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JL]KXDLC L@M GLVLGD]T XK\[DXKJK@]W

VCL@@D@E (JXV L@M GXV) 

Vlrt -<

Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls Jlbjnum Lc-@ldjd

Lssdstl`t Vrnikssnr

D `mustrd lc K`ed`kkrd `e Hrl`gb

Mkplrtjk`t ni Vrnmugtdn` K`ed`kkrd`e l`m Jktlccurey

[`dvkrsdty ni ]kgb`ncney

Hlebmlm - D rlqmr.jlbjnumlc`ldjdFuntkgb`ncney.kmu.dq 

mr.jlbjnumlc`ldjdFylbnn.gnj 

86<; - 86<9

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986<-;86< Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls JlbjnumVrnmugtdn` Vcl``d`e l`m Gn`trnc

<

9- JL]KXDLC L@M GLVLGD]T XK\[DXKJK@]W VCL@@D@E (JXV L@M

GXV)

9.< JXV L@M GXV NHOKG]DYKW

]bk mkjl`m inr l id`dsbkm ennm tk`ms tn hk d`mkpk`mk`t l`m rkcltdvkcy stlhck.

Bnwkvkr, idrjs typdglccy jlak jnrk tbl` n`k prnmugt n` tbk sljk ilgdcdtdks, sn

 prnmugtdn` ds ek`krlccy mn`k d` cnts, k.e., ni mdiikrk`t k`m dtkjs nr jnmkcs. ]bk

qul`tdtdks l`m mkcdvkry tdjks inr tbk jltkrdlcs `kkmkm tn jlak tbnsk k`m dtkjs lrk

mktkrjd`km hy tbk prnmugtdn` sgbkmuck.

Jltkrdlc Xkqudrkjk`ts Vcl``d`e (JXV) ds l gnjputkr-hlskm tkgb`dquk inr

mktkrjd`d`e tbk qul`tdty l`m tdjd`e inr tbk lgqudsdtdn` ni mkpk`mk`t mkjl`m dtkjs

`kkmkm tn sltdsiy tbk jlstkr sgbkmuck rkqudrkjk`ts. Hy dmk`tdiyd`e prkgdskcy wblt,

bnw jl`y, l`m wbk` gnjpn`k`ts lrk `kkmkm, JXV systkjs lrk lhck tn rkmugk

d`vk`tnry gnsts djprnvk sgbkmucd`e kiikgtdvk`kss, l`m rkspn`m qudgacy tn jlrakt

gbl`eks.

Glplgdty Xkqudrkjk`ts Vcl``d`e (GXV) ds tbk prngkss ni mktkrjd`d`e wblt pkrsn``kc l`m kqudpjk`t glplgdtdks (tdjks) lrk `kkmkm tn jkkt tbk prnmugtdn`

nhokgtdvks kjhnmdkm d` tbk jlstkr sgbkmuck l`m tbk jltkrdlc rkqudrkjk`ts pcl`. JXV

ingusks upn` tbk prdnrdtdks ni jltkrdlcs , wbkrkls GXV ingusks prdjlrdcy upn` tdjk.

Lctbnueb hntb JXV l`m GXV gl` hk mn`k jl`ulccy l`m d` dsncltdn`, tbky lrk

typdglccy d`tkerltkm wdtbd` l gnjputkrdzkm systkj, l`m GXV (ls wkcc ls prnmugtdn`

lgtdvdty gn`trnc) iu`gtdn`s lrk nitk` lssujkm tn hk d`gcumkm wdtbd` tbk gn`gkpt ni –l`JXV systkj.‚ Gnjputkrdzkm JXV systkjs gl` kiikgtdvkcy jl`lek tbk icnw ni

tbnusl`ms ni gnjpn`k`ts tbrnuebnut l jl`uilgturd`e ilgdcdty. Inccnwd`e lrk snjk ni

tbk tkrjd`ncney uskm tn mksgrdhk tbk iu`gtdn`d`e ni JXV systkjs.

• JXV? L tkgb`dquk inr mktkrjd`d`e tbk qul`tdty l`m tdjd`e mkpk`mk`t mkjl`m

dtkjs. 

• Mkpk`mk`t mkjl`m? Mkjl`m inr l gnjpn`k`t tblt ds mkrdvkm irnj tbk mkjl`m inr

ntbkr dtkjs.

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986<-;86< Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls JlbjnumVrnmugtdn` Vcl``d`e l`m Gn`trnc

8

• Vlrk`t l`m gnjpn`k`t dtkjs? L plrk`t ds l` lsskjhcy jlmk up ni hlsdg plrts, nr

gnjpn`k`ts. ]bk plrk`t ni n`k suhernup jly hk l gnjpn`k`t ni l bdebkr-ckvkc plrk`t.

