) =look closely, especially because of difficulty
seeing: K O t T i l ~ w
e p e u v ~ n K i l
The
old
man opened the
door
and peered
into the dark,
but
he
couldn t see
anyone.
16 71
envisage (v) = consider something as possible or
what you intend:
o p a ~ m i ~ o ~ m .
c p a v r a ~ o ~ m l envisage
working
as a
clerk for
a
few years, then moving on to
a
better
position.
16 72
view
(v) = (fml) look at or watch: napaKof-ou8<il, ~ A t n w
I made an appointment to view that flat tonight.
Der: viewer (n): S e a T ~ < ;
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
(page
128)
16 73 compromise
(v)
= to come
to
agreement with
another person, when you both
accept
something
different
or
less than
you
originally asked for:
o u ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ o ~ m
16 74 comprise (v) =consist of: n e p t - a ~ ~ a v w , anoTef-w
16 75 compile (v) =write or produce something by bringing
together information from different sources: ouAA.tyw
UAlKO (yta ~ ~ ~ A i D K.An.)
16 76
transplant
(v)
= permanently move from one place to
another: IJ,ETOq>UTElJW,
IJ ETOIJ OCJX EUW
16 77 transfer (v) = see 8. 7
16 78 transform (v) =change completely: ~ n a ~ o p c p w v w
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UN T 6
16.79 discover
(v)
=learn
or find something new: avaKaAUrnw
16.80
invent
(v)
=make
something which is
the first of
its
kind:
£<.p£Up[OKW
16 81
explore (v) =travel
around a place to learn about it or
find something: e ~ e p e u v W
Der:
explorer
(n)
exploration
(n)
682 evolution
(n) =
see
10.91
16 83
progress (n)
=
process of
development
or
improvement: n p 6 o i 5 o ~
16.84 dv nce
(n)
=progress in
science or technology, etc.:
np6oi5o<;
16.85 common
(adj) =happening or
found etten:
Kotv6c;.
ouvn8to11tvoc;
16.86 typic l
(adj)
=characteristic
of things of the same
type: XGPGKTnptonK6<;
16.87 ordin ry
(adj)
=
not special or different
in
anyway:
OUVT )8L01-i£Voc;
16 88
install v)
=
see 16.16
16.89 insert (v)
=put
something
into
something
else:
rtoayw,
~ a C : w
16.90 inject
(v) =put a substance
into your
body through
the skin using
a needle:
KO.vw tveofl
WORD FORMATION
page 128)
16.91 ctivist
(n) =
person
who takes part
in social,
environmental
or
political
activities: a K n ~ L o T r l c
Thousands of peace activists demonstrated against
the
war.
Der:
action (n)
activate v)
active
(adj)
16.92 nim tor
(n) =
person
who makes cartoons:
OKLTooyp6c.poc;
Ktvouf.itvwv oxeOLwv
The animator
who created Ratatouille was brilliant.
Der:
animate v)
animation
(n):
napaywyrl KLVOUf.ltvwv
oxeiSiwv
animated (adj)
16.93
c mp igner (n)
=person who works for
a
political
or
social cause:
auT6c; nou K6vet t:KOTpaTela
Campaigners for the animal rights movement believe
in
stopping the use of animals in scientific testing.
16.94
consumer (n) =person who buys
goods
and
services: KaTavaAwTr']c; Teenagers are the main
consumers of
popular music COs.
Der: consumerism (n): KaTavaAwTLOI- 6<:;
consumption
(n):
KOTav6Awof1
consume
(v)
16.95
cur tor (n)
=
someone who looks after objects at
a
museum: tc.popoc;
1-iOUot:iou Or
Tom
Rich, the curator
of
the dinosaur collection, will lead a tour
at
2.00 pm.
16 96 dramatist
(n)
=see
4.80
16.97 environment list
(n) = person
concerned
with
studying
and protecting
the environment:
n e p t ~ a A A o v T o A 6 y o c ;
Environmentalists try to
protect
nature.
Der: environment (n)
environmental
(adj)
16.98 speci list
(n) =
person
with a particular skill or a
38
lot
of
knowledge about
a
particular
subject:
eti5tK6c;
We
took
ob
to an eye specialist to have his sight
checked.
Der:
specialisation
(n)
16.99
technici n (n) =person with
technical training
whose
job involves
using
special equipment: TEXVLK6c; Pat
works as a
sound
technician in a recording studio.
16.1 oo tr nsl tor
(n)
= person
who
translates from
one
language to another:
1- ETac.ppaDTrlc;
She works
as
a
translator for the National Geographic magazine.
Der:
translation
(n)
translate
v)
16.101
veget ri n
(n)
= person
who does not
eat
meat or
fish:
xopToc.p6yoc; Lisa is a vegetarian; she gets proteins from
eggs, nuts and grains.
16.102 voc list
(n) =singer; especially
one who sings
popular
music:
TpayouiStOTr']c;. Tpayoui'SlOTpta
The
lead vocalist
lost her voice
at
the end of the group s European
tour.
Der:
vocalise
(v):
£Kcppa1;w
vocal (adj)
16 103
accountant (n)
=see
6.62
16.104 spokesperson
(n) =
someone
who
speaks on behalf
of
a
group or
an
individual:
t:Knp6ownoc; The students
elected
a
spokesperson to represent them
at
the
meeting with the headmaster.
16.1 os dependent (n)
=
person
who
relies
on someone
else for
financial
support
(AmE:
dependant):
npooTaTeU6jlt:Vo 11tAoc; She has four dependents:
three children
and
her mother.
Der:
dependence
(n)
METAPHOR AND MEANING
page
129)
16.106 h mmer
(n) =tool used to
hit
nails
into
wood:
mpupi
Dad hurt his thumb when he hit
it
with the hammec
Der:
hammer (v)
h mmer
home
=
make
a
point
strongly:
Oivw
tiJ,<.pOOT]
at:
K6TL
The campaign hammered home the
message that smoking endangers your health.
16.107
button
(n) =small
key
which you
press
to operate a
machine:
KOUIJ.ni To stop the CD player for a minute,
press the pause button.
16.108
screw (n) a small, sharp piece of
metal
used to join
things together:
~ l i S a
To
fix that drawer, use a screw.
Der:
screw v)
tighten the screws
=
put
pressure
on: yivojlm
mo
auOTT]p6c;, t ~ w If
we
want this law to pass, we ll
have to tighten the screws on the decision-makers.
16.109 clockwork
(n)
=set
of springs inside
a
toy or
clock that makes
it
work: ~ n x a v t o ~ 6 < ;
pot.oytou
nmxvtiStoU The clockwork inside this toy
dog
makes it
move like a real dog.
run like clockwork = run smoothly: iSouAeUw poA6t
Thanks to Sue s managerial skills, the meeting ran like
clockwork.
16.11o
sp nner
(n)
=tool
used
to tighten nuts or bolts
(ArnE: wrench): yaAAtK6
KAeti'Si
The mechanic used a
spanner to tighten the nuts
on
the tyre.
throw sp nner n the works
=
unexpectedly
do
something
that prevents a
process
or plan
from
succeeding:
n a p e ~ n o i 5 i ; w
nc; rpyaoir<; Sally s
resignation from the project has thrown a spanner
in the
works; we ll have to reconsider the whole plan now.
16 111 gear (n)
=part of
a
machine: ypaval;l, ~ n x a v t o ~ 6 < ;
The children were fascinated
by
the gears turning
around
inside the grandfather clock.
get
into ge r
=
start
working
effectively:
aTpciJvof.lOL
OTfl
i5ouAt:t6 We d
better get
into gear
if
we want to
be
ready before the guests arrive.
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tools of the trade = skills and equipment needed
to
do a job: a n a p a i T ~ T a ecp66ta
A computer and
a
good
dictionary are tools of the trade for
a
writer.
MEANINGS (page 130)
monitor
= 1. (n) computer screen: o86Vfl unoAoytoTrl
I
w nt to get
colour monitor for my computer.
2
(n) someone who checks that things are
done
properly:
£ A £ Y K T ~ c ;
e n t m i n ~ c ;
There s
a
monitor on
the playground during break to oversee the children.
3 (v) observe the progress of something: napaKo.\ouSciJ,
e.\tvxw
The
baby clinic monitors the early development
of
infants in the area.
14
screen =
1 (n)
flat part of a
lV or
computer, showing
words and pictures: o86vn Our
new
TV has a very large
screen; we feel/ike we are at the cinema when we
watch it
2 (n) cinema: K L V ~ ~ m o y p a < p o c ;
y favourite
book was adapted for the screen; the film just came out.
3
(n)
flat structure that divides a room: 6LOXWPLOTLK6,
n a p a n t T a o ~ a We
put
a painted Japanese screen
between the kitchen and the living room.
4 (v) test or
examine carefully:
£ ~ £ T a ~ w e ~ o v u x t m L K a
Applicants for
the job will be screened at individual interviews. 5
(v)
show a film
or lV
programme: n p o ~ a w e K n o ~ n ~ .
Tmvla KTA.) The documentary on the Galapagos
Islands will be screened tonight at 9.
16 115 web (n)
=
1
structure made
of
thin threads: LOT6c;
Tracy watched as the spider spun its web.
2. complicated set
or
things that are closely
connected
to
each other:
n.\ twa The story is
a
complex web
of
lies and deception. 3.
system
which links computers via the Internet: OlKTuo To
get information on any
number of
subjects, you can
search the World Wide Web.
VOCABULARY
PRACTICE (Units
14-16)
IN OTHER WORDS (page 130)
16.116
on a
regular basis=
happening often and according
to
plan: oe
TOKT6
xpovtKO OtaaTT ]IJOTO We meet on a
regular basis to review the company s pertormance.
16 117
shortly (adv) =soon: O L J V T O ~ a Please
sit
down and I
will
be
with you shortly.
16 118 invariably (adv) =always: OT08E:p6., J6Vt JO Ron
invariably forgets to return the books he borrowed.
16 119 provisional
(adj)
=likely to
be changed when other
arrangements are made: npoawptv6c; A provisional
government was in power for two months, until the
elections were held.
16 120
tendency (n) = aspect of your character that you
show by behaving in a particular way:
T6a11 My cousin
has
a
tendency to use her hands while she is talking.
16121 gradually (adv) =slowly: ~ a 8 ~ L a i a We gradually
got
used to the
new
neighbourhood.
16 122
bit
by
bit= gradually: ,\lyo ,\iyo
The new
anti-smoking regulations are being introduced bit by
bit so as to allow time for people to
get
used to them.
16 123 in the nick
of
time= just in time
to
prevent something
bad from happening: n6vw OT lV Wpa
The
rescue team
arrived in the nick
of
time to evacuate office workers
before the bomb exploded, destroying the building.
A. Fill in the
gaps. There are
three
words you do not need
to use.
shed
hedge
radiator
What do we use
to
...
?
motor
microscope
1 enter data into a compute r .......... .
2. heat a room ................... .
3. stop cars driving
down
a street ........... ... .
4.
study small things .............. .
5. make a statue ..................
B. Choose the correct answer.
kettle
key shutters sterilizer
spanner
barrier marble screw
6. clean medical equipment thoroughly ...... ........... . .
7. join two pieces of wood together ........... .
8. boil water .................. .
9.
keep light from coming through a
window
............. .
10. store tools ................... .
1. Condit ions in the slum
I suburb
are so bad that an outbreak
of
cholera is feared.
2. Many elderly widows and widowers miss the
companionship I
brotherhood that a partner offers.
3.
It would
be
foolish to buy a second-hand car without trying it
on I out.
4. A vocalist I spokesperson for the band said they would
be
cancelling their sell-out tour.
5. If the union isn t prepared
to
compromise
I comprise
the strike will continue.
6.
Many people settle in
rural I urban
areas because
of
the slower pace
of
life.
7. Good people skills is definitely one of the gears
I
tools of the trade for a salesperson.
8.
Companies often use financial
incentives I subsidies
like bonuses to encourage staff
to
work harder.
9. The house next door has been on the
sale I
market for two months.
10. If the factory
popularized I
upgraded their machinery, production levels would rise.
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UN T 8
c
1. Match the words below.
1.
detached a. cleaner
2.
community
b.
estate
3. housing C. belt
4. microwave d. house
5.
commuter
e. tube
6. vacuum f. centre
7.
test
g.
oven
2 Use your answers to Exercise 1 Complete the sentences
1.
The youth programme run at the local ................................ is proving extremely successful.
2. The researcher carefully poured the liquid into the .............................. and
watched
it change colour.
3. A I an . . ......... with a garden around
it
offers a lot of privacy.
4 I
couldn't
be bothered
to get
out
the
................................. so I just used the
broom to sweep
up the
crumbs
on
the kitchen floor.
5.
6
7.
Dinner's in the fr idge- just pop it in the ................................ for a few minutes to heat it up.
This
town
is expanding fast and new
......................... are springing up all over
the
place to
accommodate
the newcomers.
Like
most of
her colleagues,
Sue
lives in
the
................................. and takes a train into the
city
centre each day.
D Use the phrases to complete the dialogues
ake
any necessary changes
out
of
the question
hammer
home
come
up against a brick wall
throw a spanner in the works
the odds
are flat out
1.
How are your attempts to apply for citizenship going?
Oh, I ............................................................................................................. It seems like I might
not
be eligible.
2. I fancy a weekend break in a luxury hotel.
That's ............................................................................................ I'm afraid. There's no
way we
could afford it.
3. How do you think Chelsea will
do
in today's match?
........................... they'll win.
4. According to these statistics, teenage
smoking
is on the rise.
Parents really need to ........ .
. .............................................................. to their children
how
harmful it can be.
5 The deadline for your assignment is coming up.
I
know. That's
why
I'm working ........................
6. The mayor's office just informed us he
won't
be able to open the new children's ward this afternoon.
Well, that's .......................................................................... Who's going to take his place
at
such short notice?
TOPIC
VOCABULARY (page 142)
18.1
estuary (n) = part of a river where it becomes wide
and joins the sea: £Kf3oArl
noTOIJOU
We
sailed
down
the river to the estuary
but didn t go out
to
sea.
18.2 shore
(n)
= edge of a sea, lake, or river:
aKTi]
We walked
along the shore
of
the lake
and
watched the sailboats.
18 3
cliff
(n) =steep side of an area of highland: YKPeu6c;,
~ p a x o c ; It makes me nervous to walk near the edge
of
the cliff,·
I m
afraid I'll fall.
18.4 dune
(n)
=hill of sand: auu6Aa<poc;
As children, we
loved to roll down the sand dunes
at
the beach.
18.5 peak
(n)
= top of a mountain or the mountain itself:
40
Kopuc.pfl
f3ouvoU Mont
Blanc is the highest mountain
peak in the Alps.
Der: peak
(v)
18 6 summit (n)
=top
of a mountain: KOpucpJi ~ o u v o u )
When the climbers reached the
summit
of Mt
Everest,
they put
up a
flag.
18 7 ridge
(n)
=long,
narrow top of
a
mountain or group
of
mountains: Kopucpoypauuli I can t see beyond the
mountain ridge but I believe there is a valley on the
other side.
18 8 valley
(n)
=a low area of land between mountains
or hills:
KOLA6i5a The climbers
stood at
the top
of
the
mountain, looking down on the valley below.
18 9
dam (n)
= wall built across a river that stops the flow
of water and creates a lake behind it: <ppayua
Egypt s
Aswan Dam
is built
across the Nile
River
18 10
reservoir (n) a large lake, natural or man-made,
which is used
for
storing water: u5arano8flK11,
5c:E;all£Vrl
The reservoir provides enough water for all
the towns in this area.
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hemisphere (n) = one half of the earth, either the
northern
or
southern half:
n ~ t o t p a i p t o
New Zealand is
in the southern hemisphere.
18 12
equator
(n) = imaginary line around the earth, dividing
it into north and south: t o n ~ e p t v 6 ~
The
equator
is
halfway between the North Pole
and
the South Pole.
Der: equatorial (adj)
18 13 continent (n) = one of the world s major areas o f land:
n n e L p O ~
We
toured the North American continent,
from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Der: continental (adj)
18 14
eruption
(n)
=a
sudden explosion in a violent
or
destructive way: t K p n ~ n The
city of Pompeii was
destroyed
by
an eruptton
of Mt Vesuvti.Js
in
79 AD.
Der: erupt (v)
18 15 erosion (n) = process of gradual damage to rocks or
soil, especially by water or wind: o L O . ~ p w o n
The force of
the current has caused the erosion of the river bank.
Der: erode (v)
eroded (adj)
18 16 arid (adj) =so dry
that
few plants are able
to
grow:
~ e p 6 ~ . O . y o v o ~
The safari goes through
arid
desert
until you reach the
game
reserve.
Der: aridity (n)
18 17 avalanche (n)
= large mass
of
snow that suddenly
falls down a mountain: X L O V O O T L ~ a o a
Last winter,
two
skiers were killed in an avalanche.
18 18
slope (n) = side of a hill or mountain: ni-ayt6.
The
beginner s ski slope
is
not
very steep.
18 19
wilderness
(n) = undeveloped area: e p n ~ L O . ,
a y p L 6 T o n o ~
Much of
Alaska is still wilderness.
18 20 volcano (n) = mountain from which gas, lava and rock
explode through a hole in
the top:
n<Poimeto
Mt
Etna is still an active volcano.
Der: volcanic (adj)
18 21
altitude
(n) = height above sea level: u l J o ~ . u L j J 6 ~ e T p o
The plane flew
at a low
altitude
as it
approached the
airport.
18.22 hurricane (n) = violent storm with heavy rain and
strong winds:
KUKA.Wvac; very year hurricanes
c use
tremendous damage to homes in Florida.
18 23 soil (n) =the
top
layer of earth in which plants grow:
t o a t p o ~ . x w ~ a
Not
many plants
grow
in this region, as
the
ground
is
mostly
rock, with very little soil.
18 24
irrigation (n) = the technique of making water flow
into fields where crops are grown:
O pOeuon
There isn t
much rainfall in this area,
so
farmers water their crops
using an irrigation
system.
Der: irrigate (v)
mainland (n) = large mass of land that forms the main
part of a country; not the islands: nnetpwnKJi
xwpa
After
a
holiday
on
one
of
the islands, we returned
to
our home on the mainland.
drought (n) = unusually long period without rain in
which crops die: ~ n p a o i a
a v o ~ ~ p l a The farmers hope
the drought doesn t last too long; this season s crops
may not
survive.
drizzle
(n) =very
light rain:
LjJLAJi ~ p o x J i
You don t
need
an
umbrella; there s
just a
slight drizzle.
Der: drizzly (adj)
overcast (adj) = cloudy, with no sun visible:
o u w e t p t a o ~ t v o ~
The skies were grey
and
overcast
so
we expected rain.
18 29
breeze
(n) = gentle wind: aupa,
aep6.KL They sat on
the balcony enjoying the
cool
evening breeze.
Der: breezy (adj)
18 30 mild
(adj) = quite warm and pleasant: ~ a A a K 6 ~ J i m o ~
It
was
a
mild
evening
so
we decided to eat outdoors.
18 31 fog (n) =thick
clouds
of
water vapor at ground level,
which make it difficult
to
see: o ~ l X A D
The fog was so
heavy we
could
barely see ten metres in front
of us.
Der:
foggy
(adj)
18 32
frost (n) = layer of ice crystals that forms on things
outside when the weather is very cold: n a y e r 6 ~
The
car
was covered with frost this morning.
Der: frosty (adj)
18 33 gale (n) = very strong wind: 8ueAAa
The storm seems
to
be
turning into a real gale.
gale force wind = extremely strong wind: u e M w o n ~
O . v e ~ o ~
The weather forecast
predicted
gale-force
winds.
18 34 sleet (n) = mixture of freezing rain and hail: Xlov6vepo
The rain turned to sleet as the temperature dropped.
Der: sleet (v)
18 35
settle (v) = 1. (of snow, dust, etc.) come down onto
a surface and cover it: K a T a K a S L ~ w 10 oTpWvw
The
ground is
too
wet for
the
snow
to settle.
2. sit
or
lie
down
comfortably in a certain place or position:
K 6 . 8 o ~ m . ~ o i - e u o ~ m
Granddad settled
back
into his
favourite armcha ir
and
took
a
sip
of
whtskey.
18 36
patch (n) = a small part of a surface or area that is
different from
what
is around it: K 0 ~ ~ 6 . T L , ~ e p a ~
The
red
patches on
this
map
represent very dry areas.
18 37 thaw
(v) = ice or snow becomes warmer and changes
into liquid: ALWVW,
~ e n a y w v w When the
snow
starts to
thaw in the spring, the water level
rises
in the rivers.
18 38
drift
(n)
=a
large pile
of
(snow, sand, leaves, etc.) formed
by the movement of the wind: o w p 6 ~ XLOVLOU, O . ~ ~ o u
Large drifts of snow almost buried the parked
car.
Der: drift (v)
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
COMPOUND
NOUNS (page 143)
18 39
windmill
(n) = building with long pieces of wood that
turn in the wind and produce energy: avqL611uA.o<.; At
the top of the hill, you
II
find the old windmill which
was
used
to
grind
wheat into flour.
18 40 windscreen (n) =glass on the front of a car that a
driver looks through: n a w n p l ~
The heavy rain on the
windscreen made t difficult to
see
the road.
18 41
coastline
(n) =land along
the
edge of
the
water:
napai-ia, O K T O y p a ~ ~ J i
Argenttna has
a
very long
coastline.
18 42
coastguard
(n) = organisation responsible for
watching over a country s coast:
OKTocpuA.aKr j The
coastguard is always there to help ships in distress.
18 43
rainfall
(n) =amount of rain
that
falls at a particular
time: ~ p o x o m w o n
The
amount
of rainfall this winter
has been
lower
than average.
18 44
rainbow
(n)
=
arch of colours
in
the sky which can
appear after rain: oupO.vLo
1 6 ~ o
After
the storm ended,
we saw
a
beautiful rainbow.
18 45 rainforest (n) =thick forest of tall trees in rainy,
tropical regions: TpomK6 06oo<.;
The rainforest is home
to hundreds of unusual species of plants.
41
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UN T
8
18 45
raindrop n) ~ d r o p of rain:
omy6va
~ p o x ~ c ; When
raindrops began to fall, we decided to cancel our
plans
for
a picnic.
18 47 he tstroke n) =illness caused by being
in
hot
weather too long: S s w o n A ~ ~ i a
Several people suffered
heatstroke when the temperature rose above 40°C.
18 48
heatwave
n) =stretch of unusually hot weather:
KaUowvac; The temperature was 42oC for a week
during the heatwave last summer.
18 49 thundercloud n) ~ l a r g e , dark cloud likely to
produce
rain: oUvvr:cpo KOTOLylOac; When we noticed the
thunderclouds, we hurried home.
1s.so thundercl p
n)
= loud noise heard
after
a
flash of
lightning: ~ p o v r ~ The children were frightened by the
loud thundercfap.
