material and methods · 2015. 5. 24. · the studied morphological characters, flowering traits and...

J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 2 ( 2 ) 2003

41

VEGETATIVE GROWTH, FLOWERING AND

ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT OF MARIGOLD PLANTS IN

RELATION TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MINERAL N

AND POULTRY MANURE APPLICATIONS By

HASSANAIN, M. A.

Department of Horticulture ,Faculty of Agriculture in Fayoum ,Cairo University, Egypt.

ABSTRACT

The main effects and interactions of four different

mineral N levels (0, 50, 100 and 150kg fed-1

) and four various

poultry manure rates (0, 10, 15 and 20m3 fed

-1) on the

vegetative growth, flowering, volatile oil content and

chemical composition of marigold plants (Tagetes minuta)

were investigated through two field experiments in

2000/2001 and 2001/2002. The obtained results, obviously,

showed that; plant height, herb fresh and dry weights,

number of branches plant-1

, number and fresh weight of

inflorescences, concentrations of N, P and K in the herb and

essential oil percentage of the herb and inflorescences

successively increased as N application rate increased up to

100kg N fed-1

. Application of 15m3 poultry manure fed

-1

resulted in longest plant stature, heaviest herb fresh and dry

weights and number of branches plant-1

. In addition, it was

clear that, the higher the rate of poultry manure, the higher

was the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments,

carbohydrates and N, P and K in the herb. Similar trend on

the essential oil content of both the herb and inflorescences

was, also, noted. The interaction of 100kg N by 15m3 poultry

manure fed-1

was pronounced and gave the best results on

the studied morphological characters, flowering traits and

essential oil contents in the herb and inflorescences.

However, the interaction of the two studied factors did not

reflect any constant trend on the concentrations of N, P and

K in the herb.


41

INTRODUCTION

Marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) is a summer annual herb belongs

to family Asteraceae and considered as one of the most economical

aromatic plants. The main value of marigold plant is related to its

content of essential oil, which is utilized as a flavoring and fragrance

agents (Lawrence and Powell, 1986) and an inhibitor for the activity

of some mycelial fungi, yeasts and bacteria either positive or negative

gram (Hethelyi et al., 1988). The beneficial utilizations of marigold

extracts as natural pesticides in controlling certain insects and

parasitic nematodes were, also, established (Darwish, 1992 and

Weaver et al., 1994).

Successive and continuous application of mineral N had

undesirable impacts on agro-ecosystem and seriously affect the health

of plant consumers. Organic fertilization has been known to provide

plants with the nutritional requirements without adverse effects on the

environment. Many investigators reported the favorable influences of

organic fertilization on growth of many aromatic plants (Maheshwari

et al., 1991; Hammam, 1996; Sidky et al., 1997 and El-Ghadban,

1998).

Essential oil synthesis and accumulation in fresh Mentha

viridis was, generally, increased with than without various organic

fertilization sources and the cattle manure was the most effective

source in this respect (Mansour et al., 1999). Likewise, Mohamed and

Matter (2001) and Somida (2002) working on Tagetes minuta reached

similar conclusion.

The present investigation was undertaken in order to study the

effects of fertilization with poultry manure and mineral N at different

rates on growth,essential oil and chemical composition of (Tagetes

minuta L.) plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The goal of the present investigation was to asses the main

effects and interactions of fertilization with different rates of organic

and mineral N fertilization on growth , volatile oil content and

chemical composition of marigold plants (Tagetes minuta L). To

achieve the goal of this investigation, two field experiments were

conducted at the Experimental Station Farm, Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ.,


41

in Fayoum during the two successive seasons of 2000/2001 and

2001/2002.

The treatments comprised all possible combinations of four

poultry manure rates ( 0, 10, 15 and 20 m 3

fed-1

) and four mineral N

fertilizer levels ( 0, 50,100 and 150 kg N fed –1

) . Poultry manure was

supplied by El- Azab poultry Farm, El–Fayoum Governorate.

