material sciences definition: according to the encyclopedia britannica the study of the properties...

Material SciencesMaterial Sciences

Definition: Definition: According to the Encyclopedia BritannicaAccording to the Encyclopedia Britannica

The study of the properties of solid materials and The study of the properties of solid materials and how those properties are determined by a how those properties are determined by a material’s composition and structure. It grew out material’s composition and structure. It grew out of an amalgam of solid-state physics, metallurgy, of an amalgam of solid-state physics, metallurgy, and chemistry, since the rich variety of materials and chemistry, since the rich variety of materials properties cannot be understood within the properties cannot be understood within the context of any single discipline.context of any single discipline.

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0402616. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Science Foundation (NSF).


Engineers must have knowledge of Engineers must have knowledge of the materials with which they work the materials with which they work or they cannot design effective or they cannot design effective solutions to problemssolutions to problems


Materials science branches that we will discuss:Materials science branches that we will discuss:• CeramicsCeramics• Metals and alloysMetals and alloys• CompositesComposites• PolymersPolymers• Crystals and semiconductorsCrystals and semiconductors• SuperconductorsSuperconductors• Biosensors Biosensors • NanotechnologyNanotechnology

CeramicsCeramics

An artifact made of hard brittle An artifact made of hard brittle material produced from material produced from nonmetallic minerals by firing at nonmetallic minerals by firing at high temperatureshigh temperatures. .

http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/CERAMICS

CeramicsCeramics

Long before humans had any Long before humans had any knowledge of metals, there was a knowledge of metals, there was a great interest in what we currently great interest in what we currently call ceramics in the form of pottery call ceramics in the form of pottery and brick building materialsand brick building materials

VCSU reading material

CeramicsCeramics Ceramics are generally made by Ceramics are generally made by

taking mixtures of clay, earthen taking mixtures of clay, earthen elements, powders, and water and elements, powders, and water and shaping them into desired forms. shaping them into desired forms. Once the ceramic has been shaped, Once the ceramic has been shaped, it is fired in a high temperature oven it is fired in a high temperature oven known as a kiln. Often, ceramics are known as a kiln. Often, ceramics are covered in decorative, waterproof, covered in decorative, waterproof, paint-like substances known as paint-like substances known as glazes.glazes.

http://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramics.htm

CeramicsCeramics Ceramics are all around us. This category of Ceramics are all around us. This category of

materials includes things like tile, bricks, plates, materials includes things like tile, bricks, plates, glass, and toiletsglass, and toilets. .

Ceramics can be found in products like snow Ceramics can be found in products like snow skies, automobiles (sparkplugs and ceramic skies, automobiles (sparkplugs and ceramic engine parts found in racecars), and phone lines.engine parts found in racecars), and phone lines.

They can also be found on space shuttles, They can also be found on space shuttles, appliances (enamel coatings), and airplanes appliances (enamel coatings), and airplanes (nose cones).(nose cones).

http://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramics.htm

CeramicsCeramics

Engineering Fields that may use Engineering Fields that may use ceramics are:ceramics are:• AerospaceAerospace• MechanicalMechanical• ChemicalChemical

CeramicsCeramics

Ceramic engineers and material Ceramic engineers and material scientists are currently working on scientists are currently working on ceramic ionic conductors that will be ceramic ionic conductors that will be parts of high temperature batteries parts of high temperature batteries for automobiles. for automobiles.

http://people.alfred.edu/~misture/nsf_k12/batteries.html

Metals and AlloysMetals and Alloys

A branch of study that comes to A branch of study that comes to mind as the one with the longest mind as the one with the longest historyhistory

We often describe the history of We often describe the history of mankind in terms of metals and mankind in terms of metals and alloys such as copper, bronze and alloys such as copper, bronze and iron.iron.

Metals and AlloysMetals and Alloys

An alloy is a mixture of different An alloy is a mixture of different metals that often have metals that often have characteristics superior to any of the characteristics superior to any of the apparent materialsapparent materials

Types of AlloysTypes of Alloys

Steel Steel AluminumAluminum MagnesiumMagnesium TitaniumTitanium

Uses of alloysUses of alloys

Aluminum alloys are used in aircraft Aluminum alloys are used in aircraft construction because of its high construction because of its high strength/weight ratio, its corrosion-strength/weight ratio, its corrosion-resisting qualities, and its resisting qualities, and its comparative ease of fabrication. comparative ease of fabrication.

http://www.tpub.com/air/1-24.htm

Uses of alloysUses of alloys

Titanium and its alloys have proven Titanium and its alloys have proven to be technically superior and cost-to be technically superior and cost-effective in a wide variety of effective in a wide variety of aerospace, industrial, marine and aerospace, industrial, marine and commercial applications.commercial applications.