18.51 w terf ll n) =place where water spills over the edge
of a high cliff to a level below: Karapp6.KTflC: Niagara
Falls are the best-known waterfalls in
North
America.
18 52 w terfront
n)
= area next to a river, lake or sea:
n p o K u ~ a l a .
napalda n6i\f]c; Houses on the waterfront
are desirable. because
of
the view.
18 53 w tercolour
n)
=paints
which dissolve
in
water
or a picture painted with these paints: vep01JnOyL6.
ui5moypa jlia
They
bought
a
watercolour painted
by
a local artist.
18 5c l l ndslide
n)
=a
mass of earth that falls down the
slope of a mountain: KOToi\fo8f]Of]
ei56q:.ouc;)
The
people were afraid of a landslide after the volcano
erupted.
18 55
l ndm rk
n)
=famous
building or object that you can
see and recognise easily: S t o ~ )
o p o ~ ~ o The Effie/
Tower is a famous Paris landmark.
18_56
snowdrift
n)
=deep pile
of snow
formed
by
the wind:
xtovoonl365a The
snowdrift
was four metres deep.
18 57 snowfl ke n) =piece of falling snow: vtq:.65a xtovtoU
he
snowflakes melted as they landed on the ground.
18 58 sunbe m
n)
= ray of sunlight
fJi\LOXTli5a
A sunbeam
came through the window and lit
up
the room.
ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS page 143
18 59
obsessed adj) ~ u n a b l e to stop thinking or worrying
about
something:
nou
8X£L IJOVla
IJE:
K6TL She's so
obsessed with cleanliness that she won t even let
visitors wear shoes in the house.
Der: obsession n)
18 60
compatible
adj) ~ c a n exist together: o t l ~ j l w v o c ; .
TOLptaoT6c;
Don t
travel
together
unless
you
are
compatible and
like to do the
same
things.
Der: compatibility
n)
18 61
content
adj) = satisfied with what you have:
euxaptouwtvoc;
Whereas their friends have all
moved
to
bigger
houses, they're quite
content
with living in a
tiny apartment.
Der: contentment
n)
content v)
Opp: discontented adj)
discontent n)
18 62
isolated adj) ~ s e e
8.19
18 63 engrossed adj) see 4.118
1864
deficient
adj)
lacking something:
e M t n ~ c ; . a v m a p K ~ c ;
A diet deficient in calcium makes bones too soft.
Der: deficiency n)
42
RELATED WORDS page 144)
18 65 wander
v)
=
walk
from place
to
place without a
particular purpose: T p t y u p l ~ w , n e p t n i \ o v t t ~ m We
wandered
around
the market, looking at the displays.
18 66 tiptoe
v)
=walk
quietly on your toes: nepnoTW one;
1JUT£C: TWV noOtWv The babysitter tiptoed into the
room to check on the baby.
18 67
trudge v)
=walk
slowly with heavy steps: nepnaTW
1-i£
K6no The hikers
trudged home
in the
pouring
rain.
18 58
stride
v) strode; s t r i d d e n ) ~ walk quickly with long
steps:
~ a i 5 i ~ w ~ e y 6 A a
~ ~ ~ a m Fred
strode into the
room
just
as the
meeting
was
about
to begin.
18 69 step
v)
=move one foot
in
a certain direction:
K6vw tva 3 ~ 1 - 1 0 The speaker stepped down from the
platform
at
the
end of her
speech.
18 70 w de
v)
= walk through water that is not deep: nepnaTW
mo
vep6 I waded across the stream to
get
the ball.
18 71 plod v)
~ w a l k heavily and slowly:
nepnmw
~ a p t a
The tired horse ploc aed slowly through the fields.
18 72 shuffle
v) ~ w a l k slowly pulling your feet along the
ground:
otpvw
TO
n6i5La
~ o u
The
old
man
shuffled
into the room and sat down heavily
18 73 march v)
= walk with regular steps: nap£i\aUvw.
K6vw
nop£la
The soldiers
marched down
the street,
in strict formation.
18 74 dash
v)
~ r u n
quickly:
rptxw. o p ~ w
Jody
dashed into
the supermarket to buy a few things.
Der: dash n):
aorpamaia
Kivnon
18 75 dawdle
v) walk very slowly, wasting time:
x a ~ e t l w
The children
dawdled
on their way to school,
stopping
to look in the shop windows.
18 76 clamber v)
=climb
over
a difficult obstacle, usually
using hands:
avappLXWI-IOL
We
had
to
clamber
over
the rocks to
get
to the cave.
18 77 scramble
v) ~ c l i m b quickly, using your hands:
oKap jlaAwvw ra
rtooepa Billy scrambled
up
the
hill in
no
time.
18 78
stagger v)
=walk unsteadily: T P E : K i \ l ~ w , napanaTW
After the accident, he managed to stagger into a cafe
to ask for help.
18 79 stroll
v)
=walk
slowly,
in
a relaxed way: K6vw
m::plnaTo The couple strolled along the seashore,
enjoying the breeze.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS page 144
18 80
ground
1. n)
area used
for
a particular activity:
y ~ n e o o .
£Kroon
The city has built a new football
ground in the park. 2. v) punish a child by stopping
him from going to places he enjoys: n ~ w p W
1-1£
nEptopLOI-16)
Tammy was
grounded for two
weeks and
won t be
able to
come
to the party.
3. adj) crushed:
r p L ~ ~ t v o c ; . a A w ~ t v o c ; This recipe uses freshly ground
peppec
grounds =
n)
land, garden and lawn that surround a
building: n £ p [ ~ o i \ o c ; Their country house has extensive
grounds with a lake and a guests cottage.
Der: grind v)
on
the
grounds
that
= for
the
specific reason:
£ n £ L i 5 ~ , i\6yw
TOU
6n She refused to
attend
the
reception on the
grounds that
she
hadn t
been invited
personally.
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UNITS 18 and
20
18.122 flood (n)
=
large amount
of
water covering a place
which is usually dry:
n J . . ~ ~ ~ u p a
The heavy rain this
spring caused a flood in
our
basement.
Der: flood (v)
flood the
market
make such a large number
of
goods available
for
sale that they cannot all be sold
and the price falls drastically: K O T a K J . . u ~ w T ~ v ayopa
Cheap
imported
appliances are flooding the market.
18 123
torrent
(n)
strong
flow of
water:
X £ i ~ a p p a < ;
After
the
storm, the stream turned into a raging torrent.
(a)
torrent
o f ~ a lot of: X £ i ~ a p p o < ; ,
K m m y t o ~ 6 < ;
The
candidate was
hit
with torrents of questions from the
reporters
18 124
trickle (n)
small amounts (of liquid) flowing slowly:
OT<lAa,
~ l K p 6 < ; a p t 8 ~ 6 < ;
When the rain
slowed
to a
trickle, we ran to the
car.
18 125 shower with (v) = give someone a lot
of
presents or
affection: K G T O K A U ~ w (K6notov)
IJ E:
Laura's parents
showered
her
with gifts when she graduated.
18 126 wade through (phr v)
=
read
or
deal with a lot
of
boring information:
KOTam6vo11m IJE avtaptc;
n J . . ~ P 0 4 J O p i £ < ;
I
can t
go out
this weekend because I
have to wade through a load
of
papers.
18 127 storm of
protest
very strong objection:
KlqJa
o t a ~ a p T u p i a < ;
There was
a
storm
of protest
from the
workers over the
proposed
reduction
in
benefits.
18 128 dry
up
(phr v) ~ s t o p being available: OT£p£uw,
£ ~ a v T I . o u ~ m What will happen to
our project
if the
money dries
up?
18 129 drop n the oce n = very little: may6va
OTOV
WK£av6
This cutback will help a bit,
but
it's
just
a drop
in the ocean since the company
is so
deeply
in
debt.
18 130
(be)
snowed
under too
much work
to
do:
nvlyof. OL
TT]
6ouAet6 Carole
is snowed
under with extra
homework this weekend so she
can t
go
on
the picnic.
18 131 rising tide an increasing amount
or
occurrence
of something negative which is difficult
to
control:
a v ~ o u x n n K T i m l ~ ~ o ~ There is concern
about
the
rising tide of drug-related crime
in
the city.
IN OTHER WORDS
(page 146)
18 132 run mile = try
to
avoid a situation because you are
embarrassed
or
frightened:
To
~ ~ w oTa n66La
Don t
show
her a
spider-
she
II
run
a
mile
18 133 st nd out mile = be more noticeable than others:
~ £ X W P i ~ w
John is so tall he stands
out
a mile in
any
crowd.
18 134 weigh
ton
be extremely heavy: ~ u y l ~ w tva T6vo
( ~ T 4 J . )
Can
you
help
me
carry this suitcase? It weighs
a ton.
18 135 go the extr mile
do
something which is not
required: K6vw K6n f. £ TO napan6vw
Usa
is
always
ready to
go
the extra mile when she's asked to help.
18 136
come down
on (someone)
like ton
of
bricks
criticise or punish someone severely: emni\flTTw.
K O T O a 6 t 6 ~ w (K6notov) The boss came
down on
us
like a ton of bricks because we wasted money
on
photocopying.
18 137 give (someone) an inch
and
(he'll) take a y a r d ~
always want more than agreed on:
6Lvw
oe
K6nOLov
T
6LKalwf.ia
va
~ 1 T r l O £ L noAA6
Don t
give in to
her
if
you give her an inch, she'll take
a
yard.
18 138 h ve few
pints
drink a few glasses
of
beer at a
pub:
nlvw
tva -
Quo noTT]p6KLa We
always
meet
on
Monday
nights to have
a
few pints.
18 139 feel10
feet
t a l l ~ feel proud of yourself because of
an achievement: vtW8w u m : : p f l c p a v o ~ She said she felt
10 feet tall after winning the essay contest.
18 140 lose h lf
stone
lose about 3 kilos: xavw Ouo- Tpla
KlAO I wish I
could
lose half a stone.
18 141
an
ounce
of
h e l p ~
a very little bit
of
help:
~ t a
oT<lAa
~ o T i 8 £ t a
He wasn't an ounce
of
help in the kitchen; he
stood and
talked to
me
without offering to do
a
thing.
UNIT2
Arts
and
Crafts
TOPIC VOCABULARY
(page 158)
20 1
dome (n) ~ r o u n d e d
roof:
tpouJ..o<;
The dome
of
St Paul
S
cathedral in London
ts
111 metres htgh.
20 2 rch (n) = curved structure held up at each side by a
wall or pillar: alj ioa, K O ~ a p a
The bridge
is
supported
by
arches.
20 3
pottery
(n) pots, dishes, etc. made from clay and
baked to harden them: £ i O ~ K £ p a ~ t K T i < ; We
bought
some
brightly
coloured
pottery
in Peru.
20 4 f bric
(n) =
cloth:
Ucpao11a
She chose a strong fabric
to
cover
the sofa.
20 5 lens
(n) =
curved glass used in cameras, telescopes,
glasses, etc.:
cpaK6c;
I use a telescopic lens for
close-up photographs.
2o.s
sculpture
(n) solid object made of wood stone,
clay, etc. as a
work
of art: yi\unT6 Michelangelo
is
famous
for
his marble sculptures.
Der: sculptor (n): y J . . u m ~ < ;
sculpt (v)
20 7
column
(n)
~ t a l l
stone post, often with a decorated
top: Koi\6va
Marble columns
supported
the
roof of
the Parthenon.
20 8
mural
(n)
picture painted on a wall: Tmxoypa4JiG
The mural, covering one wall, depicts a war scene.
20.9 ornament
(n) =
small attractive object used
for
decoration:
oToALOL, OtaKOOI..LT]TLK6
Every
year
we
hang colourful ornaments
on our
Christmas tree.
Der: ornamental (adj)
20 1
o snapshot (n) photograph: 4JWToypa4Jia, OTlWl6TUno
We
took lots
of
snapshots
at
the barbecue.
20 11
abstract
(adj) = 1.
in
art, using shapes
or
patterns
to
express the artist's feelings rather than showing
things or people:
0 4 J ~ P ~ ~ t v o c ;
It is often hard to
understand abstract paintings. 2 ideas that exist as
thoughts,
not
related
to
physical objects:
0 4 J ~ P ~ ~ t v ~
tvvma
Philosophy deals with abstract ideas like
"freedom".
Der: abstract (n)
abstract (v)
20 12
artefact (n)
~ o b j e c t made a long time ago, usually
of historical importance:
X£LponolT]TO avnKEif.IEVO
(lOTOPlKTi<; ~ ~ a o i a c ;
The art
museum downtown
has
some
interesting prehistoric artefacts
on
display.
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· : ~ ;
20 13 illustration n) ~ p i c t u r e or drawing: E L K o v o y p a < p ~ a ~ .
etK6va The children like the illustrations in this
storybook because they are colourful and humorous.
Der: illustrator n)
illustrate v)
20 14
icon
n)
symbol:
a u ~ ~ O A O LKOVLOLO
Madonna has
become a pop icon.
20 15 portrait n) painting, drawing or photograph of a
person:
noptptto
A portrait
of
my
great-grandmother
hangs over the fireplace.
20 16 canvas n) ~ s t r o n g cloth made of cotton or linen,
often used by artists to paint on: K O ~ ~ i l c ;
( ~ w y p a < p t K ~ c ; )
Rembrandt painted with oi1 paints on canvas.
20 17
cr yon n)
=colour for drawing made from wax
or clay: Kpayt6vt, K ~ p o ~ n o y t i l Small children love
drawing with coloured crayons.
20 18 watercolour n) ~ s e e 18 53
20 19 inspiration
n) ~ s e e 4 85
20 20 sketch v) draw quickly without details: aKLToilpw
Robyn sketched a map for me on the back of the
menu.
Der: sketch
n)
20 21 erase v) ~ c o m p l e t e l y remove: a ~ ~ v w Robert didn't like
what he had written so he erased it and started again.
Der: eraser
n)
20 22 landscape n) area of land with a special
appearance
or
painting
of
the countryside: Tonia
The green rural landscape is very relaxing.
20 23
picturesque
(adj) attractive, scenic often because
it is old
or
unspoilt: ypac.pLK6c; The mountainside was
dotted with picturesque stone villages.
20 24 easel n) wooden frame which holds a painting an
artist is working on:
K a ~ a A t T o
Because I came into
the art class late, there was no easel /ef t for me to set
my painting on.
20 25
palette
n) wooden board used for mixing paints:
naAtm
The
artist held his palette in one hand and
brush in the other.
20 26 shade n) form of a colour: a n x p w a ~ They painted
the room an unusual shade of green.
20 27 capture v) represent a quality, feeling or
atmosphere successfully: anoi iii iw, a n a 8 a v m i ~ w The
portrai t captured her childlike innocence perfectly.
20 28 masterpiece n) see 4 30
20 29 flair n) natural ability to
do
something well: K A i a ~ .
TaAtvTo Tina
has
a
real flair for languages - she
speaks five
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
PHRASAL VERBS (page 159
20 30 touch up (phr v) improve by making small changes
in th appearance
of
something: pETOuoO.pw, KO.vw
~ t K p o i 5 t o p 8 w a e t c ; After the painter touched up the
faded colours, the picture came to fife.
Der:
touch-up n)
20 31 hang
up
(phr v) end a telephone connection by
putting down the receiver: KAeivw TO T ~ A t < p w v o
The number was busy so I hung up. I ll try again later.
wind
up
(phr
v)
bring
to
an
end: teAetwvw, K;\eivw
It's time to wind up the party it's one o'clock
20 33 follow up (phr v) try to find out more about something
or take further action:
o u v e x i ~ w
(tpeuva, npoona8eta)
The detectives
are
following up some new
leads.
Der: follow-up n)
20 34 draw up (phr v) prepare a document:
auvtilaow
If
you draw up
a
fist of people we should thank, I'll
write the thank-you notes.
20 35
pick
up (phr v) see 2 116
20 36 mix
up
(phr v) see 8 39
20 37 ease
up
on)
(phr
v
treat someone less severely:
y i v o ~ m
me e m e L K ~ < ; I wish the boss would
ease
up
on
me;
he's always critical of my work.
20 38 cover up (phr v) hide a fact or the truth from other
people: KaAUnTw, anoKpllnTw The politician tried to
cover up the truth but the newspapers brought it out
into the open.
Der: cover-up n)
20 39 brush
up
on (phr v) improve knowledge by studying:
<ppeaKilpw (yvwaetc;) I want to brush up on my French
before I go to Paris.
COLLOCATIONS (page 159
20 40
show p intings
= exhibit works
of
art: EK8tTw
nivaKec; ~ w y p a < p L K ~ c ;
The
young artist showed his
paintings for the first time in a special exhibition.
20 41
mount
a) photograph fix a photograph securely
into a frame:
K o p v t ~ i l p w
John mounted his graduation
photograph in a gold frame and hung it on the wall.
20 42
mount a) c mp ign
= organise activities
to
achieve
social, political or military results: opyavWvw K a ~ . m O . v t a
Greenpeace activists are mounting
a
campaign to save
the seals.
20 43 mount an) exhibition plan and display art works in
a public place: eK8ttw, opyavwvw
t K 8 e a ~
The
focal
gallery is mounting an exhibition of Tina's drawings.
20 44 catch (someone s)
e y e ~
get (someone) to notice:
Kilvw KilnOLov) va npoatl;et A flash of light caught
my eye and I turned to see where it c me from.
20 45 catch (someone s)
attention
have a sudden effect
on someone: t p a ~ w ~ n p o o o x ~ (Kilnotou) The noise
of the loud argument suddenly caught my attention.
20 46
catch
a glimpse see briefly: ~ A t n w <peuyaMa
Patty caught a glimpse of Joe just as the door closed.
20 47 focus
my) e n e r g y ~
concentrate one s efforts:
~ i l ~ w
6 A ~
~ o u
t ~ v evtpyeta
Having analysed his role,
the
actor is
now
focusing his energy on learning it
off
by
heart.
20 48 focus ttention = look at or think about something
carefully: emKevtpwvw t ~ v n p o o o x ~ ~ o u We have
narrowed down our research to focus our attention
on one particular ge group.
20 49 focus c mer = adjust vision of a camera:
E o n O . ~ w
~ t a < p w t o y p a < p L K ~ ~ ~ x a v ~ She focused her camera
before taking the picture.
2o.so dr w comp rison = process
of
considering
differences and similarities between things: KOvw
oUyKpLOTl The
lecturer drew a comparison between
the novel and the film.
20 51
dr w conclusion
=
see 12.130
45
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UNIT 20
20 52
draw ttention
to = cause other people to notice:
£<pLoTW
TrJV n p o o x ~ K6notou) o£
KC:m
The
guide
drew
our attention to the
painting
by
Van Gogh.
20 53
pose for
photo = sit or stand somewhere in order
for someone
to
take your photograph:
not;O.pw
yLa <pwToypmpia Tourists can be seen posing
for
photographs in front
of
the palace.
20 54
pose problem =
create a difficult situation:
O ~ ~ L o u p y w
tva
n p 6 ~ 1 . ~ ~ a
The
proposed budget
cuts pose huge problems for local authorities whose
resources are already limited.
2o ss pose question = ask a question: StTw tva
t::pc.l.nrn1a The speaker posed the question
of
whether
t is
morally right to eat meat.
20 56
re d
(someone s)
mind =
be able to tell what
someone is thinking: o t a ~ a < : w a K t l ) J ~ (Kan01ou)
Thanks
for
offering - I was just about to
ask
you to
help. You must have read my
mind
20 57 bear grudge = dislike someone because of a past
event: Kpani> KOK[a Sue bears a grudge against Bob
because he didn't invite her to the party.
20 58
bear
a) sign ture
=
(fml) have someone s name
written
in
that person s handwriting: cptpw
lV
u n o y p a c p ~ If
it
is real,
that
letter
bearing
Churchill's
signature is valuable.
20 59 bear resemblance (to) = look similar to someone
or
something: ~ o t 6 ~ w ~ c )
Your son bears a
strong
resemblance to your father.
20 60
restore
order return a disorganised situation to its
former organised state:
cnavmptpw I
anoKa8toni>
T ~ V r a l ; ~ The police restored order after the
demonstration became violent.
20 61
restore a
painting) = repair a work
of
art so that it s
in its original condition: avanaAmWvw (nivaKa) The
paintings on exhibit were restored
by
experts from
London.
Der: restoration n)
20 62
restore confidence in)
= make people trust someone
or something again: cnavaKTc.i>
TflV
c ~ m o T o o U v r J
The
government is
hoping
that the tax cuts will restore the
public 's confidence in the economy.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 160)
20 63 commission n) = formal request for special work, often
artistic, done for payment: E V T O A ~ , av68£0Tl
tpyou
20 64
omission n)
= something left out or not done:
n a p a i . £ L L ) J ~
20 65
mission
n) = important task: a n o o r o A ~
20 66 likewise (adv) = similarly: n a p o ~ o i w c ;
20 67 likeness n) = close resemblance: o ~ o t 6 H ] T O
20 68
likelihood n)
= probability:
m8av6rwa
20 69 visible (adj) = able to be seen: opm6c;
Opp: invisible
20 70
audible
adJ) = able
to
be heard: LKav6c; va aKouor£i
20 71 tangible (adj) = noticeable, able to be touched:
X£Lpomaor6c;
20 72
contemporary
(adj) = see
12 89
20 73 tempor ry adj) = lasting for a limited time: npoowptv6c;
Opp: permanent (adj)
20 74
contemptuous adj)
=feeling or showing that you have
no respect: m:ptcppovr]TLK6c;
46
20 75
represent
v) = be a sign or symbol of: avanaptoTW,
a u ~ ~ o l . i i ; w
20 76 indic te v) = show, point or make clear: Oclxvw,
u n o o ~ r . w v w
20 77 demonstrate v) = show how to do something:
£nL6£LKVlJW
20 78 remainder n) =
what
is left: ro un6Aomo
20 79
ruins n)
= remains
of
a destroyed building: .spelma
20 80
leftovers n) =food left uneaten after a meal: anocp6yta
WORD FORMATION
(page
160)
20 81
ccessible (adj) = easy to use or reach: npomr6c;
The new entrance makes the museum accessible to
the handicapped.
Der: access
v):
see
8 1 07
Opp: inaccessible (adj)
20 82
adaptable
(adj) = able to change to suit a new
situation: c u n p o o 6 p ~ o o r o c ; I'm sure
Mary
will
do
well
in her new school; she s very adaptable.
Der: adaptation
n):
see 4
70
adapt
v):
see
4 1
04
20 83
admirable
(adj) =
worthy
of praise:
a l ; t o 8 a u ~ a a r o c ;
The
church's
work with the
poor
is admirable.
20 84 adorable (adj) = very attractive: al;tol.arpcuroc; Your
baby is adorable. She has such a cute face
20 85
affordable
(adj) = cheap enough for ordinary people
to buy: O L K o v o ~ L K 6 npomr6c;
Mobile
phones are so
affordable these days
that
almost everyone owns one.