Preceding the initiation of each experiment, soil samples of 25 cm

depth ,from each experimental site, and organic poultry manure

samples were collected and analysed according to the published

procedures (Black, 1965). Results of the analyses are given in Tables

1 and 2.

The seeds were supplied by the Research Center of Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants, Giza, Egypt. Seeds were sown in the nursery on

October 15, 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. All agricultural practices for

seedlings production were followed. Forty five days after seed

sowing, uniform transplants of 10 cm length were transplanted into

the field at intrarow spacing of 60 cm , while the interrow spacing was

25 cm .


41

Table 1. Some physical and chemical properties of the experimental

site in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 seasons.

Properties

2000/2001

2001/2002

Soil practical size distribution:

Sand %

Silt %

Clay %

Texture grade

Hydraulic conductivity (cm /hr)

Calcium carbonate %

Organic matter %

Total nitrogen %

EC, mmohs/cm

pH of paste extract

Available nutrients mg/ kg :

P

K

Zn

Cu

Fe

Mn

21.31

20.94

54.20

Clay

0.027

4.8

1.25

0.62

7.9

7.5

23

759.20

0.81

3.24

3.64

8.03

22.09

21.16

55.94

clay

0.029

4.6

1.28

0.66

7.6

7.3

22

761.05

0.80

2.27

3.71

7.89

Table 2. Some properties of poultry manure in 2000/2001 and

2001/2002 seasons. Character 2000/2001 2001/2002

Weight of m3

Moisture %

Organic matter %

Organic carbon %

Total N %

C : N ratio

NH3-N (ppm)

NO3-N (ppm)

Total P %

Total K %

Fe (ppm)

Mn (ppm)

Zn (ppm)

Cu (ppm)

560

7.60

71.40

38.40

3.60

14.8 :1

335.22

198.6

1.610

2.322

1980

330.0

266.0

36.10

554

6.97

76.30

39.22

3.66

13.9 : 1

344.12

206.33

1.730

2.359

1859

327.9

272.4

41.69


41

The experimental layout was a factorial experiment in

randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The

experimental unit contained 4 rows of 6 meter long with an area of

14.4 m2.

Each poultry manure rate was divided into two equal portions;

the 1st portion was incorporated into the soil two weeks before

transplanting, while the 2nd

one was added just after the 1st cut as a

basal application.

The equivalent amount of each mineral N fertilizer rate ,in the

form of ammonium nitrate (33.5 % N ), was divided into 4 equal

doses. The 1st and 2

nd doses were banded after 4 and 8 weeks from

transplanting, consecutively. Meanwhile, the 3rd

and 4th

doses were

performed 2 and 4 weeks after the 1st cut. A basal uniform dose of 200

kg of calcium superphosphate (15.5 % P2O5) and 100 kg potassium

sulphate (48 % K2O) fed –1

were applied. All recommended agro

managements necessary for the production of marigold crop were

followed. Harvest included two cuts which were achieved on the

middle of April and August in both seasons.

Data recorded Vegetative growth traits

At the end of each cut, a random sample consisted of 10 plants

from each experimental unit was collected and the following

measurements were recorded; plant height ,number of branches, fresh

and dry weight and number and fresh weight of inflorescence plant–1

. Chemical composition

At each cut, 10 plants were randomly chosen for the following

chemical determinations:

1-Essential oil percentage; was determined using Clavenger apparatus

according to the British Pharmacopoeia (1983).

2-Components of volatile oil:

In the 2nd

season , volatile oil of the herb and inflorescences of

the 1st cut, produced from the control treatments and the treatments

combination of 100kg N+10 m3

poultry manure were analyzed to

identify their major components using GLC apparatus as outlined by

Hoftman (1967) and Hethelyi et al.(1992).

3-Chlorophylls and carotenoids contents; were determined in leaf

samples


41

taken from each plot, in each cut, using the methods described by

Welburn and Lichtenthaler (1984).