• Hdcc ni jltkrdlcs? L cdstd`e ni lcc gnjpn`k`ts (suhlsskjhcdks l`m jltkrdlcs) tblt en

d`tn l` lsskjhckm dtkj. Dt irkquk`tcy d`gcumks tbk plrt `ujhkrs l`m qul`tdty rkqudrkm

 pkr lsskjhcy.

• Ckvkc gnmk? ]bk ckvkc n` wbdgb l` dtkj nggurs d` tbk strugturk, nr hdcc-ni-jltkrdlcs

inrjlt.

• Xkqudrkjk`ts kxpcnsdn`? ]bk hrklad`e mnw` (kxpcnmd`e) ni plrk`t dtkjs d`tn

gnjpn`k`t plrts tblt gl` hk d`mdvdmulccy pcl``km l`m sgbkmuckm.

• ]djk pblsd`e? Wgbkmucd`e tn prnmugk nr rkgkdvk l` lpprnprdltk ljnu`t (cnt) ni

jltkrdlc sn tblt dt wdcc hk lvldclhck d` tbk tdjk pkrdnms wbk` `kkmkm-`nt hkinrk nr

litkr.

• ]djk hugakt? ]bk tdjk pkrdnm uskm inr pcl``d`e purpnsks d` JXV-usulccy l wkka.

• Cnt sdzk?  ]bk qul`tdty ni dtkjs rkqudrkm inr l` nrmkr. ]bk nrmkr jly hk kdtbkr

 purgblskm irnj l vk`mnr nr prnmugkm d`-bnusk. Cnt sdzd`e ds tbk prngkss ni spkgdiyd`e

tbk nrmkr sdzk.• Cklm-tdjk niiskt? ]bk suppcy tdjk, nr `ujhkr ni tdjk hugakts hktwkk` rkcklsd`e l`

nrmkr l`m rkgkdvd`e tbk jltkrdlcs.

Ideurk 9.< mksgrdhks JXV l`m GXV lgtdvdtdks d` sgbkjltdg inrj. Inrkglsts l`m nrmkrs

lrk gnjhd`km d` tbk prnmugtdn` pcl`, wbdgb ds inrjlcdzkm d` tbk jlstkr prnmugtdn`

sgbkmuck (JVW). ]bk JVW, lcn`e wdtb l hdcc-ni-jltkrdlc (HNJ) idck l`m d`vk`tnry

stltus d`inrjltdn`, ds uskm tn inrjucltk tbk jltkrdlc-rkqudrkjk`ts pcl`. ]bk JXVmktkrjd`ks wblt gnjpn`k`ts lrk `kkmkm l`m wbk` tbky sbnucm hk nrmkrkm irnj l`

nutsdmk vk`mnr nr prnmugkm d`-bnusk. ]bk GXV iu`gtdn` trl`scltks tbk JXV mkgdsdn`s

d`tn bnurs ni glplgdty (tdjk) `kkmkm. Di jltkrdlcs, kqudpjk`t, l`m pkrsn``kc lrk

lmkqultk, nrmkrs lrk rkcklskm l`m tbk wnracnlm ds lssde`km tn tbk vlrdnus wnra gk`tkrs.

K`m dtkjs, sugb ls ]Y skts, blvk l` d`mkpk`mk`t mkjl`m tblt ds gcnskcy cd`akm tn tbk

n`end`e `kkms ni gn`sujkrs. Dt ds rl`mnj hut rkcltdvkcy gn`stl`t.  Mkpk`mk`t mkjl`m

ds cd`akm jnrk gcnskcy tn tbk prnmugtdn` prngkss dtskci. Jl`y idrjs usk tbk sljk

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986<-;86< Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls JlbjnumVrnmugtdn` Vcl``d`e l`m Gn`trnc

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ilgdcdtdks tn prnmugk mdiikrk`t k`m dtkjs hkglusk dt ds kgn`njdglc tn prnmugk clrek cnts

n`gk tbk skt-up gnst ds d`gurrkm. ]bk gnjpn`k`ts tblt en d`tn l ]Y skt, sugb ls 8=-d`gb

 pdgturk tuhks, blvk l mkpk`mk`t mkjl`m tblt ds envkr`km hy tbk cnt sdzk. Mkpk`mk`t

mkjl`m ds prkmdgtlhck. JXV systkjs gnjputk jltkrdlc rkqudrkjk`ts l`m spkgdiy wbk`

nrmkrs sbnucm hk rkcklskm sn tblt jltkrdlcs lrrdvk kxlgtcy wbk` `kkmkm. ]bk prngkss ni

sgbkmucd`e tbk rkgkdpt ni d`vk`tnry ls `kkmkm nvkr tdjk ds tdjk pblsd`e.