20 86
analytical
(adj) = using a method
of
separating things
into their parts
to
examine and understand them:
avaAunK6c; Jody's analytical skills have helped her in
her job
as
a researcher.
Der: analyst n)
analysis n)
20 87
applicable
(adj) = see
2.120
20 88
stronomic l (adj) = very high costs: aorpovo)JLK6c;,
£1;mp£TLKO u l ) J ~ A 6 < ; y1a noo6) The prices in this
restaurant are astronomical. How
can they charge so
much?
20 89 bearable (adj) = difficult or unpleasant but can be
tolerated: av£KT6c;
The noise from the
parade
was
bearable because we knew
it
would end
soon.
Opp: unbearable (adj)
20 90
comprehensible
(adj) = easily understood:
KOTOVOflT6c;
The instructions
for
using this digital
camera are comprehensible and easy to follow.
Opp: incomprehensible (adj)
20 91
conceiv ble
(adj)
=
possible
to
imagine: m8av6c;
While it's conceivable
that
humans
may
one day
inhabit
the moon, it
won't
be in the near future.
Opp: inconceivable (adj)
20 92
digestible
(adj) = food that is easy for the body
to process:
.sUn.snroc; Bananas and rice are easily
digestible foods.
Der: digestion n)
digest
v):
xwv£uw
Opp: indigestible (adj)
20 93 economical
(adj) = wasting as little as possible, often
money: O l K O V O ~ L K 6 c ; , cpTI1V6c; We
are
going
to get a
smaller
car
that will
be more economical
to run.
Der: economy (n)
economise (also -ize) (v): K6vw O L K O v o ~ l a
economic (adj): o t K o v o ~ L K 6 c ; , oxenK6c;
.1£ TllV
O l K O V O ~ O
I
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UNIT 20
20 129 shadow
(n)
=area
of darkness created when
something blocks light:
aKt6
He stood in the
shadow
of the tree so we didn't notice him.
Der: shadowy (adj)
shadow hanging over
(me)
=feeling
that something
unpleasant is going
to
happen: (E:xw) tv KOK6
n p o a i o 8 ~ ~ a The team has
had
a
shadow
hanging
over them ever since they lost the championship.
cast a
shadow=
make a situation seem less hopeful:
npoKaAW
OV louxia
Paul's
being
fired
cast
a
shadow
over the whole office.
20 130
twinkle (v)
=sparkle;
shine with an unsteady light:
A a ~ n u p i i ; w The sky was clear last
night
and the stars
twinkled brightly.
Der: twinkle
(n)
twinkle in (someone s) eye = look
of
excitement or
mischief:
M ~ t j J ~ 010 ~ a n a
(Kcmmou)
With a twinkle
in his eye, Ted
told
me about his plans for the surprise
party.
20 131 light up
(phr v)
=suddenly
look happy:
q J W T i i ; o ~ m
(an6
xapa The children's faces lit
up
when we
suggested going
on a picnic.
20 132 see
(something)
through rose-coloured glasses=
see only good things and none
of
the bad:
TO PMnw
6Aa p66tva She's a
happy
person who always sees
the
world
through rose-coloured glasses.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 162)
20 133 see
(someone
I
something)
in
a
new
l ight= change
your opinion:
pAtnw
(Kcmmov
I
Kiln) aMo ~ a n
When Rob said he was caring for his elderly mother,
we began to
see him
in a
new
light.
come to
l ight=
become
known:
tpxo1-1m
oTo c . p w ~
New evidence has recently come to
light
which has
changed
the direction
of
the investigation.
make
light of=
treat something as not important
or
not serious: naipvw K6n a4J ')c.ptoTa My parents made
light of my concern; they said I don t
need
to worry
about
the future
at my
age.
20 134
picture (v)
=imagine:
q J O V T i l i ; o ~ m What do
you
picture
yourself
doing when you grow
up
and finish
school?
get the picture = (inf) understand a situation:
KOTaAa[3alvw You don t have to explain
any
more - I
get
the picture.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE (Units 18-20)
paint
a
picture
=
describe
a situation vividly:
neptypilqJw i ; w ~ p a The doctor
painted
a picture of my
father's condition that was very encouraging.
20 135 shape (v)
=influence
the development of:
6 L a ~ o p q J w v w Fred's attitudes have been shaped by
what he
reads in the newspaper.
Der: shape (n):
o x ~ ~ a .
~ O p < j l ~
in shape = in good physical condition: oe q J 6 p ~ a
m:: KaA ')
c.pumK ')
KOT6oTao l
Mike runs five kilometres
every day
so he ll be
in shape for the marathon.
take
shape
= begin
to
have a more certain form:
naipvw
1- 0pc.pr']
The plans for our trip began to take
shape after we decided on the city we wanted to see.
IN OTHER WORDS (page 162)
20 136 go
on
and
on=
talk continuously for a long time:
'-HAW aKaT< mauoTa My dad
went
on and
on about
golfing; it was so boring.
20 137 go
cheap= sell at a low price: nwAoUI-IOL <.pT'lV6
Bananas were
going
cheap at the market today
so
we
bought
two
kilos.
20 138
all
go=
extremely busy:
T p o ~ e p a
a n a o x o A ~ ~ t v o c ;
It's
been all go since the shop opened; we haven't had a
minute
to rest
20 139
have
a
go=
try: 6 o K L ~ a 1 ; w I m
not very good at
scrabble but if
you want
to play. I'll have a go at
it
20 140 go with (phr v)
=look
good together: T m p t a ~ w
Both
the blue
shirt and
the green
shirt
go with the
jeans; it
doesn t matter
which one you wear.
20 141 get
going= start working
or
start moving: ~ E : K L V W
O T P W V O ~ Q l O T ~
OOUAELO The film starts in 45 minutes;
we d better get going
if
we don t
want
to
be
late.
20 142
make a go of= be successful: nc:Tuxaivw K6TL
n p o o n a S W v T a ~
oKAilp6
Rita is working
hard
to make
a go of her new business.
20 143
(be) going strong= doing well: p a n t ~ m KaM His
grandmother is
90
and
still going strong.
20 144 goes to
show=
proves a point: anoiSE:LKvUc:L (6n)
We
didn t expect Veronica to win, which just goes to
show
how
wrong
we were.
20 145 to go = remaining: aK61-i'l. nou ano1-1EV8L The holidays
are
almost
here - just a
month
to go
A. Circle the ONE word
that CANNOT
be
used
in
each sentence.
1.
The elderly
woman shuffling I clambering I trudging down
the street
was
obviously tired.
2.
Only a fool would venture
out
in a
boat
in a gale I hurricane I breeze.
3. The mountain road had been blocked
by
a
I
an
avalanche I
snowdrift
I snowflake.
4. The little
boy
knew that the
circular
I
triangular
I rectangular package was unlikely to contain a new ball.
5. The deluge
I drought I
heatwave had lasted for a long time; everyone was relieved when
it
finally started to rain.
6. The artist is in her studio working on a portrait
I
palette
I
watercolour.
7. The hikers set off on a cold and soaking I
frosty
I foggy morning.
8. The huge
domes I cones I columns
on the building are typical
of
this architectural style.
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B Complete
the
sentences using the
nouns
below.
reservoir wilderness coastguard torrent pottery rays artefacts
cubes o sleet • l ns
1. A number
of
............................ unearthed by archaeologists at the site date back
to
the Bronze Age.
2 There has been
so
little rain this year that the water level in the ............................ has dropped dramatically.
3
He
cut
the cheese into ............................ and added it
to
the salad.
4 Locally-made ............................ is always popular with tourists.
5
Getting lost
in
an
icy ............................ is any Arctic explorer s worst nightmare.
6
The scientists wore goggles
to
protect their eyes from the ............................ emitted by the device.
7 The ............................ which had been falling all afternoon had changed into
snow
by nightfall.
8
I was unable
to
study the bacterium properly as the microscope had a cracked ............................ .
9
Further downstream the gentle river becomes a fast-flowing ............................ .
10. The ............................ intercepted a boat which
was
transporting illegal immigrants.
c 1. atch the words to form expressions or collocations
1.
flood
······
a the extra mile
2. pose
b
the market
3. mount
c . someone s eye
4
catch
······
d. a comparison
5. bear
e a question
6.
draw
f order
7.
go . ... g . an exhibition
8. restore
h a signature
2 Complete the sentences with phrases from Exercise 1
ake
any necessary changes
1. It was only hours after the rioting began that the police were able
to
................................... .
2
A sudden movement on the other side
of
the warehouse ................................... and I
went
to investigate.
3 In his essay, the student ................................... between the
two
philosophical theories.
4
Sorry,
but
if the cheque doesn t ................................... , I
won t
be able
to accept
it.
5. A special ............................................
to
celebrate the landscape painter s long and successful career.
6
John s an old friend; that s
why
I m prepared
to
................................... on his behalf.
7 As
cut
price computers ................................... , demand for expensive models fell.
8 During the job interview, the manager of the company ............................ rather unexpected ............................ .
D Choose the correct
word
or phrase to complete the sentences.
1. A storm
of
protest is when few many people object
to
something.
2
If you walk along the shore, you are far from near the sea.
3
The windscreen is located at the front back of a car.
4. A thunderclap is something
we
can hear
see
in the sky.
5 Someone who is obsessed with something
is
happy with it thinks about i t all
the time.
6
If you tiptoe into a room, you walk
quietly
quickly.
7
A plain tie is one with without a detailed pattern.
8
If you hail from Athens, you are
from Athens are going
to Athens.
9 Something which is hazardous is safe dangerous.
10. If you are snowed under with work, you have a lot little to get through.
11. If you touch
up
a photograph, you
improve enlarge
it.
12. If you cover up a mistake, you reveal hide it.
13. A comprehensible explanation is one which is
easy difficult
to
understand.
14. A man and a woman
should should
not
get
married if they are incompatible.
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5
cr ve
v) have a strong desire for something: AaxTapW
After a week on a diet Todd craved something sweet.
Der: craving n)
substitute
n) something you use in place of
something else: unoKaTOOTOTO Artificial
sweetener
is
used
as a
substitute for
sugar.
Der: substitution
n)
substitute v)
wean
v) stop
feeding a baby mother s milk and
train it to take other food: a n o y a A a K T L ~ w
Many
infants
are
weaned
at about six months.
hew v) use your teeth to soften food: IJOOO.w The
meat was tough and
hard
to chew.
Der: chewy (adj)
m sh up
(phr v):::: puree
or
crush food: noATonotW
Mum mashed up the banana
for
my baby sister.
consume v) eat or drink something:
KOTavaA.Wvw
Teenagers consume a huge quantity of food.
Der: consumption
n)
sieve
n)
kitchen tool with small holes used
to
filter
out liquids or small pieces: ooupwnlpt
K60KlVO
Put
the flour through
a
sieve to remove the lumps.
Der: sieve v)
frying pan
n)
flat metal pan with a long handle:
nwO.vt We
made
an
omelette
in the frying pan.
crockery n) dishes: mmLKO (AmE: dishes) My
crockery
is
stored in the cupboard.
s ucep n n)
deep pot for cooking, often with a
handle: KOToap6Aa Cook rice in a covered saucepan
for 2 minutes.
cutlery n) knives, forks and spoons (AmE:
silverware): IJOXOtponipouva
The table
was
set
with
silver cutlery and
elegant
china.
consistency
n) ::::thickness or smoothness of a
substance: nuKv6TJlTO Beat the
butter
and sugar until
the mixture has a smooth consistency.
Der: consistent (adj): am8£p6c;,
O ~ O L O ~ O p L p o c ;
dr in
v)
=
remove liquid by causing it to flow away:
o T p a y y l ~ w Drain the water from the pasta before you
add the sauce.
Der: drain n): a L p a i ~ a ~ n anoxtreuan
ingredient n) one of the foods or liquids you use to
make a meal: ouoTOnK6 I have all the ingredients for
a cake except eggs.
peel
v)
=
remove the skin from a fruit or vegetable:
~ £ L p l o u 6 i i ; w First we
peeled
the potatoes then we
sliced
them.
Der: peel n): Lpl.ouoa
peeler
n):
a n o < j l i . O L W T ~ c ;
simmer v) cook gently just at boilrng point:
m y o f 3 p 6 ~ w Simmer the stew for an hour until the
meat is done.
dough
n)
mixture of flour, liquid and fat used
to make pastry or bread: i ; u ~ n .
i ; u ~ a p t
o prepare
biscuits roll out the dough
and
cut it into shapes.
gre se
v) = 1. rub with oil or margarine to prevent
food from sticking: f3ouTupWvw Grease the
pan
before pouring in the batter. 2.
put oil on something
to make the parts work smoothly: AaOWvw My sewing
machine
needs to be greased every six months.
Der: grease n)
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pastry (n) =
mixture
of
flour, fat and water which is
rolled out flat and used to make pies: ~ u ~ n Apple pie
has a pastry base and a fruit filling.
pinch (n) =
very small amount:
EAGXLOTn nocr6rnm
dd a ptnch
of
salt to the vegetables after cooking.
Der: pinch
(v)
stir (v) =
1 mix a liquid in a circular movement using
a spoon or other object: avaKaTeUw Jack added
sugar to his tea
and
then stirred it.
2
move slightly:
KLVOlJI-J.OL
c:AmppO,
oaA.c:Uw As morning approached,
the child stirred in her bed.
crust (n) = the layer
of
pastry around a pie or the
hard outer layer
of
bread: K6pa L j J W ~ L o u ) , <puhho
niTac; Many
children
prefer
their sandwiches with the
crusts
cut
off.
c lorie (n) =
unit for measuring the amount
of
energy
food produces:
8Ep1Ji0a
Chocolate cream cake has
more calories than
a
cup
of
fruit salad.
fattening
adj) = likely
to
make you put on weight:
naxuvTLK6c; Foods like chocolate, cake and ice-cream
are quite fattening.
Der: fat
(n)
fatten
(v)
food
poisoning = stomach illness caused by eating
food containing harmful bacteria: r p o < p L K ~ i5nhnrnPiaan
We
developed food poisoning after eating spoilt
fish
nutritious adj) = food that provides substances
people need
to
be healthy: 8pemLK6<; For a nutritious
snack, try
a
yoghurt or some fruit.
Der: nutrient (n): S p e n n K ~ oucria
nutrition n): i 5 L a r p o < p ~
poultry (n) =
birds used for meat
or
eggs: nouhepLKa,
Kptac; nouhepLKWV
We
usually have poultry, either
chicken
or
turkey, on Sundays.
cholesterol (n)
= chemical substance found in the
body which is believed to cause heart disease:
xohncrropivn Hard cheese
and
eggs are high in
cholesterol and should be eaten in moderation.
food ch in series of living things that are connected
because each feeds on the one below it: r p o < p L K ~
ahucrioa The use of chemicals in agriculture affects the
entire food chain because plants are eaten
by
animals;
then humans eat meat from those animals.
genetically
modified adj) = having the structure of
its genes altered: yevenKO
~ e T a i \ i \ a y ~ E : v o c ; We are
not yet sure of the long-term effects on humans of
genetically modif ied corn.
organic
adj)
=
made
or
farmed using only natural
animal and plant products and without adding
chemicals: ~ L O A O Y L K 6 < ; Organic food is becoming
increasingly
popular
as consumers become more
concerned with healthy eating.
processed
adj) = food) treated with chemicals
to
make it last longer
or
look better:
e n e ~ e p y a c r ~ t v o c ;
Processed food is less healthy than fresh food.
Der: process (n): i5tai5tKacria
process
(v)
scare (n) = a situation in which people are afraid
that something dangerous is happening that will
affect everyone:
T p 6 ~ o c ;
In the recent food scare the
authorities discovered a toxic chemical in a certain
kind
of
cheese.
22 50 watch
(my)
weight =
be careful about (my) die1
that
(I) don t
gain weight: npocrtxw
TO
j l Q p o ~ ( .IOU) I
have to watch my weight if I want to stay a size 36.
22 51
contaminate (v)
= pollute with things that are dirty
or
poisonous:
~ o h u v w The
water in
the lake has
been
contaminated with chemicals from
a
nearby factory.
Der: contamination (n)
contaminated adj)
22 52 crop (n) =
plants grown for food:
K a A A L E : p y o u ~ e v o
elOoc;
Summer
crops like tomatoes are grown in the
winter in greenhouses.
22 53 swallow (v) = make food or drink go down the throat:
KOTanlvw Tina swallowed the tablet with some water.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY page 175)
22 54 gr te
(v)
rub food on a grater in order to
cut
it into
small pieces:
T p i ~ w (arov rpi<pTn) We grated the
cheese and put it on top
of
the pizza.
Der: grater
(n)
22 55 chop (v) = cut
into small pieces:
L j J L A O K 6 ~ w . r o ~ a x i ~ w
I
chopped
the onions
and
mushrooms into small
pieces and
put
them in the tomato sauce.
22 56 digest (v)
= see 20 92
22 57 slice
(v)
= cut into thin flat pieces: K 6 ~ w cre <ptroc;
I sliced the meat thinly and placed it between two
pieces
of
bread to make a sandwich.
Der: slice (n)
22 58 grape (n)
= small green
or
purple fruit, often used
to
make wine:
crTac.pUA.t
I
picked
a bunch of grapes from
the vine to serve my guests.
22 59 pork
(n)
= meat from a pig: xmptv6 Kptac; Do you
prefer pork
or poultry for supper tonight?
22 60 plum (n) = small yellow or red fruit with a stone:
o a ~ a c r K n v o Sue
bought
plums to make jam.
22 61 peach (n) = fruit with a yellow or red skin and a
stone: pooaKLvo
My
mother put apples, peaches and
oranges in the fruit salad.
22 62 helping (n) = amount of food served:
~ e p i o a
She
liked the pasta salad so much that she asked for a
second helping.
22 63 portion (n) =
amount
of
food served that a person
eats at a meal: ~ e p i o a nocr6TnTO Each
of
the boys
ate
a
large portion
of
rice.
22 64 serving (n) amount of food a person is given at a
meal: ~ e p i o a Please put a small serving of potatoes
on
my
plate.
Der: serve
(v)
22 65 spill
(v)
= accidentally
pour
liquid: xuvw
(KOTa
MSoc;)
Ben spilled water on his shirt but it dried quickly.
22 66 nibble (v) = eat in very small pieces: T O L ~ n o h o y w
Meg wasn t really hungry but she
nibbled
at a biscuit.
22 67
devour (v)
= eat quickly and eagerly: K O T a ~ p o x S i ~ w
The lions devoured the animal they had
just
killed.
22 68
ingest (v)
= eat
or
drink something: h a ~ ~ a v w r p o < p ~ .
KOTanlvw This plant is poisonous; if ingested, call a
doctor.
Der: ingestion (n)
22 69
staple
(n)
=
a product, especially food, that people
eat
or
use regularly: ~ a m K npo"L6v
In India and
China, rice is a staple.
Der: staple adj)
5
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UNIT 22
22.10 beef
(n)
=
meat from cows:
IJOOXOPloto Kptac;
Hindus
don't
eat beef; Muslims
don't
eat pork.
22.71
wheat
(n) ~ g r a i n used to make flour: omipL My
favourite bread is made from whole wheat.
22.72
bitter
(adj)
1
having a strong sharp taste;
not
sweet: mKp6c; The medicine
left
a bitter taste in
my
mouth
2.
feeling angry or upset because of a bad or
unfair experience: mKpaiJ.tvoc;
He became
bitter
after
losing his job.
Der: bitterness (n)
22.73
savoury (adj)
1
having
a
salty or spicy taste:
a/qJup6c;, ntK lVTLKoc; I prefer
savoury
snacks like
pretzels or crisps to sweets 2. having a pleasant
smell or taste: yeuoTLK6c:;,
opEKTtK6c;
The savoury
smell of roast lamb came from the kitchen.
Der: savour (v)
22.74 sour
(adj) ~ h a v i n g
a taste like that of a lemon: ~ L v 6 c ;
The
strawberries were
sour so
I sprinkled sugar on them.
22 75 greedy (adj} = wanting to eat or drink more than you
need:
A G i ~ a p y o c ; cmt.noTO<;
The first guests to help
themselves
at
the
buffet
were so greedy that there
was nothing left for the latecomers.
22 76 gourmet
(n)
a person who knows a lot about good
food and drink: Kaf.orpayac;,
y a O T p o v 6 ~ o c ; My brother
is
a
gourmet
when
it comes
to wine.
22 77 c sserole (n) a dish made
of
meat or chicken
and vegetables which is cooked slowly with liquid:
<.payJlT6 K O T o a p 6 A a ~
The restaurant s speciali ty is the
chicken casserole.
22 78
foodie (n)
::::someone who enjoys eating and cooking
a variety
of
food: Kaf.orpayac; He
is
a devoted foodie
who enjoys
both
cooking
and
eating all sorts
of
ethnic
foods.
22 79
connoisseur (n) = person who
knows
a lot
about
art
or
food: y v t i . l o T J l ~ , stiSr ]IJWV
My
sister
is
a
connoisseur
of
wine
and
has a large collection of wines from alf
over the world.
22 80
pulses (pi n) = seeds which are
cooked
and eaten
such as peas or lentils: 6onpta Pulses
and
beans are
an excellent source of protein
and
also low in fat.
22 81 herb
(n)
= plant whose leaves are used in cooking
to add flavour to food: a p w ~ G T L K 6 ~ 6 T a v o The herb
oregano
is
often used in Italian cooking.
Der: herbal (adj)
22 82 seasoning
(n)
pepper, salt and spices that add
flavour to food: ~ n a x a p L K 6 K a p u K s u ~ a Why
don't
you
add some
seasoning to make this soup more
interesting?
Der: season
(v)
22 83
spice (n)
substance from a plant added to food for
flavouring: 1JnaxaptK6 Cumin
and
curry are
spices
used in Indian cooking.
Der: spicy (adj)
22 84 in
the
mood (for) ~ f e e l like doing something: xw
OtO.Seon
(va
KO.vw
K6n) Nick said he was in the
mood
for seeing a film.
22 85 o offer currently available for sale: O t a 8 t o q . . 1 o ~ , ae
npoo<.popO. There are a
lot
of
new
COs on
offer at
the
music store.
22 86
array
(of)
(n)
group
of
people
or
things
of
the same
type or related in some way:
napOTOE,f]
There s an
array of gold rings on display in the store window.
S2
22 87
in se son
=fruit
and vegetables that are growing
now and are plentiful: T i l ~ s n o x r ] ~ When strawberries
are in season,
/like
to make strawberry jam.
22 88 (be) spoilt for choice = not sure what to
choose
because there is such a wide variety: iSEv E tpw n va
OtaAtE,w If
you enjoy ethnic restaurants, you will be
spoilt for choice in London.
22 89 side by side = next to each other:
nAO.t-nA6t
The girls
sat side
by
side during the bus ride.