4-Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents :

Herb N content was determined using Microkjeldahl procedure

(Jackson, 1973), while phosphorus was determined colorimetrically

according to Olsen and Sommers (1982), but potassium was

determined using flame photometer (Black,1965)

5- Total carbohydrates content was determined colorimetrically using

the method described by Herbert et al. (1971).

Appropriate analysis of variance on results of each experiment

according to the design used was performed. Least Significant

Difference test at 0.05 level was used to verify the difference between

treatments (Gomez and Gomez, 1983).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Vegetative growth characters

Increasing the application of mineral N from 0 to 50 and

furtherly to 100 kg N fed–1

associated with significant successive

increases in plant height, herb fresh and dry weights and number of

branches plant–1

, in both seasons (Tables 3 and 4). Increasing the

amount of mineral N applied over 100 kg N fed–1

did not reflect any

valuable effect on the studied growth parameters.

Data in Tables (3 and 4) showed clearly that the application of

poultry manure to marigold plants had positive significant effects on

the studied growth parameters, compared to the control, in both

seasons. Increasing the application of poultry manure up to 15 m3 fed

–

1, significantly increased plant height ,herb fresh and dry weights and

number of branches plant–1

, for both cuts of both seasons.Moreover,

increasing the rate of poultry manure from 15 to 20 m3 fed

–1

significantly increased plant height for both cuts of the 2nd

season

,herb fresh weight, for the 1st cut of 1

st season and both number of

branches and herb dry weight plant–1

for the 2nd

cut of both seasons. The interaction effect of poultry manure rates by mineral N

levels on the studied morphological characters was significant for both

cuts of the two seasons (Tables3 and 4). The exception was for the

herb fresh weight for 1st cut of the 2

nd season . The best results on


02


04


00

plant height ,herb fresh and dry weights and number of branches

plant–1

were recorded when 100 kg mineral N combined with 15 m3

poultry manure fed–1

. In addition, this particular combined treatment

gave better results on all the studied morphological characters than the

individual application of mineral or organic N indicating that the

effects of mineral N and organic N were additive. It was also, obvious

that , values of the recorded vegetative traits were greater in the 2nd

cut

than the 1st one , in both seasons .

Superiority of the morphological characters for the 2nd

cut than

the 1st one was probably related to the favorable prevailing weather

conditions after the 1st cut. In addition, lateral buds may be initiated to

grow. Moreover, after the performance of 1st cut ,root system was

greater than shoot system which encouraged the vegetative growth to

increase.

Application of mineral N significantly increased number and

weight of fresh inflorescences plant–1

compared to the untreated

control, for both cuts, of the two seasons (Table, 4). Increasing

mineral N level from 50 to 100 kg N fed-1

significantly augmented

number and fresh weight of inflorescences plant–1

, for both cuts, of the

two experimental seasons. The only exception was recorded for the

fresh weight of inflorescences plant–1

in the 1st cut of 2000/2001

season, where the differences were not enough to be significant .

However, further increase of mineral N application to 150 kg fed–1

did

not show any valuable influence on number and weight of

inflorescences plant–1

. El-Saeid et al. (1996) on Tagetes patula and

Matter and Mohamed (2001) on Calendula officinalis mentioned

similar conclusion. Successive significant increases on the number and weight of

fresh inflorescence plant –1

occurred as a consequence of raising

poultry manure rate up to 15 m3 fed

–1, for both cuts, in 2000/2001

season (Table, 4). Raising the rate of poultry manure from 15 to 20 m3

fed–1

was associated, with significant positive influence on number of

inflorescences plant–1

, but the fresh weight of inflorescences plant–1

was not affected. However, few exceptions were observed. Findings

of Mohamed and Matter (2001) and Somida (2002) working on

Tagetes minuta were in harmony with our results.