Ide. 9.< Jltkrdlc l`m glplgdty pcl``d`e icnwgblrt 

9.8 JXV D@V[]W L@M N[]V[]W

]bk kssk`tdlc d`puts l`m nutputs d` l` JXV systkj lrk cdstkm d` tlhck 9.<?

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986<-;86< Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls JlbjnumVrnmugtdn` Vcl``d`e l`m Gn`trnc

=

]lhck 9.< 

9.8.< Hdcc ni Jltkrdlcs

L hdcc ni jltkrdlcs (HNJ) ds l cdstd`e ni lcc tbk jltkrdlcs, gnjpn`k`ts, l`msuhlsskjhcdks `kkmkm tn lsskjhck n`k u`dt ni l` k`m dtkj. Jlonr iu`gtdn` ni tbk hdcc

ni jltkrdlcs ds tn prnvdmk tbk prnmugt strugturk bdkrlrgby tblt eudmks tbk kxpcnsdn`

 prngkss. Mdiikrk`t jktbnms ni mksgrdhd`e l HNJ lrk d` usk. Ideurk 9.8 sbnws (l) l

 prnmugt strugturk trkk, l`m (h) l` d`mk`tkm HNJ. Hntb lrk gnjjn` wlys ni mkpdgtd`e

tbk  plrk`t-gnjpn`k`t rkcltdn`sbdps n` l bdkrlrgbdglc hlsds. A`nwckmek ni tbds

mkpk`mk`gy strugturk rkvklcs gcklrcy l`m djjkmdltkcy wblt gnjpn`k`ts lrk `kkmkm inr

klgb bdebkr-ckvkc lsskjhcy. L tbdrm jktbnm (g) ds tn usk sd`eck-ckvkc hdccs ni jltkrdlc.

9.8.8 Cnw-ckvkc Gnmd`e

Ideurk 9.8 lcsn d`gcumks ckvkc gnmd`e d`inrjltdn`. Ckvkc 6 ds tbk bdebkst (k.e., tbk k`m-

dtkj gnmk) l`m ckvkc 7 tbk cnwkst inr tbds plrtdguclr HNJ. @ntk tblt tbk inur gcljps

(G 86) gn`stdtutk l suhlsskjhcy tblt ds gnjhd`km wdtb hlsk (L <6) l`m twn sprd`es (H

<<) tn gnjpcktk tbk k`m-dtkj hrlgakt (_ <66). Bnwkvkr, tbk sljk gcljp (G 86) ds lcsn

l gnjpn`k`t ni tbk hlsk (L <6). ]n ilgdcdtltk tbk glcgucltdn` ni `kt rkqudrkjk`ts, tbk

 prnmugt trkk bls hkk` rkstrugturkm irnj wbkrk tbk gcljp gnjpn`k`ts jdebt blvk hkk`

(sbnw` mlsbkm) tn tbk cnwkr ckvkc gn`sdstk`t wdtb tbk ntbkr (dmk`tdglc) gcljp. ]bds

cnw-ckvkc gnmd`e k`lhcks tbk gnjputkr tn sgl` tbk prnmugt strugturk ckvkc-hy-ckvkc,

stlrtd`e lt tbk tnp, l`m nhtld` l` lggurltk l`m gnjpcktk gnu`t ni lcc gnjpn`k`ts

`kkmkm lt n`k ckvkc hkinrk jnvd`e n` tn tbk `kxt.

Hdcc ni jltkrdlcs inr _ <66 hrlgakt ds sbnw` hkcnw?

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986<-;86< Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls JlbjnumVrnmugtdn` Vcl``d`e l`m Gn`trnc

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Ide. 9.8 Vrnmugt strugturk trkk

]lhck 9.<(l ) D`mk`tkm hdcc ni jltkrdlcs 

WD@ECK-CKYKC HNJ

]lhck 4.< (l) mkpdgts l sd`eck-ckvkc hdcc ni jltkrdlcs inr _ <66 hrlgakt. Dt ds l ckss

d`tudtdvk hut jnrk kiidgdk`t jkl`s ni stnrd`e tbk d`inrjltdn` n` gnjputkr. D` tbk

sd`eck-ckvkc hdcc klgb k`try (n` tbk ckit) gn`tld`s n`cy l` dtkj nr plrt `ujhkr inccnwkm

 hy l cdst ni tbk plrt `ujhkrs l`m qul`tdtdks ni gnjpn`k`ts `kkmkm tn jlak up tbk

 plrk`t dtkj n`cy. ]bds typk ni cdstd`e lvndms tbk sklrgbks inr mupcdgltk dtkjs mnw`

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986<-;86< Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls JlbjnumVrnmugtdn` Vcl``d`e l`m Gn`trnc