22 90
in qu nd ry =
not
able to make a decision: OE
o i t . n ~ ~ a
I'm in a quandary; I really
don't
know
whether to study
or get
a
job
next
year.
22 91
indulge (in) (v) let yourself do something you enjoy:
unoKUnTw OE (IJtO an6Aauo11) love the summer- it s
my
opportunity to indulge in leisure activities like
reading.
WORD FORMATION
(page 176)
22 92 ssessment (n)
=judgement
or opinion made after
careful consideration:
EKTlJ.lflOll.
aE,toA6yf]Oflln many
schools, assessments of a pupil s progress are sent to
parents twice
a
year.
Der: assessor
(n)
assess (v)
22 93 closeness (n) = intimacy: OLKEL6TflTO, OTEV6TflTO
After
their holiday together the friends felt a new feeling of
closeness with one another.
Der: close (adj)
22 94 closure
(n) =the
shutting down of something
permanently:
KAEiotiJO, OtaKonr ]
A e t T o u p y l a ~
The
closure
of
the
car
factories in the area has had a
serious effect
on
the local economy.
22 95 commitment
(n)
= strong belief that something is
good and should be supported: o t o ~ e u o n
Members
of
Green
peace
have
a
commitment
to protecting the
environment.
Der:
commit (v)
22 96
e gerness (n) = enthusiasm: AaxTOpa, avuno].lOVflOla
In her eagerness to help serve the wine, Shelley
dropped
the bottle
and it
broke.
Der: eager (adj)
22 97 exposure (n) =the state of being in a situation where
something dangerous or harmful affects you strongly:
tK880fl (ae KlviSuvo) Over exposure to the sun during
childhood can lead to skin cancer in later life.
Der: expose (v)
22 98
handful
(n)
small
number of
people or things:
~ L K p 6 c ; a p 1 8 ~ 6 c ; That rock group is
not
very popular;
only a handful
of
people attended their last concert.
22 99
houseful (n)
=
large number
of
people
in
a house:
tva onin y s ~ a T o (av8pwnouc;) We had
a houseful
of
guests over the weekend.
22 100
investment
(n)
=something
you buy
or do
because it
will be useful or profitable later: otKOVOf.itKr ] c:ntviSuon
Buying
your
own home
is
a
good
investment.
Der: investor (n)
invest (v)
22 101 involvement
(n)
= act
of
taking part
in
an event,
activity or situation:
av01JtE.ll We need
the active
involvement
of
the
mayor
in order to
get
this
programme moving in the city.
Der: involve
(v):
see 10.97
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22.102
likeness (n)
=see
20.67
22.103 literature (n)
=stories
poetry and plays that have
artistic value: AoyoTEXVla He teaches modern English
literature
at
the local college.
Der: literary (adj)
22.104 seizure (n)
=act
of taking control of something,
especially violently: m a o x w ~
The court ordered the
seizure of all
the
company s financial records.
Der: seize
(v)
seized adj)
COLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS page
176)
22.105 wean
(v)
= see
22.19
22.106 quench (my) thirst= drink something so you no
longer feel thirsty: o ~ ~ v w oiljJo
( ~ a u ) I quenched
my thirst with
a
glass
of cold
water.
22.107 swallow (my)
pride=
do something that you think is
necessary, although it makes you feel bad:
~ a ~ w
T ~ v
u n e p ~ q > c ' V e l a ( ~ a u )
Kma ~ t p o c : ;
He swallowed his
pride
and asked his
younger
brother to
lend him
some
money
22.108 whet (my) appetite = make
(me)
feel that I want
to have or do something: ( ~ a u ) avoiyet T ~ v 6 p e ~ ~
Watching that programme about Japan really whet
my appetite to see Tokyo.
22.109 watch (my) weight= see
22.50
MULTIPLE MEANINGS page
177)
22.110 splash
(v)
= 1. cause water to fall noisily: m T o t A i ~ w
The children splashed the water in the pool.
2.
publicize in a highly noticeable way:
O ~ ~ O O l e U W Oe
n e p i o m ~ S t o ~ Didn t you hear about their divorce?
It
was splashed all over the papers.
Der: splash
(n)
heat
= 1.
n)
in sports one of a series of races or
competitions to decide on the finalists: npoKpq..J.anK6c;
ayti:lvac; Chris
came in
first
in
the
qualifying heats
so
now he has
a
place in the finals.
2. (v) = raise the
temperature: ~ e m a i v w
We
heated some milk to make
hot
chocolate.
22 112 feed (v) = make an emotion stronger: Tpoq>ooonil,
o u v a ~ w v w
( ~ T < P . ) Watching
a
film about
a
break-in
only feeds
her
fear
of
being alone.
fed up (adj) = annoyed about something which has
been going on for some time:
1-inDUXTlOI..Itvoc;
I m fed
up with washing the dishes every meal; it s about time
the children helped.
113
stir (v) = see
22.37
stir up
phr v) = cause a particular feeling: npoKaAw
a u v a i o S ~ ~ a . a v a ~ v ~ a e t c : ; )
Watching the boys on their
horses stirred
up
happy memories of
my
childhood.
bite= 1.
(n)
small amount of food: ~ n o u K t a Anna is
starving
because she hasn t had
a
bite to eat since
breakfast.
2.
(v)
cut with your teeth: oayKWVW Tom bit
into an apple.
eat up phr v) = eat all
of
something: anoT£Aetwvw
q > a y ~ T 6 The dog ate up all the food in its dish.
eat (my) words = take back what I) said earlier:
naipvw niow
m
Myta ~ a u )
I had to eat
my
words
when
our team won the championship after
all.
RELATED WORDS page 177)
22.116 minority (n) =less than
50 :
~ e t o l j J ~ q > i a Women
were in the minority
on
computer courses 10 years
ago
but they re
not
in the minori ty today.
Der: minor (adJ): a o ~ ~ a v T o < ;
22.117 gigantic (adj) = huge: ytyavnoc:; They
built
a gigantic
shopping centre in our
town.
22.11 B
vast
adj) = extremely large:
Tepc' onoc:;
he
shop
stocks
a
vast range of products.
Der: vastness (n)
22.119 dozens
of many: tva owp6 Dozens of students
gathered
in
the cafeteria between
classes.
22.120 tons of::::
a
lot:
n:p ona noo6TTlTO I ve got
tons
of
food left over from the party so help yourself.
22.121 a pinch
of= see 22.36
22.122 innumerable adj)
=too
many to count: a v a p i S ~ ~ T o < ;
Ed
has innumerable
complaints
about the company
where he works.
Der: numerate adj)
numeral (n)
22.123 loads of=
plenty:
~ e y e ' / > , ~ n o o 6 T ~ T O We ll have loads
of
dishes to wash after the dinner party.
22.124 a drop of= a little bit of liquid: ~ l a OT6Aa, ~ l a
may6va I ll take just a drop of cream in my coffee.
22.125 abundant adj) = existing in large quantities:
aq>Sovoc:;
The village has an abundant
water
supply.
Der: abundance (n)
22.126 trace (n)
=small
amount of something:
ixvoc:; She
speaks English with just
a
trace of an accent.
22.127 immense
adj)
=extremely
large: n£/>,wpto<;,
a x a v ~ < ;
The new city library is immense.
Oer: immensity (n)
22.128
majority
(n)
=more
than
50 :
n / > , e t o l j J ~ q > i a
Steven is
class president because the majority
of
the class
voted
for him.
Der: major adj):
o ~ ~ a v n K 6 < ;
22.129 a touch of= a little bit: Alyoc:;, ~ t a ~ l K P ~ 6 6 o ~ I seem
to have
a
touch
of flu.
22.130 minuscule
adj) = tiny:
~ l K p o o K o m K 6 < ;
Some
poisons
are deadly even in minuscule amounts.
22.131 meagre adj) = less than you need: nevtxp6<;,
a v e n a p K ~ < ;
The meal was meagre
and
we left feeling
hungry.
22.132 countless (adj)
= many:
a ~ t T p ~ m < ; There are
countless reasons why people visit Greece.
22.133 minute adj) = very small: no)>,u ~ l K p 6 < ; ,
eMXlOTO<;
This air filter system will keep out even the most
minute particles
o dust.
22.134 ample adj) =plenty: aq>Sovo<;,
apK£T6<;
There
is
ample
room on this sofa for three people.
22.135 a grain of truth=
some truth:
lxvoc:;
a ) > , ~ S e t a c : ; You
can t
always believe him, but this time I think there is
a
grain of truth in what he says.
22.136 a speck of dust = bit
of
dirt: tva<; KOKKoc ; O K 6 v ~ c : ;
My
aunt s house is
so
clean that there s not
a
speck of
dust anywhere.
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
page
178)
22.137 drop (v) = let fall: plxvw,
a q > ~ v w
Kan) va ntoet
22.138 drip (v) =fall slowly in small drops liquid):
m a ~ w
22.139 splash (v) = see
22.110
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UN T
22 140 le k
(v) =let liquid
or
gas escape from a container:
on': i;w,
6tapptw
(yta uyp6,
atpto)
22 141 spill (v) =see
22.65
22.142
pour
(v) =make liquid
flow
out of a container
by
holding
it at
an angle:
pixvw
(uyp6), o c p ~ i p w (noT6)
22.143
cook (n) = person who prepares food: 6 Y £ t p a ~
22 144
cookery
(n)
=preparation of
food
(AmE: cooking):
~ O Y E L P L K J i
22.145
cooker
(n)
=gas
or
electric appliance
for
cooking
food
(AmE: stove): ~ A E K T p L K J i
KOUi;iVO
22 146
spre d
(v)
=
cover
with
a thin layer: anAWvw, aAE:Lc.pw
22 147 squeeze (v) =press firmly: a r t ~ w
22.148 sprinkle
(v)
=shake
a small amount over: n a o n a / d ~ w .
pavTii;w
22 149 preserv tive
(n)
=chemical added to food to prevent
it from spoiling: OUVTJlpf]nK6
22.1so
conserv tive
(adj)
=not
liking
change
or
new
ideas:
O U V T ~ P W L K O C :
(DE
LOEEC:
22 151
addition
(n)
=something put with other things:
n p o o 8 J i K ~ .
n p 6 o 8 c o ~
22 152
eligible
(adj)
=allowed
by
rule
or law to
do
something: KOTclAAT )Aoc;, nou
tX Sl i5LKO[WIJO
an6 TO
V61JO
22 153 legible (adj) =readable: wavayvwoToc;
22 154
edible
(adj)
=suitable
for eating:
< p a y w m ~ o c ;
22.1ss
unlike (prep)=
different from: avTl8£TO
an6
22 156
dissimilar
(adj) =see
6.138
22 157
apart
(prep)= except for: EKT6c; (an6)
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 178)
22 158
cough up
(phr v)
=give
someone money unwillingly:
nAf]pWvw avayKOOTLK6 My parents have to cough up
a lot
of money for
my
school
fees
22 159
sponge
off
(phr
v) =ask
for money
and
other
things,
without paying anything back: i;w
£LC:
~ a p o c ; K6notou
Tom sponged
off his parents
for a
whole year until he
finally got
a
job
and
moved out.
22 160
liquid te assets sell what you own in order to use
the money:
PEUOTOTIOL<.il n£pLOUOlOK6
OTOLX£ia The
company
had
to liquidate
most
of its assets in order
to pay off its debts.
22 161
c sh flow (n) = movement
of
money into and out
of
a
business: OtaKLVf]Ofl peumoU I XP1lll6Twv Our
company s cash flow has improved because sales
have increased.
22
162
go under
(phr v) = see
2.107
22 163
get greedy
=
want more
than you need:
ylvoiJOL
OnAf]OToc; The business was doing well until they got
greedy
and
raised prices.
22 164
(a) slice of the market = share of total sales
for
a
particular product: IJE:pLOto OTf]V
ayop6
Our company
has been growing yearly, but
our
slice of the total
market is still small.
22 165
down
the drain= completely lost: (now) x a ~ t v o c ;
Our plans to expand the business went
down
the
drain when the bank refused to give us a loan.
22 166 eat
into
(phr v)
=use or
take a larger share than
planned: Tp<.ilw
IJ.SY6Ao
IJ.SpLOto an6
K6TL
Our
expenses for this month have eaten into
our
savings
because
we
had to repair the
car
54
22 167 a piece
of
the pie a share
of
whatever money or
resources are available: ~ s p i 6 t o T ~ C : nimc; (w<p.) We
need to advertise more
if
we want to
get
a
bigger
piece
of
the pie.
22 168
take large bite out
of
reduce something by a
large
amount
anoppocpW tva 1J.Sy6Ao
11tpoc;
XP11116Twv Buying a new car took a large bite out
of
our savings.
22 169
st y
afloat
have just enough
money to
stay
in
business:
.smr3tWvw
(otKOVOIJLK<i)
The business is not
doing very well but we re managing to stay afloat.
PHRASAL VERBS (page 179)
22 170
drop in (phr v) = visit informally: c:moKtnTOIJOL
(
n p o c t o o n o i ~ m
Kate
and
Michael
dropped
in last
night on their way home from the cinema.
22 171
break
in (phr v) = enter a building by force: £ L O ~ O A A W
nap6VOIJO
Thieves broke in through the window and
stole our TV and camera.
22 172 flood n (phr v) =arrive in large numbers: K O T O K A U ~ w
fter
the earthquake, donations for the victims began
to flood in from all over.
22 173
sink in
(phr v)
=understand or
realise something
fully:
a v n ~ ~ a v o ~ m
ni.Jipwc; The
consequence of
my
mistake finally began to sink in.
22 174 st nd in (phr v) =take someone's place: avnKa8toTW,
avanAf]pWvw Martha
stood
in for
me at
work last
night because I wasn t feeling well.
22 175
pack it in (phr
v)
= (inf) stop
doing
something: TO
napaT<iw I ve decided to
pack
it in
and
quit
my
job.
22 176 tie
in with
(phr v) =be consistent with
or
connected
to something: ouvOtOIJOL
IJE
Your explanation does
not
tie in with what Joe said.
22 177
tr de n
(phr
v)
=give
an old car or appliance as part of
the payment for a new one: a y o p 6 ~ w K6Tt OlvoVTac; TO
nal.t6 we; T ~ t i ~ a
T ~ C :
a ~ i a c ;
Bill traded
in
his
old
washing
machine and got €100 off the price
of
a new one.
IN OTHER WORDS (page
179)
22 178
go
off (phr v) = 1 become spoilt (food): xar w (yta
Tpo<pJi) The milk smells bad; it
must
have gone off.
2 no longer like: naUw
va
c:vOtacptpoiJOL I ve gone
off
television. I find the programmes boring.
22 179 make up for (phr v)
=compensate:
avanAf]pWvw,
a n o i ; ~ ~ L w v w She offered to make
up
for forgetting my
birthday by inviting me to dinner.
22 180 make
up
(phr v) = consist of: anoTc:AW In some
areas, teenagers make up almost 50 of the
population.
22 181
pour
out= 1 (phr v) say everything that you feel:
~ y a i ; w an6 ~ t o o ~ o u
When
I
asked
Sue
what
was
wrong,
she
poured out her fears and her worries.
2 (v) put liquid into a glass or cup from a container:
a6st6i;w (uyp6) There s a bit of orange juice left; pour
it out
and
wash the pitcher.
22 182
dry up (phr
v)
= 1. remove water: oTc:yvWvw Barbara
dried up the water that
had
spilled. 2. stop talking
because you
do not
know what to say: ~ £ X V W
n r']SeAa
va nw
Dan was worried about drying up during his
presentation at the conference. 3. see 18.128
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24.12
numeracy
(n) basic skills in mathematics:
yv<ilClT]
UNIT 4
a p t S ~ n T L K ~ < ; Dyslexics have problems with literacy;
Education and Assessment
problems with numeracy are different.
24.13
learning disability condition that makes learning
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 191)
difficult:
~ a e n m a K ~
i5uoKoAia Vivian has a
learning
faculty (n) 1. department or group of departments
disability
in
maths but is brilliant at painting.
at an academic institution:
navemoTrH.J.LOKI \
axoAJi,
24.14
optional (adj) voluntary, not compulsory, available
Kmeu8uvon The
biology department
is in
the Faculty
as a choice: npompeTtK6c; All students have to learn
of Sciences. 2. (ArnE) the staff at an academic
one foreign language,
but
learning
a
second one
is
institution: Oti5aKTLK6 npoowmK6 navemOTrlllLOKI \c;
optional.
o x o A ~ < ;
The faculty at the local high school are very
Der: option (n)
well-qualified.
24.15
assessment (n) see 22.92
24 2
campus (n)
area containing the buildings
that
make
24.16
assignment (n) task given as part of a job or a
up an academic institution: neptoxJi naventOTT]I..llou,
class: a n O O T O A ~ avaeeon epyaoia<; We have to
KOA.eylou
i oxoAelou The college campus is large and
complete this biology assignment by
Thursday
well maintained.
Der: assign (v)
24.3
undergraduate (adj) related
to
university studies
24.17 tutorial (n) regular meeting of one or several
for a first degree: npomUXlOK6c; When Marian finishes
students with a tutor: nponapaoKeuaoTLK6
Jl_68TJJlO
her undergraduate studies, she wants to go on to do
The teaching methods at university include lectures,
a master s degree.
tutorials and laboratory work.
Der: undergraduate
(n)
Der:
tutor
(n):
e m ~ e A n T ~ < ; .
en6mn<; onoui5wv
24.4
postgraduate (adj) related to studies following a
(oe
n a v e m m ~ ~ L o
KoMyto
first degree (ArnE: graduate): ~ n a m u x t a K 6 < ;
Helen is
24.18 collaboration (n)
the
process of working together
enrolled in a postgraduate course in microbiology.
to produce something: ouvepyaola The research
24.5
primary (adj) 1. related to the education of children
findings are the result of the collaboration between
aged 5-11: n p w T O ~ a S ~ t o < ;
A good primary education
three different faculties at the university.
sets
the foundation for secondary studies. 2.
main or
Der: collaborate (v)
important: Kupto<;,
npwTOPXLK6<;
y primary aim is to
collaborative (adj)
get good grades so I can attend a good university.
24.19
peer (n) = someone who is
the
same age or equal
primary
school first six years of school (ArnE:
in status: ouvoJlr ]ALKoc; Teenagers are more often
elementary school): i 5 n ~ o n K 6 oxoAeio Michelle is nine
influenced by their peers than they are by their
and she S
in
her fourth year at primary school.
parents or teachers.
24.6
academic
(adj) related
to work done
in universities
24.20
degree (n) 1. course of study at a university or
and colleges, usually connected
to
studying rather college: oetpa
~ a e n ~ a T w v
(oe
n a v e m m ~ ~ o
than practice:
aKai5T]JlOLK6c;
Mandy got her academic
KOAAtyto)
Laura is doing
a
degree
in
linguistics at the
training at Cambridge University.
local college. 2. qualification received after completing
24.7
curriculum (n)
all
the
subjects studied at an
a course of studies: muxlo Jenny is highly qualified
academic institution for a certain course of study:
for the job -she has an engineering degree. 3. unit for
np6ypOJlJlO anouOWv
The new curriculum at our
measuring temperature or angles:
~ o i p a ,
~ a 8 ~ 6 < ; Water
school includes up to date subjects like computers.
boils at
too·c
4. certain amount or level: eninei5o This
24.8
lecture
(n) = instructive talk on a specific subject,
job requires a high degree of mathematical skill.
especially at a university or college: i 5 t < t A e ~ n
24.21
evaluate (v) make a judgement
about
the quality
Tomorrow s lecture will e on Renaissance
art
or worth of something: e K n ~ < i l . a ~ L o A o y w One way to
Der: lecturer
(n)
evaluate a student s progress is to give tests.
lecture (v)
Der: evaluation (n)
24.9
workshop
(n)
an occasion when a small group
24.22
A-levels (Advanced Level) (n) examinations in
meets
to
learn about a subject
by
sharing their various subjects taken at age 18
in
order
to
be
experience and knowledge: e p y a o T ~ p L o
accepted at a college
or
university: etoaywyLKtc;
Primary school teachers were invited to take part
in
e ~ n a o e L < ; After Rob passed all his A-levels, he
a workshop on drama therapy.
applied to university.
24.10
module (n) one of the units of a course of study:
24.23 GCSE (General Certificate
of
Secondary Education)
~ a e n ~ a .
S e ~ m t K l ] ev6rnTa
This
course is made up of
examinations in various subjec ts taken at age 16:
three four-week modules.
e ~ n a o e t < ; l l e u T e p o ~ a S ~ t a < ; EKnaii5euon<; I took six
Der: modular (adj): (YLO KUKAO anoui5wv) nou
GCSEs this year
a n a p T l ~ E T O L
an6
ev6TTJTE:c;
24.24 junior (n)
(ArnE) third-year student: TpLTO£TJ <;
24 11
literacy (n) ability to read and write: LKav6TnTO
( ~ a 8 n T ~ < ; I <pOL n T ~ < ; ) As a junior, you begin
to
y p a < p ~ < ; KOL avayvwon<; The national literacy rate can
concentrate on a particular field of study.
be improved by introducing programmes to teach
24.25
kindergarten (n) (AmE) first year of formal education
adults
how
to read
and
write.
for children aged 5 or 6: vnmaywyeio
In
kindergarten,
Der: literate (adj)
children learn skills they need for first grade.
Opp: illiteracy (n)
24.26
tertiary (adj) related to education at university or
college level: T p L T O ~ a 8 ~ L o < ; Bob thinks tertiary education
is important and wants
to
study at
university
55
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UN T 4
24.27 elementaoy school
n)
= ArnE) first six years of
school: o n ~ o n K 6 oxot.Eio
Children learn to
read
and
write in elementary school.
24.28
graduation
n) =
act
of receiving a degree or
qualification; ceremony at which you receive a
degree:
anocpo[TflOil
After
graduation, she went to
work
for
a small
law
firm.
Der: graduate
n)
graduate
v)
24.29 middle
or
junior high school
= ArnE) school
in
the
U
attended by students aged 11-14: y u ~ v m o
Middle schools include students from grades 5 8
while junior
high schools
cover grades 7-9.
24.30 senior
n)
= AmE) fourth-year student: TEAEI04JOITOC:
~ a e w ~ c ;
I
4 J O I T n T ~ C : )
When
you
are a senior,
you
have
to
apply
to college if
you want
to
continue
studying.
24.31 freshman
n)
= AmE) first-year student in high
school or university:
n p w T D n ~ c ;
~ a e w ~ c ;
I
4 J O I T n T ~ C : )
Freshman year at college can be quite
overwhelming
because everything is so new.
24.32
high school
n)
= secondary school:
AUK8LO
In Britain
students attend
high school from the age
of
11 but in
the US, they usually
begin
at age 14 or 15.
24.33
Key Stage = one of four
levels
in
the British education
system:
£ K n a t 6 E U T L K ~ ) ~ a 8 ~ i 6 a
In the UK
primary
education is
divided
into two Key Stages: years 1-2
and years 3-6.