02

The interaction effects of mineral by organic N fertilizer on the

number and weight of fresh inflorescences plant–1

were similar in both

cuts in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 seasons (Table, 4).Comparisons

among the various mean values of the different treatments

combinations obviously exhibited that the combinations of 100kg N +

15 m3 poultry manure fed

-1 was the best in this concerns. The

stimulatory effects of the interaction between organic by mineral N

fertilization on number and weight of inflorescences plant-1

were

emphasized by Vieira et al.(1999) and Somida (2002) working on

Calendula officinalis and Tagetes minuta, respectively.

Chemical composition. Comparisons among the mean values of the photosynthetic

pigments in leaves; (chlorophylls and carotenoids) and carbohydrates

content in herb, for both cuts, in each season showed that the addition

of 50,100 or 150 kg N fed-1

reflected positive significant effects in

comparison with the control treatment (Table, 5). Generally, the

addition of 100 kg N fed-1

resulted in the highest mean values for the

total chlorophyll and carotenoids in leaves and carbohydrates in herb.

These results agreed with the findings of Attia and Ahmed (1997) on

Chrysanthemum morifolium, Matter and Mohamed (2001) on

Calendula officinales and Somida (2002) on Tagetes minuta.

Data presented in Table (5) show that application of poultry

manure, irrespective of the rate used, significantly enhanced the

concentration of photosynthetic pigments in leaves; (chlorophylls and

carotenoids) and the concentration of carbohydrates in herb than the

control, for both cuts in both seasons. Comparisons among the four

different poultry manure treatments, generally, showed that the higher

the rate of poultry manure, the higher was the concentration of

photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrates.

The effect of interaction between organic and mineral N on

total chlorophyll content was significant for both cuts of the first

season, but the reverse was true for the second one (Table 5).

However, no constant trend can be observed. Regarding the

concentration of carotenoids, at 0 and 50 kg N fed-1

, the highest

concentration of carotenoids was attained when 20 m3 organic manure

was applied, while at 100 and 150 kg N fed-

1, the highest

concentration of carotenoids was obtained when 15m3 organic manure

was applied indicating that there was a reversal relationship between


01


01

the rate of organic and mineral N. The combined effect of mineral and

organic N fertilization on total concentration of carbohydrates in herb

was significant, for both cuts, in each season (Table, 5). The combined

application of 15m3 poultry manure together either with 100 or 150 kg

N fed-1

, significantly, gave the highest mean concentration of

carbohydrates.

Application of mineral N at 50,100 or 150 kg fed-1

increased

significantly the concentrations of N, P and K in herb of Tagetes

minuta plants over the control, for both cuts, in each season (Table, 6).

At 100 kg N fed–1

, the concentrations of N, P and K were significantly

higher than those at 50 kg N fed-1

,for both cuts, in each season .At

150 Kg N fed-1

, the concentration of N, P and K for the 1st cut were

significantly lower than those at 100 kg N fed-1

, but were generally

similar as those of the 2nd

cut, in both seasons.

Concentrations of N, P and K in herb of marigold plants,

significantly, increased with the application of poultry manure than

the untreated control, for both cuts, in each season (Table, 6). The

application of 20 m3 poultry manure Fed

-1 was remarkable and

associated significantly with the highest N and K concentrations, for

both cuts, in each season. This trend was true for P concentration, but

for the 1st cut only, in both seasons.

Although, some significant interaction effects between mineral

and organic N fertilizers appeared on the concentrations of N, P and K

in herb of the 1st or 2

nd cut, no constant trend was obvious (Table, 6).

Essential oil content

Essential oil content of herb and inflorescences of marigold

plants was significantly higher with than without mineral N

application, for both cuts, in both seasons (Table, 7). Increasing N rate

from 50 to 100 kg N fed-1

was associated significantly with increase in

essential oil content. Further increase of N to 150 Kg N fed-1

, reduced,

significantly, the content of essential oil in herb and inflorescence, in

most cases.