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tbrnueb skvkrlc ckvkcs ni l trkk. N` tbk ntbkr bl`m, dt `kgkssdtltks tblt tbk gnjputkr

sklrgb tbrnueb jl`y sd`eck-ckvkc hdccs tn id`m lcc tbk gnjpn`k`ts tblt lrk d`gcumkm d` l

 prnmugt tblt bls skvkrlc ckvkcs ni gnmk. Wd`eck-ckvkc hdccs irkquk`tcy gn`tld` –pnd`tkrs‚

tn cd`a tbk rkgnrms ni gnjpn`k`ts wdtb tbkdr plrk`ts l`m lggnjjnmltk tbk rktrdkvlc ni

l gnjpcktk hdcc ni jltkrdlcs inr l` dtkj. 

]lhck 9.< (h ) Wd`eck-ckvkc HNJ 

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986<-;86< Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls JlbjnumVrnmugtdn` Vcl``d`e l`m Gn`trnc

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DCC[W]XL]DN@ <? Mktkrjd`k tbk qul`tdtdks ni L<6, H<<, G86, M8c, K76, I7c, l`m

E78 `kkmkm tn gnjpcktk ;6 ni tbk _<66 hrlgakts mkpdgtkm d` Ide. 9.8.

WNC[]DN@

]lhck 9.8 Mktkrjd`d`e HNJ rkqudrkjk`ts

Idrst mktkrjd`k tbk rkqudrkjk`ts inr n`k hrlgakt ls sbnw` d` ]lhck 9.8, l`m tbk`

juctdpcy hy ;6. @ntk tblt plrts G l`m K lrk uskm d` twn mdiikrk`t suhlsskjhcdks, sn

tbkdr skplrltk ljnu`ts just hk sujjkm. Inr ;6 hrlgakts, klgb ni tbk rkqudrkjk`ts

gncuj` ljnu`ts just hk juctdpcdkm hy ;6 tn nhtld` tbk ernss rkqudrkjk`ts.

DCC[W]XL]DN@ 8? Edvk` tbk prnmugt strugturk trkk sbnw` d` Ideurk 9.7 inr

wbkkchlrrnw U644, mkvkcnp l` d`mk`tkm hdcc ni jltkrdlcs. 

Ide. 9.7 

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986<-;86< Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls JlbjnumVrnmugtdn` Vcl``d`e l`m Gn`trnc

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]lhck 9.7

DCC[W]XL]DN@ 7? (l) L iclsbcdebt ds lsskjhckm irnj tbrkk jlonr suhlsskjhcdks? l

bklm lsskjhcy, twn hlttkrdks, l`m l hnmy lsskjhcy. ]bk bklm lsskjhcy gn`sdsts ni l

 pclstdg bklm, l ck`s, l huch suhlsskjhcy (gnjprdsd`e l huch l`m huch bncmkr), l`m l

rkickgtnr. ]bk hnmy lsskjhcy gn`sdsts ni l gndc sprd`e l`m l sbkcc lsskjhcy, wbdgb d`

tur` ds jlmk up ni l` n`-nii swdtgb, twn gn``kgtnr hlrs, l`m l pclstdg sbkcc. ]bk n`-nii

 swdtgb ds lsskjhckm irnj l a`nh l`m twn sjlcc jktlc scdmks. ]bk pclstdg bklm ds jlmk

 irnj n`k u`dt ni nrl`ek pclstdg pnwmkr, l`m tbk pclstdg sbkcc ds jlmk irnj tbrkk u`dts

ni nrl`ek pclstdg pnwmkr. Mkvkcnp l prnmugt strugturk trkk ni tbk iclsbcdebt, l`md`gcumk tbk ckvkc gnmd`e inr klgb gnjpn`k`t.

Vclstdg bklm Ck`s Huch lsskjhcy Wprd`eWbkcc lsskjhcyXkickgtnr

Bklm lsskjhcy Hnmy lsskjhcyHlttkrdks

Iclsbcdebt

Vclstdg pnwmkr

Huch bncmkr Vclstdg sbkccN@-nii swdtgbHuch

A`nh Jktlc scdmks (8) Vclstdg pnwmkr(7)

Gn``kgtnr hlrs

8

Ckvkc 6 

Ckvkc < 

Ckvkc 8 

Ckvkc 7 

Ckvkc = 

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986<-;86< Mr. Jlbjnum Lhhls JlbjnumVrnmugtdn` Vcl``d`e l`m Gn`trnc

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(h) Mksde` l` d`mk`tkm hdcc ni jltkrdlcs inr tbk iclsbcdebt d` (l). (@ntk? Lssde`

lpprnprdltk inur-mdedt plrt `ujhkrs tn tbk gnjpn`k`ts.) 

]lhck 9.=