24.34
nursery school n) = school for children younger
than five: nat6tK6c; o T a 8 ~ 6 c ;
Henry
is starting nursery
school in September.
24.35 sophomore
n) = Am
E)
second year student:
6 E U T £ p o n ~ c ; ~ o e w ~ c ; I 4 J O I T n T ~ C : ) Sophomores often
concentrate on completing their required courses.
24.36
higher education
=education
at university
or
college
level: avc.iJTOTfl £Knai6euon Not all high school
graduates go
onto
higher education; some go to work.
BOOST YOUR
VOCABULARY
PREPOSITIONS page
192
24.37 exception to the rule =something or someone that
is different in some
way
and
cannot
be included in
a general statement:
e ~ a l p e o n
oTov Kav6va
Almost
everybody in our family has
blonde hair
but with her
brown hair Jane s the exception to the rule.
24.38 attitude
n) = see
6.117
24.39
substitute
n)
= see 22.18
24.40
credit n) = points given for successfully completing a
course: ~ 6 p t o , l 3 a 8 ~ 6 c ; The French course I m taking
is worth two credits.
be)
given credit= acknowledgement
lor
doing
something: tnmvoc;, Ot6Kpton
He was given credit
for
having finished the project
before
the deadline.
WORD FORMATION
page
192
24.41
preschool adj) =education before children begin
primary school: npooxoAtK6C: Children of preschool
age may
attend
a daily playgroup.
24.42 hyperactive adj) = very active and agitated, unable
to relax:
unepKLVflTLK6c;
Hyperactive children find
it
difficult to concentrate in
class
for long periods of time.
Der: hyperactivity n)
56
24.43 substandard adj) = below an accepted level:
Km<in£pnc; nm6TnToc;
The
food
at the cafe is usually
very good but
it
was
substandard
this time.
24.44 antisocial adj) =
not
interested in people or unwilling
to meet and talk with people:
avTLKOLVWVLK6C:
Jack
seems to be antisocial these days; he hasn t
accepted
any of
my
dinner
invitations.
24.45
inter school adj) = between two or more schools:
6taoxoALK6c;
Students
from
our school compete
in
inter-school debates against students
from all around
the country.
24.46
semicircle n)
=
shaped like a half-circle: f l ~ L K U K A L o
The open-air theatre in our city has seats set in a
semicircle around a stage.
24.47
bilingual
adj) =able
to speak two languages: oiyt.woooc;
Sam is bilingual; he speaks English and Greek.
24.48 monotonous adj) = boring because
of
having a
regular, unchanging pattern:
~ o v 6 T o v o c ;
Putting
stamps
on 200 letters was a monotonous task.
Der: monotony
n)
24.49
multiracial adj)
=
made up of
many different races:
noAucpuA£TLK6c; New York is a multiracial city;
it
is
home to people from all over the world.
24.50 extracurricular adj) = related to student activities
at school or college that are outside the course
of study:
£ ~ w o x o t . I K 6 c ; ,
£KT6c;
n p o y p a ~ ~ m o c ; The
college has many extracurricular activities including
sports, an orchestra and a newspaper.
24.51
counterproductive
adj) = having the
opposite
result
of
what was planned: avTtnapaywytK6c;.
a n o T e A e o ~ a T t K 6 c ; Research suggests that harsh
punishments
given to young people are often
counterproductive.
24.52
subw y
n) =
1.
tunnel
for
pedestrians that passes
under a road: un6yeta Ot613aon Don t
try
to cross the
motorway;
use the pedestrian subway, instead.
2.
AmE) underground train system: un6y£1oc;
m O n p 6 6 p o ~ o c ; When we were in New York we
took
the subway to Lexington Avenue.
24.53 subtitle
n) = see
4.126
24.54 semiconscious adj) = only partially awake and
able to understand what is happening around you:
n ~ I A l n 6 8 u ~ o c ; ,
~ I O O K O I ~ I O ~ t v o c ; The
phone
woke
me
up
and I
answered
in a
semiconscious
state.
24.55 prehistoric
adj) = related to the time in history before
anything was written down: npotoToptK6c;
The Natural
Museum
of
Science has an interesting exhibit on
dinosaurs and other
prehistoric
animals.
Der: prehistory n)
24.56 biannual adj) = happening twice a year:
£ ~ a ~ ~ v 1 a i o c ;
The company s investors hold biannual meetings in
June
and
December.
24.57 hypermarket
n)
= huge supermarket offering a very
wide range of products: un£payopa Shopping
at
the
hypermarket takes
a
long time because there are
so
many
products to
choose
from.
24.58
anticlockwise
adj) = moving in the
opposite
direction to the hands of a clock AmE:
counterclockwise): avTl8£TO Tfl
c.pop6 TWV OetKTWv
TOU pot.oy1ou If the
jam
jar doesn t
open
easily, try
turning it anticlockwise.
Opp: clockwise adj)
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(lypersensitive (adj) = extremely sensitive:
i r e p e u a i o 8 ~ T o c ; Jane S hypersensitive to critic1sm
of
work so try
not
to
hurt
her feelings.
hypersensitivity (n)
,
nticlim x
(n) = situation that is not as exciting
as
you expected
so
you feel disappointed:
a n o v o w e u n K ~ t K ~ a o ~ We put so much
time
and
effort into planning the party
that
the actual event
was
an
anticlimax.
Der:
anticlimactic (adj)
extraterrestrial (adj) = relating to something that
comes from another planet: e ; w y ~ L v o < ; Scientists
have been debating for years whether extraterrestrial
beings exist.
Der: extraterrestrial (n)
WORDS (page 193)
drawback (n)
= disadvantage: ~ E L O V E K T ~ ~ a The
potential benefits of the surgery far outweigh the
drawbacks so I think
you should
do it.
pros
and cons
=see 8 54
pluses nd minuses =
advantages and
disadvantages: TO
auv KOL
TO
nA11v There are pluses
and minuses involved in working for a relative;
consider them all before taking a
job
with
your
uncle.
curse
(n) = 1 something that causes harm
or
trouble:
o u ~ < p o p a
KOTO.pa
Though I enjoy watching
Til I m
not
sure
if it is
a blessing
or
a curse.
2
offensive
or
impolite word: ~ p L O L < i
He uttered
a
curse when he
discovered the flat tyre.
Der: curse
(v)
ifs and
buts
= see 8 55
24 67
aid
(v)
= help:
~ o ~ S w
The firefighters
aided
by
volunteers rescued everyone from the burn ing
building.
Der: aid (n): ~ o ~ S e t a
aide (n):
~ o ~ 8 6 < ; , o u v e p y O . T ~ < ;
24 68 ameliorate (v)
= make better: ~ E A nwvw - o ~ O L Food
shipments
could
ameliorate the short-term effects
of
the drought.
Der: amelioration
(n)
24.69 be conducive
to (adj) = providing conditions that
help something happen:
w < p t f - L ~ o < ; ,
X P ~ O L ~ o < ;
oe The
atmosphere in the library
is
conducive
to
studying.
24.70 benefit
(from)
(v)
=see
2.74
24.71
detract
from
(v)
= make something seem less good:
~ E L < i l v w
( T ~ V
a ;ia) The
poor
photographs in this travel
guide detract from the appeal
of
the book.
Der: detractor
(n)
24.72 enh nce (v) = improve quality or attractiveness:
~ e t - nwvw The new park will greatly enhance life in
this neighbourhood.
Der: enhancement (n)
24.73
h ve n dverse
effect
have a negative effect: xw
apVllTLKE<:; ouvE:netec;
Cutting work hours has had an
adverse effect on
our
business because it
has hurt
morale.
24.74
impair
(v)
= make something less good: e ;ao8evw,
~ m w Some
doctors believe that listening to
loud
music can impair
your
hearing.
Der: impairment
(n)
24.75
ruin
(v) =destroy
or damage: KmaoTpt<pw
Dishonest
dealings
will ruin your career.
Der: ruins (pi n): see
20.79
24.76
spoil
(v)
= make something worse: xal-w The
bad
news
spoilt my
birthday party.
ADVERBS (page 193)
24.77 merely
(adv) = used
to
emphasise that something is
small in quantity, time
or
degree: ant-a,
~ 6 v o
Tim
and
Susan claim that they are merely
good
friends and
nothing more.
24.78 intensively
(adv)
=with
concentrated effort or activity
over a short period
of
time:
EvTanKO.
Bob
and
I
worked intensively
and
managed to finish the report
within a week.
Der: intensity (n): t v m o ~
intensify (v): EVTEiVW
intense (adj)
24.79 virtually
(adv) = used
to
emphasise that something
is almost true:
OXE06V, OTllV
n p a y ~ O T L K 6 T l l T O John is
virtually the only person I know who feels the way I do.
24.80 ideally
(adv) = perfectly, preferably:
LoavLK<i
Ideally
all students
should
receive career counselling before
making their final career choices.
Der: ideal
(n)
ideal (adj)
24.81 actually
(adv) = used
to
emphasise that something
is really true:
npawan
o T ~ V n p a w m t K T ~ m My
brother
looks
young
but actually
he's
over 40.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS
(page
193)
24.82 terms (pi n) = conditions of agreement: 6pOL
They
agreed on the terms of purchase before they signed
the contract.
in
terms of = used to specify which aspects of
something you are considering:
an6 111v
Ctno4Jn The
house
is not
impressive in terms of
size but
its design
is
exceptional.
come to terms with
= learn to accept an unpleasant
situation
or
event: o u ~ ~ L ~ < i ~ o ~ m
After
breaking
his leg
Adam had
to come to terms with missing the
basketball finals.
24.83 mark
=
1.
(n) level or point: ~ ~ e i o Fill the measuring
cup to the half-litre
marl< 2.
(v) identify; note: ~ ~ 8 L < i l v w
~ ~ a o e u w
I marked the page
by
turning down the
comer.
Der: marker (n)
marking (n)
marked
(adj) =noticeable; obvious:
o a < p ~ < ; ,
;EKa8apo<;
There
was
a marked change
in
her attitude after
she
left home.
24.84 degree (n) = see 24.20
24.85
grade=
1. (n) (ArnE) year in school: ( o x o i - L K ~ ) T i l l ; ~
Sarah was
my
best friend in third grade. 2.
(n)
letter
or
number that shows the quality
of
a student's work:
~ a 8 ~ 6 < ;
I
didn t
get a good
grade in the French exam
because I
didn t
have time to study. 3.
(n)
the rank
or
level
of
a person in their job:
~ a 8 ~ i i 5 a
Whether an
employee
is
entitled
to a company car
depends on
his
or
her grade in the company.
4.
(v) to
give a mark
to
a student for a test: ~ a 8 ~ o t - o y w The teacher spent
all weekend grading papers.
m ke the gr de
= succeed at something because
you reach the standard:
m6vw
~ O o n neTuxalvw
We didn t
think Barry
would
make the grade as a pilot
but
he
passed
all the
exams.
57
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UNIT
24
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 194)
24 86 wrestle
with (v) = have difficulty dealing with a
problem: naAE:uw w (Kimoto
n p 6 ~ t . n ~ a )
Hugh has
been wrestling with his conscience about the correct
way
to
react.
24 87 put (my) finger o = realise exactly what is wrong or
different:
s ~ n y w
e n a K p t ~ w c ; o v o ~ a < ; w
I can t
put my
finger on
it but
I sense something strange about Brad.
24 88
open
(my)
eyes
=
make
(me) realise
the
truth
about a situation, especially an unpleasant one:
ouvstonronmw rnv
a t . ~ S e t a
The visit to India opened
my eyes to the
potential
difficulties in marketing there.
24 89 transparent (adj) = 1. can be seen through: o t a q J a v ~ c ;
That glass door is
so
clean
it
is transparent.
2
easily
understood: ~ e K 0 8 a p o c ; , e ~ q J a v ~ c ; Although they tried to
deceive us, their real intentions were quite transparent.
Der: transparency (n)
24 90
(be)
under
(no)
illusion
= see 6.160
24 91
handle
(v) =see 2.55
24 92 grip
(n) =firm hold on something: t . a ~ ~ . O < P i ~ t ~ o
Beth
is a
good
tennis player
but
she needs to improve
her
grip on the racquet.
Der:
grip (v)
gripping (adj): ouvapnaonK6<;
get come to grips with = start to deal with a
problem: a v n ~ e r w n i < ; w n p 6 ~ t . n ~ a Ted s having
difficulty getting
to grips with his new status as an
unemployed
man.
24 93 insight (n) = accurate, deep
understanding
of people
or
complex
situations: ~ a 8 u : J . yvc.iJofl, avrlAfllj.Jfl
She
often has good insight into other people s
problems;
I think she
II
make a
good
psychologist.
Der: insightful (adj)
24 94 t ke look t = examine: £ ~ £ T 6 ~ w
If
Troy
had
taken a
look at the engine, he would have seen it was not new.
24 95 gr sp
(v) = 1 understand:
KOTavoc.iJ It took
a
while for
everybody at the
meeting
to grasp the significance
of the president s announcement. 2. hold something
firmly:
mavw
O<PlXTO,
p n ~ w He grasped me
by
the
arm and
pulled me to the window.
Der: grasp (n)
24 96 concept (n) =
idea
or
abstract
principle: apx '), tvvOLa
The lecturer
had
no trouble explaining the basic
concept behind Einstein s theory of relativity.
Der: conception (n)
conceptual (adj): svvmot.oytK6<;
24 97
blind
(someone)
with science
= confuse (someone)
with things beyond (his I her) understanding:
~ n e p l i £ u w
(K6.nOLov) 1 1£ £nLOTili-IOVLKoUc; 6pouc;
Mike blinds me
with science when he talks about computers.
WORDS
EASILY
CONFUSED (page 194)
24 98
vocation
(n) = see 2.59
24 99 lenient
(adj) =
not
as strict as expected: e n l e l K ~ < ;
Der: leniency (n)
24 100 disciplined (adj) = well organised and following rules
or standards:
n£t8apxrwtvoc;
Der: disciplinarian
(n):
onao6c; rnc; a u m n p ~ c ; net8apxiac;
discipline (n): net8apxia
disciplinary
(adj): n£t8apxtK6<;
24 101 motiv tion (n) =feeling
of interest, enthusiasm or
reason for doing something: K(VIlTPO, tvaUOI-IO
Der: motivate (v)
58
24 102 motive (n)
a reason
for
doing something: Kivnrpo
24 103
motif (n)
a design or pattern used as a decoration:
K£VTplK6 8t1JO, I J O T [ ~ O
24 104 tru ncy (n) =staying
away
from
school
without
permission: a0tKmoA6yf]TTl
anouoia,
Kon6va
Der: truant (n)
24 105 bullying (n) = threatening
to
hurt or frightening someone
weaker:
e K < P O ~ t o ~ 6 < ; o u v ~ S w c ;
~ e r a ~ u ~ a S n r w v )
Der:
bully (n)
bully (v)
24 106 cr m (for) (v) =learn as
much
as possible in a
short
time in preparation for an exam: n p o £ T O L I - 1 6 . ~ o 1 - 1 m yta
£ ~ £ T 6 0 £ l C :
24 107 gifted
(adj) =
having
natural talent to do something
well: npotKLOI-Itvoc;, raAavroUxoc;
24 108 privileged (adj) =having special rights or advantages
that most people do
not
have:
npovoi-ILOUXOC:
24 109 compulsory (adj) = must be done because it is an
order, rule or law: unoxpewnK6c;
Der:
compulsion (n)
compel
(v)
24 110
oblige
(v)
=force
someone
to do
something because
it
is an order, rule or law: unoxpec.iJvw (K6nOLov
va
K6V£L K6Tl)
24 111 tutorial
(n) = see 24.17
Der: tutor: £nLI-IEATlTrlc;, £n6nTfiC: onouOWv
(ae
nav£moT ')I-ILO ') KoAtyto)
24 112 tuition (n) = 1 teaching of a subject: OtOaoKaAla
2. amount of money you pay to study: oiliaKrpa
24 113
f cilit te
(v) = make something easier to
happen
or be
done: 0t£UKof...Uvw
Der: facilitation (n)
24 114 stimul te (v) =inspire, make someone feel full of ideas
and enthusiastic: napaKtvW
Der:
stimulation
(n)
24 115
simul te (v) =
produce
something
that
looks
or
feels
like a particular situation or object,
but
which isn't:
(ano)l-lli-IOUI-Im, avanaptar6.vw
Der: simulation (n)
simulated (adj)
COLLOCATIONS (page 195)
24 116 fees
pin)= money paid to do something: a ~ m ~ ~ .
OlOaKTpa The increase in school fees this year has
upset many parents.
24 117 prodigy (n) = young person who has an exceptional
natural ability in a particular area such as maths or
music: nmoi)
S a u ~ a
Mozart was a
child
prodigy; he
started composing
music when he was five years old.
Der: prodigious (adj)
24 118 residential (adj) = 1. see 2.93 2. for
which
one
must live or stay in a place
for
a certain period: nou
0LOI-IEV£l ') naptX£l
OtOI-IOVr'] OTO
Xc.i.JPO £pyaoiac; ')
onouOWv Participants
in
the residential English course
will
be
given rooms
at
the college dormitory.
Der: residence
(n)
resident (n)
24 119 refresher course (n) =course to
update knowledge
in a specific area: £nLI-IOP<pWnK6. I-I08fli-IOTO Lifeguards
are required to take a refresher course in first aid
every
two
years.
24 120
entr nce ex m (n)
a formal test which students
must pass in order to be allowed to enter a college
or university: £LoaywyLKtc; £ ~ £ r 6 o e t c ; She
passed
the
entrance exam
and
went on to study economics.
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mock (exam) = practice exam intended to be similar
to
the real one: i 5 o K t ~ a O T t K ~ e ~ t T O O T l Our chemistry
final
is next week but we are having
a mock
exam
tomorrow.
oral (adj) spoken:
npmpoptK6c;
I took my oral exam
in
English yesterday and had to speak for five
minutes.
boarding school = school where students live:
crxot-eio
otKOTpmpeio
Students
t
boarding school
do not go home until the end of term.
24.124 single-sex school = school where students are either
all
girls or all boys: crxot-eio BnMwv apptvwv I went
to
a single-sex primary school nd never studied with
boys until high school.
24.125 comprehensive school =state secondary school for
students of all abilities and backgrounds: i 5 n ~ 6 c r t o )
y u ~ v a m o y e v t K ~ c ; KOTeuSuvcrnc; Elissa graduated from
the local comprehensive school and has gone on to
a
college.
24.126 distance learning = method of studying at home
using a computer or TV rather than attending classes:
anouotc; i5t'at-t-nt-oypmpiac; Marlene is taking her
degree
by
distance learning because she lives far
from
a
university.
24.127 rote learning = learning by memorisation, rather than
by thinking and understanding: ~ a s n o n ~ n x a v t K ~
anoonl8LOT]
Rote learning is suitable for memorising
the multiplication tables but it s
not
sufficient for
understanding higher mathematics.
24.128 computer-assisted learning = method of teaching
which uses computers
as
the major tool: 68T]OT] llE
X P ~ c r n nt-eKTpovtKou
u n o l o y t m ~
Computer-assisted
learning activities are available for all students
enrolled in this course.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
lUnits
22-24)
24.129 legal (adj) 1. related to the law: v o ~ t K 6 t ;
The
lege/
fees for drawing up the contract were 5% of the price
of the house.
2.
allowed by law: v 6 ~ t ~ o t ; The legal
drinking age here is 18
IN OTHER
WORDS:
phrasal verbs (page
195)
24.130 suck up
to
(phr v) (inn be nice to someone in
authority so they treat you well:
KoA.aKeUw,
KaA.omCtvoo
Rick sucked up to his dad because he wanted to
use
the car this weekend.
24.131 drop out (on (phr v) ~ s e e 10.134
24.132 pick up (phr v) = see
2.116
24.133 drag on (phr v) last for a long time: n a p m p a ~ w (cre
i5u tpKeta)
The
lecture seemed to drag on for hours.
24.134 dumb down (phr v) = make something simpler
in
a
way that reduces its quality: (unep)anl-ouonuw The
vocabulary in this book has been dumbed down and
now it s
not
s interesting a read.
24.135 count towards (phr v) = include in the calculation
of something: c r u v u n o l o y i ~ o ~ m All the coursework
counts towards the final mark.
24.136
swot
(up)
(phr v) =study hard, especially for a test:
ll£A.eni:l
£VTOTLK6
We ve spent the past week swatting
up on all the grammar rules for our final exams.
24.137 kick out (phr
v)
= force someone to leave: a n o ~ a w
Todd was kicked
out
of school because of his bad
behaviour.
24.138 clamp down (on) (phr v)
=take
strong action to
stop people from doing something bad or illegal:
~ a ~ w
n e p t o p t o ~ 6 The police are clamping down on
speeding
by
setting stiff fines.
24.139
mess
around (phr v) (inn behave
in
a way that
wastes time:
onaTaA.W TO
xp6vo
llOU
He spends most
of
his free time messing around with his friends.
A. Complete
the sentences with the phrasal verbs.
Make any
necessary changes.
flood in sink n stand n tie n with trade n
go off make
up
dry
up kick out swot up
1. It's time to ............................ that old motorbike of yours for a newer model.
2. Overseas students ............................ about
8%
of the student body; the rest are British.
3.
The actor ............................ halfway through his monologue and had to be reminded of his lines.
4 Edward spent
all
evening ............................ for tomorrow's history test.
5. I used to eat a lot of fish, but I ............................ it recently.
6.
Ann has been living with friends ever since her family ............................ her ............................ .
7. How does it feel
to
have won the gold medal? I don t
know-
it hasn't ............................ yet.
8. I usually work
in
the accounts department, but I ............................ for the receptionist while she's away.
9. The suspect's version of events didn't ............................ what witnesses had said.
10. Since the job advertisement appeared
in
the paper, the applications ............................ .
B. Write T (True)
or
F (False).
1.
When we feel fed up it is usually because we have eaten too much food.
2. Someone who is involved in tertiary education will be under 18 years of age.
3. If we devour something, we eat it quickly and hungrily
......
4. If you simulate a place, you recreate it. ..... .
5. Extracurricular activities
often take place after school. ..... .
6. If something is optional, we must do it. ......
7. If you have a miniscule amount of something, you have a lot of it.
8. If you see something mouth-watering you want to eat it.
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UN T 6
C Choose the correct word to omplete each sentence
1. crockery
I cutlery
a. You've put the forks on the table but where is the rest
of
the ...............
?
b.
If we're having soup, the only ............................ we need are the bowls.
2
boarding residential
a. Michael's parents both work abroad so he attends a ............................ school.
b.
I'm taking
a... ..
........... course so 1' 1 be sleeping on
the
college campus.
3.
pinch
I
handful
a.
You
shouldn t add
too
much pepper- just a ............................ will do.
b. Only a ........ .......... ......... .
of
students attended yesterday's lecture.
4 undergraduate postgraduate
a.