Fertilization of marigold plants with poultry manure,

irrespective of the level used, significantly increased the content of

essential oil in herb and inflorescences of 1st and 2

nd cuts compared to

unfertilized control, in both seasons (Table, 7). In the 1st cut of both

seasons and 2nd

cut of the 2nd

season, increasing poultry manure rate

from 10 to 15 and furtherly to 20 m3 fed

-1 reflected successive


01


01

significant increases on the essential oil content of herb and inflorescences. However, the essential oil content of herb and

inflorescences in the 2nd

cut of 1st season was not affected. Similar

findings on some aromatic herbaceous plants confirmed the obtained

results; El-Gendy (2001) on Ocimum basilicum, Sakr (2001) on

Mentha piperita and Somida (2002) on Tagetes minuta.

Some significant interaction effects appeared between poultry

manure rates and mineral N levels on the content of essential oil in

herb and inflorescences, of both cuts, in both seasons (Table, 7). The

most effective interaction treatment on the aforementioned traits was

between 100 kg N and 15 m3 poultry manure fed

-1. Previous results on

Mentha arvensis (Chattopadhyay et al., 1993; Amitabha et al., 1999),

Sweet basil (Abd El – Raouf, 2001) and Tagetes minuta (Somida,

2002) exhibited the promoting interactive effects of nutrition with

organic and mineral N together on their essential oil content.

Components of essential oil

Comparisons among the different constituents of essential oil

in herb clearly indicate that application of 100 kg N + 15m3 poultry

manure fed-1

led to the presence of four new substances; -Pinene, -

Ocimene, Limonene and B-Ocimene, but sharply reduced the

percentage of all other constituents except Dihydrotagetone in

comparison with the control (Table 8 and Fig 1 and 2). This particular

combined treatment was, also, responsible for the absence of three

constituents in the essential oil of inflorescences; -Ocimene,

Tagetenone and (E) Ocimenone compared to the control (Table 8 and

Fig 3 and 4). However, the constituents of -Pinene, Carvone and (Z)

Ociemenone decreased, but all other constituents increased, compared

to the control.


01

Table (8).Effect of Mineral nitrogen and Poultry manure fertilization

on constituents of herb and inflorescences ( Tgetes minuta

L)essential oil during 2001/2002.

Constituents control 100kg.N+15

m3P.M.

control 100kg.N+

15m3P.M.

- Pinene

-Ocimene

Limonene

-Ocimene

Tagetenone

Dihydrotagetone

Trans-Tagetone

Cis-Tagetone

Linalool

Carvone

(E)Ocimenone

(Z)Ocimenone

………

………

………

………

4.746

7.415

29.320

………

20.235

36.723

0.387

0.943

0.570

6.201

8.892

33.412

………

27.33

22.692

………

0.621

0.562

………

………

5.501

18.247

14.423

13.431

15.221

13.923

7.322

4.395

0.119

2.322

0.116

5.015

0.551

……..

18.413

31.031

………

17.782

8.431

21.544

0.721

0.898

……..

0.602


22


24


20

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21

الملخص العربى

النمو الخضرى والإزهار ومحتوى الزيت الطيار لنباتات القطيفة علاقتهم بإضافة مستويات مختلفة من السماد النيتروجينى المعدنى وسماد و

الدواجن

محمود على حسنين جامعة القاهرة –كلية الزراعة بالفيوم –قسم البساتين

اخحبزت الحأثيزات الزئيسية والحذاخلات بيي أربع هعذلات هي الٌيحزوجيي الوعذًي )صفرز

م20 10 10سحويات هي سواد الذواجي )صرز كجن للرذاى( وأربع ه100 100 003للرذاى( علي

الٌوو الخضزى والإسهار وهححوى الشيث الطيار والوكوًفات الكيوائيفة لٌباجفات الفطيرفة هفي خفلا

. أوضفحث الٌحفائا الوحح فل عليزفا سيفاد 2001/2002 2000/2001ججزبحيي حفليحيي ًرذجا عاهي

طفاس والجفال للع،فو وعفذد ا،ففزد وعفذد ا،سهفار والفوسى هطزد في طو الٌبات والفوسى ال

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