John hasn't
got
a degree
yet-
he's doing a
I
an . . .............. course.
b. Some students go on to do ............................ studies after getting thei r first degree.
5.
gifted
I privileged
a. Children from
poor
families may
not
have as many opportunities as those who are more ................ .
b.
.. .......................... children sometimes
don t
find school challenging enough.
6 drain simmer
a.
Once the vegetables have boiled, ............................ them
to
get rid
of
all the water.
b. The soup needs
to
........................... gently for about half
an
hour.
7
grate slice
a.
. ............... the bread and I'll make the sandwiches.
b. Can you .............. ........... ... some cheese
to
sprinkle over the spaghetti?
8 closeness closure
a.
Since the ............................
of
the corner shop, we ve had
to go to
the supermarket.
b. A special ......................... .. exists between the sisters and they spend a lot
of
time together.
D Complete the sentences y combining a verb from the box on the left and a word from the box on the right
quenched
swallow
stay
watch
open
make
pride
thirst
1.
Unless sales improve, the
company
will
not
be able
to
.
grade
weight
afloat
eyes
2.
I ........ ........ .... my . . with a tall glass
of
iced tea.
3. The entrance exams are very difficult and a large percentage of applicants don t .................... the .................... .
4. The wildlife documentary really .................... her ................... to the problems some endangered species are facing.
5. I know it's hard to say you're sorry, but you'll just have to .................... your .................... and apologise.
6. Mary's supposed to be ................... her .................... , but I just saw her eating a huge ice cream
TOPIC
VOCABULARY
(page 207)
26 1
interest
n)
=
money
charged by a bank or other
institution for lending you money or extra money you
receive if you have invested a sum: T 6 K o ~ Banks pay
interest on savings accounts.
26 2
savings account = bank account where interest
is
paid on money that is left untouched for a time:
A o y a p t a o [ l 6 ~
TOIJlEUTr]plou
Jenny opened a savings
account in order to
put
aside money to
buy
a flat.
26 3
current account
= personal bank account from
which you can withdraw money using a chequebook
or card at any time: T p s x o u ~ s v o c ;
l . o y a p t a o ~ 6 c ;
I
prefer paying
by
cheque from
my
current
account
rather than charging payments on my credit card.
26 4
withdrawal
n) =taking money out of a bank
account: avilAnl)Jn X P n ~ a T W v ) fter making the
withdrawal I had only
£5
left in
my
account.
Der: withdraw
v)
60
26 5 chequebook
n)
= book
of
printed cheques that can
be used instead
of
money
to
make payments (AmE:
checkbook): ~ l ~ A t 6 p t o
srmaywv
Sally reported to the
police that her chequebook was stolen.
26 6
fees
n)
= see 24.116
26 7
expenses pi n) = money that something costs or
money that
is
needed to buy
or do
something:
tE oOa
The company
s
making savings by cutting back on
entertainment expenses.
Der: expensive (adj)
26 8
budget v)
= to carefully plan
how
much money you
spend: n p o u n o l . o y i ~ w (oanovn)
The family
budgeted
their money carefully in
order
to
buy
a
new car.
Der: budget n)
26 9
income
n)
=
money earned from work or
investments: eto60rwa To
boost
his income James
found a
second job
working in the evenings.
26 10
overdraft n) =money owed to a bank when you
have spent more than you had in your account:
unspavilAnl)Jn (an6
T p a n s ~ l K 6
l . o y a p t a o ~ 6 ) The bank
allowed
Sam's
business to have an overdraft facility.
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grant n)
= money given by a government or business
for a special purpose: e m x o p ~ y n O T J The genetics
department received a grant of £10,000 for advanced
research.
Der: grant v)
loan n)
= an amount of money borrowed from a bank
or
person:
OvELO The
government
has
announced
a
new housing loan scheme.
Der: loan
v)
26 13 voucher n)
=a ticket or coupon that can be used
instead of money to buy a particular service or
product: Koun6vL, oehrio The students gave their
teacher a gift voucher for a bookshop
as
a gif t at the
end of the yea<
26 14 redeem v)
to
cash in or exchange for something
of value:
e ~ a p y u p w v w , e ~ a y o p a ~ w Food vouchers,
which
were
given
to
the
earthquake
victims can
be
redeemed at any supermarket in the area.
26 15
finances
n) =see 2.83
26 16 bargain hunting = looking for goods to buy at a
cheap price: K U V ~ Y L npompoptilv We went bargain
hunting
and
I found a suit on sale at half price.
26.17 incentive scheme
plan
which encourages people
to do something or work harder because of the
benefits:
n o A L T L K ~
npow8nonc;
np6t6VTWV Our new
incentive scheme offers customers free gifts if they
spend more than €
00
26.18 junk mail unwanted advertising or information
received by post or email: a v e m u ~ n m 6 t a < p n ~ L O T L K < : t
tvTuna
We
get a lot o unk mail offering
free cars
or
cheap holidays.
26 19
retail therapy
going out and buying things as a
way of making you feel better psychologically: B6h m
ma ~ a y a ~ t a
yta
LjJtilvta
Y O
va BehTLtilow 1n
6 t 6 8 e o ~
~ o u Richard tried retail therapy to cheer himself up:
he bought a new television.
26 20 brand loyalty = tendency only to buy a product
made by
a
particular
company:
q.1mmooUv11 OE l llO
< p i p ~ a Manufacturers depend on their customers
brand loyalty to keep sales up.
26 21
inflation rate n)
= increase in the price of goods and
services:
n h n 8 w p t o ~ 6 c ;
The htgh tnflation rate makes
it harder to save
money
since everything is more
expensive.
26 22 mail
order
=
method of purchasing goods at
home from a catalogue which is delivered by post:
m x u o p o ~ L K ~
napayyehla
These toys are available
only by mail order; they are
not
sold
in
the shops.
26 23 vending machine
n)
=
machine from which you can
buy drinks, sweets, etc.:
a u 1 6 ~ a m c ;
n w h n T ~ C : (W
< e p ~ m o o t K T n ) Sue put her money into the vending
machine and selected a chocolate ba<
26 24 interest-free credit
= buying something and paying for
it
later without additional charge:
aToKn
nimwOT]
Smith s
is
offering
DVDs on interest-free credit-
you can
pay in
up to
12
payments with no additional charges.
26 25 instalments
n) = series of regular payments
made
over a period of time so you don t have
to
pay
everything at once (ArnE: installments): Mow;
You
can
pay
for
this
video
camera
in
12 instalments.
26 26 outlet n) = shop or organization where a certain
product is sold:
K Q T Q O T n ~ a A L Q V L K ~ c ;
nwhnonc; The
company is looktng for new outlets for its top-of-the
range sportswear.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY (page 208)
26 27 astronomical n) = see 20.88
26 28
exorbitant
adj) = more than is reasonable:
e ~ w < p p e v t K 6 c ; Their prices are so exorbitant that I
don t know how they manage to sell anything.
26 29 reasonable
(adj) = see 20.98
26 30 prosperous (adj) = see 18 117
26 31
hard up (adj) = having very little money:
a<ppayKoc;
When I was hard up, Ed helped
me
out with a
loan
26 32 impoverished adj) = very poor: <pTwxoc;, e ~ a 8 A L W ~ t v o c ;
Tax breaks
are given to businesses that move into an
impoverished area of the city
Der: poverty n)
impoverish
v)
26 33
bankrupt
(adj) = unable to pay one s debts:
X P E O K o n n ~ t v o c ;
My friend s business went bankrupt
and had
to sell off all its assets.
Der: bankruptcy
n)
bankrupt v)
26 34 takings n) = money taken in:
e t o n p a ~ e t c ;
(AmE: take)
The takings from ticket sales were over €20,000.
26 35 expenditure
n)
= spending: oanavec;, t ~ o o a The
government
has
been criticized for cutting down
on
public expenditure.
26 36 capital n) = money or property, especially when used
to begin a business or for investments:
KecpOAmo
X P n ~ a T w v ) Jack
won t
be able to open his own shop
because he doesn t
have
enough capital.
26 37 funds pi n) = amount of money available
to
be spent:
<e<pahmo,
X P ~ ~ O T a
We re short of funds this year so
we re not going on holiday.
26 38 resources n) = valuable things which can be used or
sold: n6pot
Alaska
is
rich
in
natural
resources such
as
oil and gold.
26 39 currency
n)
= money used by a particular country:
v 6 ~ t o ~ a (xwpac;) The currency accepted throughout
most of Europe is
the euro.
26 40 share n) = one of the parts into which ownership of
a company is divided and which can be bought as
an investment: ~ E T O X ~ My shares in British Petroleum
have gone up in
value recently.
Der: shareholder
n)
share
v)
26 41 merchandise
n)
= goods bought, sold or traded:
EilnopeUI.laTa To
increase sales merchandise should
be arranged
in
an attractive display.
Der: merchandising
n)
merchant n)
26 42
goods
(pi n) = products made to be sold,
merchandise: EilnopeUI.laTa dOll
Nowadays most
goods and services can be bought on the Internet.
26 43 stock n)
= the total amount of goods available for
sale
in
a shop:
anoSE:I.lOTO, moK
The
item I wanted
wasn t
in
stock, so the shop had to order it for me.
Der: stock
v)
PHRASAL VERBS (page 208)
26 44 make off
(phr
v)
= leave quickly, escape: TO oKaw,
opaneTeuw
The
robbers ran from the bank and made
off in their getaway car.
26 45 lay off
(phr
v) =see
2.7
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26 46 tail
off
(phr v) gradually become less, before
coming to a complete end: e::AaTTWVo Jm, o ~ ~ v w
Nancy s voice tailed off, her eyes closed and she fell
asleep.
26 47 sell
off
(phr v) sell all
of
something because you
need the money:
~ m o u t w
They re selling off their
furniture to
pay
off their debts.
26 48
buy
off (phr
v)
pay money to someone so that they
won t act against you:
£ ~ a y o p i l ~ w
The
proposed
tax
cuts are intended to
buy
off the working-class vote.
26 49 come off (phr v) succeed or take place as planned:
n£Tuxaivw The plan came off better than we could
have hoped.
26 50
work off (phr
v)
~ w o r k hard physically to get rid of
a feeling or weight: anaAA6oao1-1at, ~ e : : < p o p r W v o J m
( ~ £
o w ~ m L K ~ 6 p a o T ~ p L 6 T ~ T a )
After
eating all those
chocolates, we
had
to work
off
the extra weight in the
gym.
26 51 take
off
(phr v) see 2.117
26 52
pay off (phr
v)
pay the complete amount of money
owed: £ ~ O ( j ) A w xptoc;,
a n o n t . ~ p w v w
Edward has
finally
paid
off the mortgage on his fiat. It s all his now.
Der: pay-off (n)
26.53 set off (phr v) = begin a journey or adventure: E,t:KLVW
raE LOL We re se tting
off for
South America early on
Friday:
26 54
send
off (phr v) ~ p o s t : oTtt.vw,
T O X U 6 p o ~ w
These
orders need to
be
sent off first thing in the morning.
Der: send-off
(n)
26 55
round
off (phr v) do something
to
complete an
event
in
a pleasing way: oAoKAilpWvw
We
rounded off
the pleasant meal with a few drinks.
26 56
tear off (phr
v)
take
off
something roughly:
;£KOAAW,
~ y i l ~ w
~ i m a
Adam
tore
off
his clothes
and
rushed into the shower.
26 57
rip
off (phr
v)
cheat by charging
too
much money:
XP£lilvw u n £ p ~ O A L K i l , K A t ~ w They were ripped off
at
the garage: they
paid
far too much
for
the repairs on
their
car
Der: rip-off
(n)
26 58
make off
with (phr
v)
~ s t e a l :
K A t ~ w .
~ o u T i l w The
burglars made
off
with all
my
jewellery:
26 59 put off (phr v) make someone not do something or
not like something: anorpE:nw The accident has
put
Tina
off
driving.
26 60 leave
off
(phr v) stop doing something: 6taK6mw
The
painters left
off
working
at
one
o clock
to have
lunch.
26 61 write off (phr v) = decide something
is
not
worthwhile:
~ £ Y P i l ' I ' W
We ve written
off
the
project
because it
would
have been too costly to do properly.
Der: write-off
(n)
RELATED WORDS
(page 209)
26 62
acquire
(v) ~ s e e 12.72
26 63
house
(v)
provide a place to stay: c n £ y i l ~ w .
( j ) L A O ~ £ v w
The building houses more than
60
families.
Der: house
(n)
housing
(n):
O T t y a o ~
housed (adj)
26 64 retain (v) see
6.1
09
62
26 65 cont in
(v)
= have inside:
m:pttxw
neptA.atJrJ6vw
This
bottle contains 1.5 litres
of
mineral water.
Der: container
(n):
oox£io
contents (n): n s p t e X 6 ~ s v a
contained (adj)
26 66 receive {v) = get: AatJrJOvw, nalpvw I received a letter
from London University yesterday.
Der: receptacle
(n):
oox£io
reception
(n)
receptive (adj)
26 67 seize (v) see 22.104
26 68 store (v) = put away and keep until needed:
ano8f1KEUw
The books were stored in boxes until the
new
shelves were built.
Der: storage (n)
store (n)
stored (adj)
26 69 secure (v) = get or achieve something: anoKnD,
£ ; a o ( j l a A i ~ w The gymnast managed to secure a place
on China s Olympic team.
Der: security (n)
secure (adj)
26 70 absorb
(v) soak up
or
take
in:
anoppo(jlw The
school
was
overcrowded and couldn t
absorb any
more
students.
Der: absorption
(n)
absorbent (adj)
26 71
obt in
(v) =get or achieve: anoKTW We
weren t able
to obtain tickets
for
the match on Saturday:
Der: obtainable (adj)
WORD FORMATION
(page 209)
26 72 uthorise (also -ize) (v) = give official permission
for something to happen: eE,oumoOorW, eyKplvw A
budget
has been authorised for the conference.
Der: authorisation
(n): £ ~ o u m o 6 6 T ~ o ~
authority (n): £ ~ o u o i a , 6tKmo6ooia
26 73
categorise
(also -ize) (v) divide people
or
things into groups with similar characteristics:
KOTfiYOPLOnDLW
The books in
our
school library are
categorised into fiction, non-fiction
and
reference.
Der: categorisation
(n)
category (n)
26 74 characterise (also -ize) (v) ~ s e e 4.116
26 75
clarify (v)
see 4. 7 4
26 76 commerci lise
(also -ize) (v)
=see
2.75
26 77
diversify
(v)
see 4.152
26 78
dramatise (also -ize) (v) see 4.80
26 79 economise (also -ize)
(v)
= use money carefully so
you waste as little as possible: K6vw
OLKOVOtJla We
will have to economise
if
we want to save enough
money to buy a new car.
Der: economy
(n)
economic (adj): OLKOVOtJLK6C:, OX£TLK6C: tJ£ H]V
OLKOVOtJ[O
economical (adj):
O L K O V O ~ L K 6 < ; , 4 ' T ~ v 6 c ;
26 80 equ lise (also -ize)
(v)
= make the same
in
size,
amount or importance: eE,toWvw
The government
must
equalise spending on education for all pupils.
Der: equality
(n)
equal (adj)
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26 81
exemplify v) = be a typical example of something:
anOTE:AW xapOKTTlPlOTtK6 O iYIJO
Renoir s
painting
exemplifies the Romantic
tradition.
Der:
example n)
26 82 falsify v) = deliberately change something in order to
deceive:
naponDLti>, nAaoToypa<.pW he ccount nt
had falsified the company reports for
10
years before
he was finally caught.
Der: falsification
n)
false
adj)
26 83 globalise (also -ize) v) = to make something become
generally accepted all over the world: i5Leupuvw
( o ~ m
n a y K o o ~ i w c ;
Cable television helped g/obalise
the television industry.
Der: globe n)
global (adj)
26 84 gratify v) = to please or satisfy: LKavonDLw,
euxapLOTW
I
was gratified to team that my advice was of help to you.
Der:
gratification n)
gratifying (adj)
grateful (adj)
26 85
horrify
v)
=shock:
T p o ~ a ~ w .
T p o ~ o p a T w
I was
horrified to hear about the earthquake
in
China.
Der: horror
n)
horrifying (adj): T p O ~ O X T L K O < ;
horrific (adj): qlpLKLOOTLK6<;
26 86 humanise also -ize) v) = make something easier or
more pleasant for people to deal with: e ~ a v S p w n i ~ w The
minister
wants to humanise the
treatment
of criminals.
Der:
human n)
humane (adj)
26 87 identify v) = see 6.61
26 88 intensify v) = see 24.78
26 89
internalise
(also -ize)
v)
= make
an
idea part
of
your
way of thinking:
utoSeTw ti5E:a,
Sewpia
KTA.)
Over
time, he fully internalised his parent s ideals.
Der: internalisation n)
internal (adj)
26 90
localise
(also -ize) v) = limit the size
of an
area
affected to prevent spreading: n e p t o p i ~ w TomKO) The
firefighters tried to localise the blaze to one building.
Der: locale n)
local (adj)
26 91 memorise (also -ize) v) = learn something by heart:
a n o ~ v ~ ~ o v e u w
The
only way to learn to spell irregular
French verbs is to
memorise them.
Der: memorisation
n)
memory n)
26 92 moralise (also -ize) v) = tell others what you think
is right and wrong, and how they should behave:
~ S L K o l - . o y w I don t trust people who are constantly
mora/ising;
they
often are
dishonest
themselves.
Der: moral n):
~ 8 L K 6 i5ioawa
morality n): ~ S L K ~ , a p n ~
moral (adj)
26 93
mystify
v) = find something strange
or
difficult
to
understand: KOvw KOnmov va anopc:i, o a o T i ~ w
Everybody was mystified by the magician s tricks.
Der: mystifying (adj)
26 94
neutralise
(also -ize)
v)
= prevent something from
having its normal effect: e ~ o u i 5 e r e p w v w The rise
in
prices has
neutralised my salary increase.
Der: neutralisation
n)
neutral (adj)
26 95 personalise (also
-ize)
v) = mark or design specifically
for the needs of an individual: npoownonotW The banks
personalise chequebooks with your
name address
and
telephone number.
Der: personal (adj)
26 96 popularise (also -ize) v) = see 14.7 4
26 97 publicise (also -ize) v) = make something known to
the public:
i 5 L O < P ~ ~ ~ ~ w .
i 5 ~ ~ o m e u w Music
companies
spend a lot to publicise the release
of
new
COs.
Der: public n)
publicity n)
26 98
simplify
v) = make easier: anl-.onotw
We ve simplified
our operating instructions
for
home appliances
Der:
simplification
n):
a n l - . o n o i ~ o ~
simplicity
n):
a n M T ~ T O
simple (adj)
26 99
specialise
(also -ize) v) see 6 57
26 100 specify v) =state or describe precisely what you
mean or need:
n p o o i 5 t o p i ~ w
My clients have specified
that they want
a
small house with
a
large garden.
Der: specification
n)
specific (adj)
26 101
stabilise
(also -ize) v)
=reach
a state where things
are unlikely to change: OTa8eponOLw The main aim of
the new economic plan is to stabilise the economy.
Der: stabilisation n): O T 0 8 e p o n o i ~ o ~
stability
n):
O T a 8 e p 6 T ~ T a
stabilizer (n)
stable (adj)
26 102
subsidise
(also -ize) v) = see 14.35
26 103
symbolise
(also -ize) v) =represent:
o u ~ ~ o l - . i ~ w The
Parthenon symbolises Athens and the Eiffe/ Tower
symbolises Paris.
Der: symbol
n)
symbolism n)
symbolic (adj)
26 104 typify v) = be characteristic of something:
x a p a K T ~ p i ~ w My grandfather s dislike of popular
music typifies the attitude of most older people.
Der: type n)
typical (adj)
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 209)
26 105 priceless (adj) = see 10.1 07
26 106 worthless (adj) = see 10 113
26 107 invaluable
adj)
=extremely useful:
a v e K T i ~ ~ T o < ;
26 108
discount
n)
=
reduction
in
the usual price:
E:KnTWOfl
26 109 deduction n) =amount subtracted from a total sum
of money:
a q J a i p e o ~
(nooou)
26 11 o economic n) = see 26 79
26 111 economical (adj) = see 20 93
26 112 finance n) = see 2 83
26 113 bonus n) sum of money given as a reward or gift in
addition to your regular salary: i5wpo, t ~ T p a a ~ O L ~ ~
26 114
debit
n) =sum of money taken out of a bank account:
X P i : w o ~ (o p a n e ~ L K O
l - . o y a p t a o ~ 6
Der: debit v)
26 115
debt
n) =sum of money owed: xptoc;
Der: debtor n): O q J e t M T ~ < ;
26 116
credit
n)
=possibility
to pay for goods at a later
date:
n i O T w o ~
26 117 lucrative
(adj) = very profitable:
e m K e p i 5 ~ < ;
26 118 well
off
(adj) = having enough money to keep up a
good standard of living: euKaT maToc;
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26.119
extravagant (adj) = spending more than you can
afford or costing
more
than is reasonable: anCnaAoc;
26.120 splash out (phr v) = (infj buy something expensive:
onamAciJ
X P ~ ~ m a
METAPHOR
AND MEANING
(page 21 0)
26 121 repay
(v) =
return
money borrowed;
reward
for
a
kindness: ~ e n A . 1 1 p W v w avTano5l5w We repaid the
loan from my parents in three years.
Der: repayment
(n)
26.122 pay (my) debt to society=
do
community service
or
serve time in jail to compensate for a wrongdoing:
~ e n i \ f l p c i W W TO
xptoc IJOU OTflV
KOLVWV[O
After
doing
the six months of
community
service
ordered by
the
court. / ve paid my debt to
society
26.123
owe (me) one =
have
to
return a
good deed or
favour: ~ o u XPWOTO<; x a p ~ I got you free tickets to
the show; now you
owe m
one
26 124 hold
(someone)
accountable=
consider (someone)
responsible: SewpW (K6notov)
uneUSuvo The
boss said
he is holding me accountable for the safety of the visitors.
26.125
pay
(someone)
back
(phr
v)
=
do
something
unpleasant
to someone
in revenge for what
they
did
to
you:
E:K6LKOUIJOL She paid him back for his rude
behaviour
by
ignoring him the next time they met.
26.126 (be) indebted
to (adj) = feel grateful to someone:
E:IIJOL ruyvWIJWV OE: Sue is indebted to
her
uncle for
his help in financing the purchase of her home.
26 127
take
into
account=
see 14.99
26.128 give
something
back (phr v) =repay a kindness:
avranoOiOw
He donated money to the school
as a
way
of
giving something back to the community
26 129 earn
(v)
=
deserve something because of your efforts:
K e p O L ~ w Kate earned the praise she
got
because her
work was excellent.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS
(page 21
0)
26.130 figure (n) = 1.
body
or shape: cp1youpa. o c i J ~ a
A
distant figure moved quickly across the street.
2. number
or amount :
L/JJlc.plo.
apt81-L6c;
The number
nine
is
written with the figure
9 . 3. person who is
important I J O p < p ~ The principal
is a
figure of authority
in every school.
26.131 bank
(n) =
1.
institution where people keep their
money: T p 6 n e ~ a I checked the balance of my account
at
the bank.
2
edge
of
a river:
o x s ~
We sat on the
river bank and watched the boats.
bank holiday= public holiday: e n i o ~ ~ ~ apyia
Monday
is
a
bank
holiday, so
we
are
going
to Paris for
a
long weekend.
26 132 charge (n) = 1. formal accusation of a crime:
KOTfJyopia Mrs Jenkins
is
facing a charge of assault
because she hit the postman.
2.
money
which
must be paid for a service:
xptwof ,
O L K O V O I - L l K ~
em[36puvof1
Ask
what charges are involved before
taking
a
loan.
n
charge of = responsible for: uneUSuvoc; yta
Mark
is in charge of our offices in the southern region.
26.133 credit= 1. (n) see 26.116 2. (v)
add money
to a bank
account: mon.i..Jvw (Aoyaptao116)
When you make
a
deposit, the money is
credited
to your account three
days later. 3. (n) see 24.40
interest free
credit=
see 26.24
6
26.134
branch
(n)
=see 10.3; 10.127
branch out (phr v) = see 4.148
26135
capital
(n) =
1.
see
26.36 2.
a city or place that
is
famous
for a certain activity:
Ktvrpo
1-llOC:
OpaoTJlpL6TJlTac;) Geneva is known as the banking
capital of the world.
capital punishment (n)
= punishment by dea1h:
a v a n K ~ nmvf]
Those against capital punishment
argue that
it
does not effectively
deter
serious crime.
26 136 commission
(n) =
1.
money
paid
to
a person
according
to
value
of
sales made: n p o 1 1 ~ 8 e L a David
works
on
commission so the more cars he sells, the
more money he makes.
2.
see
20.63 3.
a group of
people
officially asked
to
control
or
find out
about
something: E:mrponf] A special commission was
appointed to investigate the criminals of war.
Der:
commission (v)
26.137
brand
(n)
=a
product
or
group
of
products known
by name
and
made by
a particular
company: 1J6pKa
People who
buy
popular brands of clothing may find
themselves
paying more
for the name than for the
actual product.
brand new
(adj) new and unused: oAoKalvoupytoc;
She
got
a brand-new car for her birthday
brand
(someone)
(v)
= label
or
mark someone with
disapproval: O T L Y I - L O T L ~ w
He
was
branded
a
thief, even
though there was
no
substantial
proof
that he had
committed
the crime.
IN
OTHER WORDS
(page
211)
26 138
take
(my) time = not hurry: Kc lvw
K6n 1 LE: TO
nc'loo
IJOU Take your time with that project; you have six
weeks to do it.
26 139 take out a loan = borrow money, especially from a
bank:
nalpvw
06vc:to
We're taking out a loan for a
new
car
because
we don t
have enough money to
buy
what
we
want.
26 140
take account of= consider something when
you
are trying
to make
a decision:
Aa11f36vw
un6L/Jn
When
planning my annual budget,
I
have to take account of
medical expenses.
26 141 take
(something) lying down= accept something
without protesting
or defending
yourself: OtXOIJOL
(Kiln) a 6 1 a ~ a p T u p ~ m She refused to take the sexist
comments
of
her male colleagues lying down.
26.142 take (my) custom
elsewhere=
buy from another
business because
of dissatisfaction: L J w v l ~ w an6
aMou
(A6yw 6uoaptOK8lO<;)
After my butcher
cheated
me, I
decided to take
my
custom elsewhere.
26 143 make a fortune = become very rich: Kc lvw nE:ptouoia
Aristotle Onassis made a fortune in shipping and
became a multimillionaire.
26 144 make do = succeed in dealing with a situation by
using
what
is available:
apKOUIJOL oe Kc ln The stereo
broke, so they had to make
do
with their
old
one.
26 145
make
ends meet=
have
just enough money
to
buy
What you need: TO <ptpvw
[36i\TQ
(OLKOVOI-LLK6)
Times
are so tough that people need two salaries to make
ends meet.
26 146
make the most of= get
the
maximum
from:
a ~ L o n O L W oro tnaKpo
There's
only
one
day
/eft
of our
holiday
so
let's make the most of it
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE cumulative review)
A.
Complete
the
sentences using
the
verbs on
the left. Make any
necessary
changes.
The mugger threatened
to
............................. Jason if he didn t hand over his wallet.
Having recently lost my job, I can ............................. with anyone who is out of work.
The passage that my teacher wants me
to
learn ............................. in the book.
budget
2
gratify
stab
3.
enrich
4.
The union leader ............................. with the management for better working conditions.
moralize
5. The architecture of the main hall ............................. early nineteenth century tastes.
The house had been so badly damaged in the earthquake that it had
to
............................. .
Unless
we
............................. carefully, we
won t
be able
to
pay the bills this month.
credit
6.
identify
mark
7.
exemplify
8.
She ............................. the sponge
to get
as much water as possible out of it.
demolish
9 The couple agreed that their life had been ............................. by the birth of their grandchild.
After the sale of her house, a large sum of money ............................. to her bank account.
William ............................. that his proposal had been
of
interest
to
the board
of
directors.
squeeze
10
negotiate
11.
12.
Stop
............................. I can decide for myself what's right and what's wrong.
B. Complete the expressions with the correct verb. Then
match
the expressions
to
their meanings.
take ® have read 1/ J
make get
e keep
~ k ~ 1
do
........................ 2. going
.............
3
my time
............. 4 ends meet
................
5
somebody's mind
a
have something difficult to
do
b hide information from somebody
c. try hard
to
prevent something happening
d start to speak in a public discussion
e
start
to work or
leave a place
........................
6
a stand
1 f
manage with whatever is available
7 the floor g. not do things quickly
8
somebody in the dark
h
just have enough money for what you need
........................
9
my
work cut
out for me
i
accept something without a fight
........................ 10. something lying
down
j. know what someone is thinking
C. Choose the correct answer.
1. Thanks
to
a government income grant, my grandmother was able
to
have a solar panel installed.
2 We
just don t have the
capital
takings
to
set up a business.
3
As head of the department, I am held accountable
applicable
for any mistakes that are made.
4 The government set up a commission commitment
to
investigate the problem of bullying in schools.
5
If you
don t
drink enough water, you are in danger
of
suffering from
insomnia dehydration.
6
The gallery was full of
priceless
invaluable works of art.
7
If you pass the
rote
mock exam, chances are you'll pass the real thing.
8
Having been betrayed by his friends, John became increasingly
bitter delighted.
9
The flooding has destroyed some crops
but
the extent status of the damage is not yet known.
1
0
Add some
pulses
spices to
the soup
to
give it a stronger flavour.
Replace the
underlined
words or
phrases with the
phrasal
verbs
below. Make any
necessary changes.
wear
out
r;,. r, round
off ® act
on brush
up
on
e
phase out
make off with s drop in o pay
back
o
crack up
e get
at
1
We
ended our day in London with a meal at a Chinese restaurant. ..................................
2
Paul should be home. Let's visit him on the way home from the supermarket. .......... ......... .......... .....
3
Please be more direct I just
don t
understand what it is you're trying
to
say. ...............................
4 They are going
to
gradually stop using the old machinery at the factory.
5
Shoplifters had stolen a number of DVDs from the shop.
6 You
must be exhausted after your twenty-mile hike. ................................
7
I regret not following your
advice-
next time I will. ..................................
8 John swore
to get
revenge for what I had done. ...............................
9
You'll never get a job in Germany if you don t improve your German. .......................
10
Jenny told a joke and the rest
of
the class laughed uncontrollably. .................................
65
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A
alarmed
6.
73
a drop
in
the ocean 18.129
all go 20.138
a drop
o
22.124
all-inclusive 8.14
a grain of truth 22.135
alleged 4.122
a great good deal of 2.121
allergy 6.40
a piece of the pie 22.167
alleviate 6.34
a pinch
o
22.121
altitude 18.21
a raw deal 2.121
ambiguous 12.118
a speck o dust 22.136
ameliorate
24 68
a touch
o
22.129
amenities 8 5
A-levels 24.22
amphibian 10.13
abdomen 6.2
ample 22.134
abolish 10.49
an ounce o help 18.141
absorb 26.70
analytical 20.86
abstract 20.11
ancestor 6.95
abundant 22.125
anecdote 12.13
academic 24.6
animator 16 92
acceptance
4 69
annoyance
4 71
ccess
8 107
anticlimax 24.60
accessible 20.81
anticlockwise 24.58
account for) 6.62
antique 12.87
accountant 16.1 03
antisocial 24 44
achieve 6.98
apart 22.157
acquire 12.72; 26.62
appeal 4.119
acronym 12.12
appliance 16.3
across the board 8.101
applicable 20.87
act 4.140
apply 2.120
act on 4.140
apply myseiD 2.120
activist 16.91 apprehensive 6.94
actually 24.81
apprenticeship 2.14
acupuncture 6 29
approve 10.51
adapt 4.104
arch 20.2
adaptable 20.82
archaic 12.88
adaptation 4. 70
arid 18.16
adept 4.105
array oD 22.86
addicted 4.120
artefact 20.12
addiction 6.32
artery 6.3
addition 22.151
arthritis 6.46
dministr tion 2 32
artificial 16.36
admirable 20.83 aspect 2.64
adopt 4.103
assessment 22.92; 24.15
adorable 20.84
asset 2.44
advance 16.84
assignment 24.16
advocate 10.50
associate 6 60
affect
6.1 02
asthma 6.54
affectionate 2.61
astronomical 20.88; 26.27
affordable 20.85
at the forefront
o
4.68
agent 4.1
attendance 4. 72
ahead o schedule 8.108
attitude 6.117; 24.38
aid 24.67
audible 20.70
ailment 6.39
audition 4.40
ir
n
opinion 12 39
auditorium
4 2
austere 18.94
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back down 12.44
back
out 1
D.131
backpacking 8. 1
backstage 4.3
bacteria 16.14
ban 1D.45; 1D.52
bank 26.131
bank
holiday 26.131
bankrupt 26.33
bar
1D.53
bargain hunting 26.16
bark
1D.2; 1
D
73
barrier 14.6D
base on 4.27
bear
a)
signature 2D.58
bear it)
in
mind 6.156
bear a grudge 2D.57
bear a resemblance (to) 2D.59
bearable 2D.89
bedsit 14.8
beef 22.7D
beneficial 2.7 4
benefit (from) 24.7D
beyond (someone s) comprehension 1
D.15D
biannual 24.56
bilingual 24.47
biography 12.67
biotechnology 16.33
bit by bit 16.122
bite 22.114
bits and pieces 8.56
bitter 22.72
bitterly 6.14D
blame (for) 6.55
blame on) 6.55
bleak 2D.123
bleat 1D.72
blind (someone) with science 24.97
blockbuster 4.25
blossom 1D.1 D
blurb 12.1
blurt out 4.94
board (of directors) 2.5; 8.1 D1
board 8.1D1
boarding school 24.123
boast 6.69
boil down to 12.41
boiler 16.23
bonus 26.113
book 12.113
boost 2.95
border 14.58
be)
bound for 8.1
D6
boundary 14.59
box office 4.4
branch 1D.3; 1D.127; 26.134
branchout4 148; 1D.127; 26.134
brand 26.137
brand loyalty 26.2D
brand-new 26.137
brand (someone) 26.137
break a journey 8.1 D5
break
down
12.49
~ - ~ '
break in 22.171
breeze 18.29
brick 14.96
bright 4.132; 2D.124
brilliant 4.13D
bring in 4.147
broadcaster 4.5
broaden 2.96; 12.56
brochure 8.13
bronze 14.98
brotherhood 14.43
browse 12.25
bruise 6.14
brush up on 2D.39
bud 1
D.4
budget 26.8
built-up 14.26
bulky 18.1D4
bullying 24.1
D5
burn out 1D.139
bush 1D.1
butt in
4.99
button 16.1
D7
buy off 26.48
by and large 8.58
by
hand 6.159
bypass 14.32
c
calcium 22.7
calf 1D.64
calorie 22.39
campaigner 16.93
campus 24.2
canvas 2D.16
capital 26.36; 26.135
capital punishment 26.135
capsize 1
D.
76
captivate 1D.78
67
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capture 10.77; 20.27
carbohydrate 22.2
career ladder 2.13
cash flow 22.161
casserole 22.77
cast 4.6; 4.138
cast an) eye over 4.138
cast a shadow 20.129
cast doubt on 4.138
catch (someone s) attention 20 45
catch (someone s) eye 20.44
catch a glimpse 20.46
catch
in
the act (of) 4.140
categorise 26.73
cater for 8.1 09
cautious
18.1
05
cease 10.151
celebrity 4.7
cell 16.34
censorship 4.41
cereal 22.1
chair 2.54
characterise 4.116; 26.74
charge 26.132
chat-show host 4.55
chatter 4.101
check-in 8.34
cheerful 6.79
chequebook 26.5
chest 6.5
chew
22.20
chick 10.34; 10.65
chilly 18.106
chirp 10.68
cholesterol 22.44
choosy
18.1
07
chop 22.55
circular
20.1
03
circulate 2.46
circulation
6 44
citizenship 14.44
civilise 14.73
clamber 18.76
clamp down on) 24.138
clarify 26.75
clarity 4.74
clerical 2.29
cliff 18.3
clockwork 16.1 09
clone 16.41
closeness 22.93
closure 22.94
cloud 4.133
68
co-operative 2 79
co star 4.8
coastguard 18.42
coastline 18.41
coat 10.128
cold-blooded 10.18
collaboration 24.18
colleague 2.35
colloquial 12.125
column 20.7
come
across
4 47
come down on (someone) like a ton of bricks 18.136
come
in for criticism 12 35
come off 26.49
come
out 4 46
come to (my) attention 12.122
come to light 20.133
come
to terms with 24 82
come
up against a brick wall
14 85
come up with 4.146
come down 12.54
commentator 4 53
commercial 2 75
commercialise
26 76
commission 20.63; 26.136
commitment
22.95
common 16.85
common
sense
6 25
community centre
14 14
commuter belt 14.13
companionship 14 45
compatible 18.60
competitive 2.76
compile 16.75
complement 12.71
complementary therapy 6.53
complexity 4.75
compliment 12.69
comply 6.59
compound 16.27
comprehensible 20.90
comprehensive school 24 125
comprise 16 74
compromise 16 73
compulsory 24.1 09
computer-assisted learning
24 128
conceivable 20.91
conceive of) 6.1 00
concentration 6.51
concept 24.96
concern 10.153
concisely 12.27
concrete 14 95
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condemn 10.54
crayon 20.17
be) conducive to 24.69
creature 10.37
conduct 6.104
credibility 4.76
conductor 4.56
credit 24.40; 26.116; 26.133
cone 20.120
credits 4.125
confide
in)
6.58
crew 4.10
confidential
2.
77
critic 4.26; 4.59
congestion 14.27
croak 10.69
onnoisseur
22 79
crockery 22.25
conscience 6.116
crop 22.52
conscious 6.115
cross 6.74
consent 10.55; 12.86
cross
my)
mind 6.156
conservative 22. 150
crust 22.38
conserve 1
0.
79
cub 10.66
consistency 22.28
cube 20.122
consonant 12.14
culinary 22.8
constructive 2 78
cultivate 10.116
consult 6.19
curator 16.95
consume 22.22
cure 6.36
consumer 16.94
currency 26.39
contagious 6.22
current 18.89
contain 26.65
current account 26.3
contaminate 22.51
urri ulum 24 7
contemporary 12.89; 20.72
curse 24.65
contemptuous 20.7 4
curved 20.112
content 12.84; 18.61
cutlery 22.27
contestant 4.54
CV 2.43
context 12.85
cyberspace 16.31
continent 18.13 cylinder 20.119
contract 2.12; 2.97
D
conventional medicine 6 52
conversion
18.1
00
dairy 22.15
convert 14.23
dam 18.9
convey 12.126
damp 18.83
cook 22.143
dash 18.74
cooker 22.145
dawdle 18.75
cookery 22.144
dawn 4.135
cope (with) 2.56
dawn on 4.135
correspondence 12 2
dazzle 4.131
corridor 14.7 deaden 12.59
corridors of power 14.84
deal
2.121
costly 18.108
deal with 2.121
costume drama 4 9
debit 26.114
cough up 22.158
debt 26.115
count towards 24.135
debut 4.42
counterproductive 24.51
decent 18.97
countless 22.132
dedication 4.77
cover up 20.38
deduction
26.1
09
crack a joke 12.37
deep-rooted 10.124
crack up 4.150
deeply 6.144
crackdown 12.51
defective 16.39
cram (for) 24.106
deficient 18.64
cramped 14.17
degree 24.20; 24.84
crave 22.17
dehydration 6.28
9
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dejected 6.85
delay 8.9
delegate 2.20
delighted 6.88
deluge 18.121
demand 2.49
demolish 14.18
demonstrate 20.77
departure lounge 8.11
dependent 16.1 05
depressed 6.87
derive 6.66
descendant 6.96; 18.95
descent 18.96
despondent 6.93
destination 8.20
detached house 14.11
deteriorate 2 98
detract from 24.71
device 16.32
devote 6.71
devotion 4. 78
devour 22.67
diagonal 20.110
dig 10.117
dig around 10.117
digest 22.56
digestible 20.92
dim 4.128
diminish
2 99
director 4.11; 4.57
disc jockey DJ) 4.58
disciplined 24.100
disclose 12.38
discount 26.1 08
discourage 6 68
discover 16 79
disgraceful 10.147
disloyal 6.130
disobedient 6.134
disorder 6.4 7
displeased 6.81
disrepair 14.29
dissertation 12.23
dissimilar 6.138; 22.156
distance learning 24.126
distract 6.67
distraction 4 79
district 14.57
diversify 4.152; 26.77
diversion 18.98
docile 10.85
documentary 4.12
domain 2.62
7
dome 20.1
domestic 10.87
dominate 12.40
double-glazing 14.9
doubtful 10.99
dough 22.33
down-and-outs 2.111
down the drain 22.165
download 16.17
downpour 12.53
downright 4.112; 6.143
downsize 2.100
dozens of 22.119
draft 2.51
drag on 24.133
drain 22.29
dramatisation 4 80
dramatise 26.78
dramatist 16.96
draught 18.90
draw a comparison 20 50
draw a conclusion 12.130; 20.51
draw attention
to
20.52
draw up 20.34
dr wb ck 24.62
drift 8.88; 18.38
drip 22.138
drive at 8.99
drizzle 18.27
drop 22.137
drop in 22.170
drop out of) 10.134; 24.131
drought 18.26
dry up 18.128; 22.182
dull 4.134
dumb down 24.134
dune 18.4
dutiful 10.1 00
duty
2.31
duty-free shop 8.10
dwelling 14.12
E
eagerness 22.96
earn 26.129
earthenware 14.97
ease
up 20.37
easel 20.24
eat into 22.166
eat up 22.115
eat my) words 22.115
eating disorder 22.13
economic 26.11 0
economical 20.93; 26.111
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r
conomise 26.79
effect 6.1
01
effective 2.60
efficiency 2.33
elaborate 6.56
elementary school 24.27
eligible 22.152
embark on 8.112
emigration 10.84
emission 16.28
emotional 2.80
enact 12.55
enclose 12.57
encode 12.58
encounter 1
0.41
endorse 10.56
enforce 12.61
engrossed 4.118; 18.63
enhance 24.72
enlarge 2.1 01
enrich 12.62
ensure 12.63
entrance exam 24.120
entrust 12.65
environmentalist 16.97
envisage 16.71
equalise 26.80
equator 18.12
erase 20.21
erosion 18.15
eruption 18.14
escort 8.26
estate agent
14.1
0
estuary
18.1
ethics 16.44
evaluate 24.21
eventful
10.1
01
evolution 10.91; 16.82
exception to the rule 24.37
excessive
2 81
executive 2.19
exemplify 26.81
exorbitant 26.28
exotic 8.86
expand
2.1
02
expedition 8.22
expenditure 26.35
expenses 26.7
expertise
2. 73
explicit 12.76
explore 16.81
exposure 22.97
extend
2.1
03
extensive 2.82
extent 10.46
exterior 14.28
extermination 10.93
extinct ion 1 0.92
extracurricular
24 50
extraterrestrial 24.61
extravagant 26.119
fabric 20.4
facilitate 24.113
faculty 24.1
faint 4.129
fall through 2.110
falsify 26.82
fantastic 6.111
far and wide
8.51
far flung 8.33
fasten 12.60
fattening 22.40
feasible 2.132
feast 22.9
feather 10.32
featherless 10.115
feature 4.115
fed up22 112
feed 22.112
feedback 2.130
feel10 feet tall18 139
fees 24.116; 26.6
fence 14.1
fend for 1 0.35
fertile 10.118
fibre 22.3
field 2.63; 10.125
figure 26.130
figure out 16.58
filter out 16.53
finance 26.112
finances 26.15
financial 2.83
find out 12.127
firm 2.41
flair 20.29
flash 4.127
flat 14.86
flat on my) back 14.86
flat out 14.86
flawed 10.141
flexibility 6.50
7
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flexible 20.94
flock 8.45
flood 18.122
flood
in
22.172
flood the market 18.122
floor 14.87
flourish 10.119
flow 18.91
fluid 16.13
fly high 2.108
foal 10.67
focus 4.117
focus camera 20 49
focus attention 20.48
focus my) energy 20.47
fog 18.31
follow
a)
conversation 8.96
follow (someone s) train o thought 8.97
follow the herd 8.46
follow up 20.33
food chain 22.45
food poisoning 22.41
foodie 22.78
footnote 12.28
for good 4.65
for nothing 2.125
forem n
2 4
forthcoming 4.43
fracture 6.15
freelance
2.1
0
freshman
24.31
frost 18.32
fruitful 10.102
frying pan 22.24
fully 6.142
fundamentally 10.140
funds 26.37
fur 10.24
furious 6.75
furry 20.117
further 2.38
G
gale 18.33
gale-force wind 18.33
gaze 16.63
GCSE
24.23
gear 16.111
gene
16.40
generally 14.75
generate 4.153
generator 16.24
generosity
4.81
genetically engineer 16.38
72
genetically modified 22.46
genuine 10.89
get at 8.100
get come to grips with 24.92
get down
to
business 2.127
get going 20.141
get greedy 22.163
get into 4.141
get into gear 16.111
get my) foot in the door 14.82
get my) point across 12.128
get the picture 20.134
getaway 8.35
gifted 24.1 07
gigantic 22.11
give out 16.54
give (someone)
an
inch and (he ll) take a yard 18.137
give something back 26.128
be) given credit 24.40
glad 6.80
glance 16.67
gland 10.30
glimpse 16.61
globalise 26.83
gloomy 18.1 09; 20.125
glorious 18.110
go back 4.48
go cheap 20.137
go down as 4.51
go into 4.49
go off 22.178
go off track 8.92
go on 4.52
go
on and on 20.136
go on to 4.50
go round in circles 8.87
go the extra mile 18.135
go under
2.1
07; 22.162
go with 20.140
goes to show 20.144
be)
going strong 20.143
goods 26.42
gourmet 22.76
GP 6.20
grade 24.85
gradually 16.121
graduation 24.28
grant 26.11
grape 22.58
grasp 24.95
grate 22.54
gratify 26.84
grease 22.34
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grounds 18.80
guesthouse 8.4
H
habitat 10.20
hack 16.29
hail
18.82
hail
from 18.82
hammer 16.106
hammer home 16.1 06
hand-me-down 12.52
handful 22.98
handle 2.55; 24.91
hang up 20.31
hard up
26.31
hardware 16.1
harmonious 18.111
harsh 18.92
hatch 10.17
have my) work cut out for (me) 2.129
have a (reasonable) command of a language 12.120
have a few pints 18.138
have a go 20.139
have a word with 12.115
have an adverse effect 24.73
hazardous 18.112
heat 22.111
heatstroke 18.47
heatwave 18.48
hedge 14.2
helping 22.62
hemisphere 18.11
herb 22.81
herd 8.46
hibernate 10.21
a)
hidden agenda 12.105
high school 24.32
high-flying 2.109
higher education 24.36
highlight 4.36; 4.1 09
highly 6.145
hint 12.132
hitchhiking 8.2
hold (someone) accountable 26.124
hold back 12.133
hold out 10.137
horde 8.48
horizontal 20.113
horrify 26.85
hospitable 8.6
house 26.63
houseful 22.99
household 14.63
housekeeping 14.64
housewarming 14.65
housing estate 14.15
howl10 74
human resources 2 39
humanise 26.86
humid 18.84
hurricane 18.22
hygiene 6.26
hype up 4.143
hyperactive 24.42
hypermarket 24.57
hypersensitive 24.59
hypothetical 20.95
hysterical 20.96
icon 20.14
ideally 24.80
identify 26.87
identify with
6.61
its and buts 8.55; 24.66
ignorance 4.82
illicit 12.77
illustration 20.13
imaginary 6.11 0
imaginative 6.112
imitation 4.83
immature 6.131
immense 22.127
immigration 10.82
immoral 6.132
immortal 6.133
immunity 16.46
impact 10.43
impair 24.7 4
implementation 14.33
implicit 12.75
imply 12.116
impose 10.44
impoverished 26.32
imprecise 6.135
be) in
(one s) good books 12.113
in
a quandary 22.90
in
a sense 6.157
in
captivity 10.47
in
charge of 26.132
in
comp rison
with 4 64
in
conjunction with 4.62
73
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in
droves 8.49
in
earnest 6.161
in many respects
4 61
in no time 4 66
in
pursuit 10.39
in
search of 2.123
in season
22 87
in
shape 20.135
in
terms of 24.82
in
the footsteps of 8.11 0
in
the mood (for) 22.84
in
the nick
of
time 16.123
in the vicinity
8 113
in the wild 10.48
in
tune with 14.1 00
in
vain 6.162
inaccurate
6 119
inadequate 6.120
incensed 6.83; 10.148
incentive 14.36
incentive scheme
26 17
inclusive 2.84
income 26 9
inconsistent
6 121
inconsolable 6.86
incubate 10.33
be) indebted
to
26.126
indecisive 6.122
indicate 20.76
indigenous 10 25
indigestion 6.42
indulge in) 22.91
ineffective 6.123
inevitability 14.107
infallible 6.125
infect 6.103
infectious 18.113
infer 12.117
inflation rate 26.21
inflexible 6.127
influential 2.85
infrastructure 14 31
ingest 22.68
ingredient 22.30
inhabit 14.67
inherit 14.68
inhibit 14.66
inject 16.90
innovative 2.86; 12.90
innumerable 22.122
inquire 12.73
inscription 12 82
insecure 6.136
insensitive 6.137
7
insert 16.89
insight 24.93
insistence
4 84
insomnia 6 38
inspiration 4.85; 20.19
install 16.16; 16.88
instalments 26.25
instructive
2 87
insufficient 6.139
intake 6.27
intensify 26.88
intensively 24.78
intentional 2 88
inter-school 24.45
interest 26.1
interest-free credit 26.24; 26.133
interierence 4 86
interior design 14.16
internalise 26.89
intuition 6 118
invaluable 26.1 07
invariably 16.118
invent 16.80
inventive 2 89
invertebrate 1 0.15
investment 22.100
involve 10.97
involvement 22.101
irrigation 18.24
irritated 6.89
isolated 8.19; 18.62
issue 12.114
it pains (me) 6.154
it s a foregone conclusion 14 104
it s conceivable 14.105
itinerary 8.31
jagged 20.111
jargon 12.15
jaw 6.9
joint 6.33
jot own 12.46
junior 24.24
junk mail 26.18
juvenile 12.91
K
keep (someone)
in
the dark 4.136
kettle 16.8
key 14.88
Key Stage 24.33
keyboard 16.9
kick
in
the teeth 6.153
kick out 24.137
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kidney 6.6
kindergarten 24.25
kingdom 14.46
kitten 10.59
L
laboratory 16.5
lactose intolerance 22.16
lamb 10.62
land 8.103
land a jo 8.103
landlord 14.37
landmark 18.55
landscape 20.22
landslide 18.54
late in life 6.155
lawn 14.3
lay 10.23
lay
down 12.45
lay off 2.7; 26.45
lay the table 10.23
laze around 4.145
lead 14.93
leak 22.140
learning disability 24.13
leave 2.65; 8.102
leave no stone unturned 10.126
leave off 26.60
leave to chance 8 1 02
lecture 24.8
leftovers 20.80
legal 24.129
legend 12.3
legible 22.153
lenient 24.99
lens 20.5
let someone) know 12.129
let-up 8.37
letdown 8.40
life 6.155
ligament 6 1
light up 20.131
likelihood 20.68
likeness 20.67; 22.102
likewise 20.66
limelight 4 111
line of work) 2.57
linguistics 12.4
liquid 16.12
liquidate assets 22.160
literacy 24 11
literal12.78
literary 12.80
literate 12.79
literature 22.103
liver 6.8
loads of 22.123
loan 26.12
localise 26.90
lodge 8.30
long-term 2.17
look on the bright side 20.124
lose half a stone 18.140
lowly 2.118
lucrative 26.117
lung 6.7
luxurious 18.114
lyrics 12.5
M
machinery 16.4
mail order 26.22
mainland 18.25
majority 22.128
make a breakthrough 16.47
make a fortune 26.143
make a go o f 20.142
make a stand against 10.154
make cutbacks 2.6
make do 26.144
make ends meet 26.145
make light of 20.133
make myself) understood 12.131
make off 26.44
make off with 26.58
make out 16.62
make redundant 2.2
make sense 6.157
make the grade 24.85
make the most of 26.146
make up 22.180
make up for 22.179
makeover 10.143
malfunction 4 151
mammal10.12
managerial 2.37
manhood 14.47
manual12.6
manufacturing 2.8
manuscript 12.30
marble 14.94
march 18.73
mark 24.83
marked 24.83
martyrdom 14.48
mash up 22.21
masterpiece 4.30; 20.28
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maternity leave 2.42
mature 12.92
maturity 4.87
meagre 22.131
medication 6.24
meditation 6.49
memorise 26.91
merchandise 26.41
merciless 10.103
merely 24.77
mess around 24.139
metabolism 22.4
meteoric rise 2 112
mew 10.70
microscope 16.19
microwave oven 16 7
middle or junior high school 24.29
migraine 6 45
migration 10.83
mild 18.30
mind 6.156
mind reader 12.112
mineral 22 6
minority 22.116
minuscule 22.130
minute 22.133
miracle cure 6 150
miserable 6.90
mission 20.65
mix-up 8.39; 20.36
mock exam) 24.121
modem 16.10
modify 16.35
module 24.1 0
monitor 16.113
monotonous 24 48
moo 10.71
moralise 26.92
mortgage 14.19
motif 24.103
motionless 10.1 04
motivation 24.101
motive
24.1 02
motor 16.22
mount
a) campaign 20.42
mount a) photograph 20.41
mount
an)
exhibition 20.43
mouth-watering 22.10
move
in
n unexpected direction
8 90
movie buff 4.14
multicoloured
8.
71
multicultural 8. 72
multilingual 8. 74
7
multimillionaire 8 70
multiplex
4.31
multipurpose 8. 79
multiracial 24.49
multistorey 8. 76
mumble 4.95
mural20 8
mystify 26.93
N
nag 4.93
narrow down
12 50
natural 10.90
neglect 14.41
negotiate 2.48
neigh 10.75
nest 10.22
neutralise 26.94
nibble 22.66
non fiction
12.7
none of
my)
business 2.126
not have the faintest idea 4.129
not mind 6.156
do) not stand a chance 14.111
notice 16.66
notify 6.65; 12.123
novel 12.93
novice 12.94
now and again 8 59
numeracy
24 12
numerous 18.115
nursery school 24.34
nurture 1
0.26
nutritious 22.42
0
object 6.1 06
objectivity 4.88
oblige 24.110
observe 1 0.80; 16.65
obsessed 18.59
obsolete 12.95
obtain 26.71
occupant 14.42
occupation
2 58
off the beaten track 8.18
offence 4.89
official 2.90
offspring 10.36
omission 20 64
on a large r) scale 4.63
on a regular basis 16.116
on
hand 6.164
on impulse 6.165
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purpose 6.163
on the grounds that 18.80
on the lookout 18.1 02
on
the market 14.20
on the part of 4.67
be) on the right wrong track 8.93
on the threshold of 14.78
one-way system 14.34
open my) eyes 24.88
opening 14.79
opportunity knocks 14.81
opt for) 6.64
optional 24.14
oral 24.122
ordinary 16.87
organic 22.47
originality 4.90
ornament 20.9
out and about 8.53
out
of
the question 14.108
out of work 2.124
out-of-date 12.97
outdoor 14.61
outlet 26.26
outline 12.26
outlive 8.67
outlook 2.68; 18.101
outmoded 12.96
outnumber 8. 78
outright 4.114
outset 8.36
outskirts 14.56
outsmart
8.81
outspoken 12.121
outstay 8.80
outvote 8.68
outward 14.62
outweigh 8.69
oval20.106
over
the hill 12.98
overactive 8.62
overboard 18.86
overbooked 8. 77
overcast 18.28; 18.87
overcharge 8.82
t overcook
8
75
overdraft 26.10
overeat 8.63
overestimate 8.61
overjoyed 6. 76
n v ~ r < : : > : : I C : : 18 88
oversee 16.68
oversimplify 8.73
oversleep 8.60
overtime 2.23
overview 18.1 03
owe me) one 26.123
p
PA 2.22
pack 8.47
pack it
in
22.175
package 8.15
pain
relief 6.31
paint a picture 20.134
palette 20.25
paperback 12.8
paperwork 2.21
pastry 22.35
patch 18.36
patent 16.30
pay a compliment 12.36
pay my)
debt
to society 26.122
pay someone) b ck 26.125
pay off 26.52
peach 22.61
peak 18.5
peel 22.31
peer 16.70; 24.19
pelvis 6.10
people skills 2.34
perceive 6.99
perfectly 6.146
perilous 18.116
perk 2.26
permanent
2.11
permissible 20.97
permission 2 67
permit 2.66; 1 0.57
personalise 26.95
perspective 2.70
petrified 6.77
phase out 16.56
physical 1 0.88
pick up 2.116; 20.35; 24.132
picture 20.134
picturesque 20.23
pile-up
8.41
pinch 22.36
pioneer 8.32
pitiful 10.1 05
plain 18.81
plant 10.129
play down 12.43
play up 4.142
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playwright 4.60
plod
18 71
plot 4.34
plum 22.60
pluses and minuses
24 64
poacher 10.96
poetry 12.16
pointless 10.106
polish off 22.11
popularise 14.74; 26.96
pork 22.59
portion 22.63
portrait
20.15
pose a problem 20.54
pose a question 20.55
pose for a p oto 20.53
post 2.16; 12.24
postgraduate 24.4
posture 6.48
pottery 20.3
pouch 10.27
poultry 22.43
pour 22.142
pour out 22.181
predator 10.31; 10.94
predecessor
6 97
prefer 14.70
preferable 14.69
preferential 2.91; 14.71
prehistoric 24.55
premiere 4.44
pr mis s 14 30
preschool 24.41
prescription 6.23; 12.81
presenter
4 15
preservative 22.149
preserve 1
0 81
pretence 4 91
prevailing 6.43
prey 10.95
priceless 10 1 07; 26.105
primary 24.5
primary school 24.5
primitive 12.99
prior to 8.111
priority 2.72
privileged 24 1 08
procedure 16.42
processed 22.48
prodigy 24.117
producer 4.16
professional 2.92
progress 16.83
8
promote 2.30
promptly
12.124
proofread 12.29
property 14.39
pros and cons 8.54; 24.63
prospect 2.69
prospects 2.18
prosperous 18.117; 26.30
protest 10.58
provisional 16.119
psych out 1 0.133
publicise 26.97
pulses 22.80
puppy 10.60
put a stop to 10.156
put in 2.27
put (my) finger on 24.87
put off 26.59
put on 4.149
pyramid 20.121
quench (my) thirst 22.106
quotation 12.17
R
radiant 20.126
radiator 14.6
radical10.142
rainbow 18.44
raindrop 18.46
rainfall 18.43
rainforest 18.45
raise awareness
16 48
raise expectations 16 49
raise
money 16 50
ratings 4.124
ray 20.127
ray of hope 20.127
reach a compromise
16 52
reach the
top
2.113
read between the lines 12.111
read into 12.106
read (someone) like a book 12.104
read (someone s) mind 20.56
readership 14.49
reasonable 20.98; 26.29
rebellious 18.118
recall
6 1
08
receive 26 66
recruit 2.53
rectangular
20 1
04
redeem 26.14
refresher course 24 119
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reiterate 12.119
relentless 10.108
remainder 20.78
remedy 6.37
remind 6.1 07
reminisce 4.96
remote 8.23
renewable 20.99
renovate 14.38
renowned 4.123
repay 26.121
represent 20.75
reptile
10.11
require 12.7 4
resemble 10.28
reservoir 18.1 0
residential
2.93; 24.118
resign 2.122
resign myselry to 2.122
resistible
20.1
00
resort 8.16
resources 26.38
respectable 20.101
respond
6.
70
restless 10.1 09
restore 14.40; 20.61
restore confidence in) 20.62
restore order 20.60
resume 12.68
retail therapy 26.19
retain 6.109; 26.64
return
a)
compliment 12.33
review 4 45
revolve 10.98
rewind 4.107
rib 6.11
ridge 18.7
rip off 26.57
rise to a challenge 2.36
rising star 2.119
rising tide 18.131
root 10.120
rosy 20.128
rote learning 24.127
rough 8.85; 20.116
round 20.108
round and round 8.50
round off 26.55
rub salt in the wound 6.148
rucksack 8.3
ruin 24.75
ruins 20.79
rule out 12.107
rumour
12.18
run 2.52
run a mile 18.132
run down 12.48
run like clockwork 16.109
run
out 10.136
run through 4.144
rural 14.24
safe and sound 8.57
sainthood 14.50
salary 2.25
saucepan 22.26
s vings account 26 2
savoury 22.73
say something)
in
a roundabout way
8.91
scaly 10.19
scar 6.152
scar someone) for life 6.152
scare 22.49
scared 6.78
scenery 8.25
sceptical 6.113
scholarship 14.51
scramble 18.77
screen 16.114
screenplay 4.39
screenwriter 4 17
screw 16.108
script 4.35
sculpture 20.6
seasoning 22.82
sector 2.9
secure 26.69
see someone something)
in
a new light 20.133
see something) through rose-coloured glasses 20.132
seed 10.5
seize 26.67
seizure 22.104
select 2.47
self-catering 8.17
sell off 26.47
semicircle 24.46
semiconscious 24 54
send off 26.54
senior 24.30
sense 6.157
sense of direction 6.157
sequel 4.29
sequence 4.33
serving 22.64
set 2.45; 4.18; 4.139
set foot
in
8.104
set
in my)
ways 4.139
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set off 26.53
set up 2.50
settle 18.35
shade 20.26
shadow 20.129
shadow hanging over
me)
20.129
shameless 10.11 0
shape 20.135
shapeless 10.111
share 26.40
shed 14.5
shed light
on
4.137
shell10.16
shore 18.2
shortly 16.117
show paintings 20.40
shower with 18.125
shrink 2.104
shuffle 18.72
shutter 14.4
side by side 22.89
sieve 22.23
significance 2 71
simmer 22.32
simplicity 4.92
simplify 26.98
simulate 24.115
single out 1 0.135; 16.59
single-sex school 24.124
sink
in
22.173
sisterhood 14.52
situations vacant
2 3
sketch 20.20
skull 6.12
slang 12.19
sleet 18.34
slice 22.57
a)
slice of the market 22.164
sling 6.16
slogan 12.20
slope 18.18
slum 14.21
small print 12.9
smooth 20.115
snap at
4.100
snapshot
20.1
0
snowdrift 18.56
be) snowed under 18.130
snow11ake
18.57
so-called 4.121
soaking 18.85
socialise 14 72
soil 18.23
8
solid16.11
sophomore 24.35
sort out 16.60
sour 22.74
sow 10.121
spanner 16.110
specialise 6.57; 26.99
specialist 16.98
species 1 0.14
specify 26.1 00
spectacle 10.149
spell it) out 12.108
sphere 20.118
spice 22.83
spill 22.65; 22.141
spine 6.13
spiral 20.109
splash 22.11 0; 22.139
splash out 26.120
spoil 24.76
be)
spoilt for choice 22.88
spokesperson 16.1 04
sponge off 22.159
sponsorship 14.53
spotlight 4.110
spread 22.146
sprinkle 22.148
square 20.1
07
square meal 22.12
squeeze 22.147
stab 6.151
stab someone)
in
the back 6.151
stabilise 26.101
staff 2.40
stage 4.19
stagger 18.78
stalk 10.6
stamp out 10.130
stand own 12.47
stand
in
22.174
stand out a mile 18.133
staple 22.69
stardom 14.54
stare 16.69
start from scratch 10.155
starve 22.14
state of affairs 10.145
state-of-the-art 4.38; 12.100
status 2.133
stay afloat 22.169
steel 14.91
steer a) conversation 8.95
stem 10.122
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up a conversation 12.32
18.79
woman 4.21
k:f :rintinn
12.10; 12.83
standard 24.43
22.18; 24.39
4.126; 24.53
imAthinn lying down 26.141
take a dive 2.115
take a large bite out of 22.168
take a look at 24.94
take a sudden unexpected turn 8.89
take account of 26.140
take into account 14.99; 26.127
take issue with 12.114
take off 2.117; 26.51
take on 2.15
take out 16.57
take out a loan 26.139
take precautions 16.51
take shape 20.135
take the floor 14.87
takings 26.34
tale 4.28
tame 10.86
tamper 16.43
tangible 20.71
tear down 12.42
tear off 26.56
technician 16.99
temporary 20.73
tendency 16.120
terminal 8.8
terms 24.82
terrain 8.27
terribly 6.140
terrified 6.84
tertiary 24.26
test tube 16.20
thaw 18.37
the ends
o
the earth
8.21
the key
to
14.80
the odds are 14.1 06
the time of (my) life 6.155
there and back 8.52
there is a distinct possibility 14.1 02
there is little prospect of
14.1
03
there s a slim chance 14.110
thoughtful 6.114
threshold 14.78
thrilled 6.91
thriller 4.22
thrive 10.42
throw a spanner
in
the works 16.11 0
thunderclap 18.50
thundercloud 18.49
tie in with 22.176
tighten 12.64
tighten the screws 16.108
timber 14.90
timely 18.119
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tin
14.89
tiptoe 18.66
to go 20.145
tons of 22.120
tools
of
the trade 16.112
torrent 18.123
a)
torrent
of
18.123
totally 14.77
touch up 20.30
touchdown 8.38
trace 22.126
trade
in
22.177
trail 8.28
trailer 4.23
transfer 8.7; 16.77
transform 16.78
translator 16.100
transparent 24.89
transplant 16.76
travel agency 8.12
treat 6.35
trekking 8.24
trendy
18.120
triangular
20.1
05
trickle 18.124
truancy 24.1 04
trudge 18.67
trunk 10.7
try out 16.55
tuition 24.112
tutorial 24.17; 24.111
twig 10.8
twinkle 20.130
twinkle
in
(someone s) eye 20.130
typical 16.86
typify
26.1
04
u
be)
under
an)
illusion 6.160
be) under no) illusion 24.90
under canvas 8.29
underage 6.158
underdressed 8.66
undergraduate 24.3
underline 12.11 0
underrate 8. 65
understaffed 8.83
undervalue 8.64
unearth 10.123
unfaithful 6.124
unfamiliar 6.126
unintentional 6.128
unjustifiable 10.144
unjustified 6.129
82
unlike 22.155
unlock 14.83
unspoilt 8.84
unwind
4.1
08
up for sale 14.25
up-and-coming 2.114
up-to-date
12.1 01
upgrade 16.18
upright 4.113
upset 6.82
urban 14.22
utmost 10.152
utterly 6.147; 10.146
v
vaccination 6 21
vaccine 16.37
vacuum cleaner 16 6
valley 18.8
vast22 118
vegetarian
16.1 01
v in 6 4
vending machine 26.23
venomous 10.38
venue 4.24
verse 12.21
vertical 20.114
veteran
12.1 02
view 16.72
villain 4.37
vintage 12.103
virtual reality 16.26
virtually 24.79
virus 16.15
visible 20.69;
20.1
02
vitamin 22.5
vocalist
16.1
02
vocation 2.59; 24.98
voice 12.31
volcano 18.20
voluntary work 2.131
voucher 26.13
vowel12 22
w
wade 18.70
wade through 18.126
waffle 4.98
wander 18.65
wander off the
topic
8.94
washout 8.43
watch
my)
weight 22.50; 22.109
watercolour 18.53; 20.18
waterfall 18.51
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~ l e r n e s s
18.19
windscreen
18.40
wipe
the floor with 14.87
withdrawal 26.4
withhold 12.34
within
reach
o
14.101
witness 16.64
wonder where
a)
conversation is going leading 8.98
wood 14.92
word 12.115
work off 26.50
work out 10.138
workload 2.24
workshop 24.9
worthless 1 0.113; 26.1 06
wouldn t bet on 14.109
wound 6.148
wound (someone s) pride 6.148
wrestle with 24.86
write off 26.61
written all over
my)
face 12.109
y
yearn 6.63
youthful 10.114