Examples of some uses:Examples of some uses:Aero-engines, dental, military Aero-engines, dental, military hardware, and sporting equipmenthardware, and sporting equipment

http://www.titaniuminfogroup.co.uk/titanium.htm

Just about every field of engineering Just about every field of engineering is going to use metals and alloys is going to use metals and alloys

Here are just a few:Here are just a few:• Aero spaceAero space• Mechanical Mechanical • CivilCivil• ElectricalElectrical

Hot new itemsHot new items

Titanium golf clubs and ballsTitanium golf clubs and balls

CompositesComposites

Consist of two or more materials Consist of two or more materials combined in such a way that the combined in such a way that the individual materials are easily individual materials are easily distinguishable. distinguishable.

http://composite.about.com/od/aboutcompositesplastics/l/aa060297.htm

A common example of a composite is A common example of a composite is concrete. It consists of a binder concrete. It consists of a binder (cement) and a reinforcement (cement) and a reinforcement (gravel). Adding another (gravel). Adding another reinforcement (rebar) transforms reinforcement (rebar) transforms concrete into a three-phase concrete into a three-phase composite. composite.

http://composite.about.com/od/aboutcompositesplastics/l/aa060297.htm

CompositesComposites

Concrete is used in the building of Concrete is used in the building of roads, and buildings mostlyroads, and buildings mostly

Many types of engineers use Many types of engineers use composites: Civil, Architectural composites: Civil, Architectural

Hot new productHot new product

1.Low Maintenance2. Resists Heating & Fading3.Safety4.Durability5.Increases The Value of Your Home

PolymersPolymers

a chemical compound or mixture of a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by compounds formed by polymerizationpolymerization and and consisting essentially of repeating consisting essentially of repeating structural unitsstructural units

PolymerizationPolymerization a chemical reaction in a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units repeating structural units

PolymersPolymers

PolyvinylchloridePolyvinylchloride ( (PVCPVC); 1938. -); 1938. -Thermoplastic polymer.-Used in pipes and Thermoplastic polymer.-Used in pipes and fittings, wire and cable insulation, fittings, wire and cable insulation, extruded film and sheet, and medical extruded film and sheet, and medical applications.-Its flexible grades are easy to applications.-Its flexible grades are easy to process. Its rigid grades have a high process. Its rigid grades have a high dielectric strength, outdoor stability, dielectric strength, outdoor stability, chemical resistance, good moisture chemical resistance, good moisture stability, and low cost. Both have low heat stability, and low cost. Both have low heat resistance.-Trade Name: resistance.-Trade Name: Geon, ViclonGeon, Viclon..

http://www.efunda.com/materials/polymers/history/history.cfm?list_order=time

PolymersPolymers

PolyethylenePolyethylene ( (PEPE); 1939. -); 1939. -Thermoplastic polymer.-The largest Thermoplastic polymer.-The largest volume commodity plastic, PE is used volume commodity plastic, PE is used in blow-molded beverage bottles, in blow-molded beverage bottles, auto gas tanks, and extruded pipe.-It auto gas tanks, and extruded pipe.-It has good toughness at low has good toughness at low temperatures and is inexpensive.-temperatures and is inexpensive.-Trade Name: Trade Name: Marlex, Alathon, Marlex, Alathon, HostalenHostalen..


PolymersPolymers

PolystyrenePolystyrene ( (PSPS); 1930. -Thermoplastic ); 1930. -Thermoplastic polymer.-Used for inexpensive packaging polymer.-Used for inexpensive packaging materials, pens, safety razors, flatware, materials, pens, safety razors, flatware, and CD jewel boxes. In Styrofoam format, and CD jewel boxes. In Styrofoam format, PS is used to make high-throughput, thin-PS is used to make high-throughput, thin-walled, easy-to-mold parts where structure walled, easy-to-mold parts where structure is not paramount.-A material not is not paramount.-A material not structurally strong but easy to mold, it is structurally strong but easy to mold, it is inexpensive, machines well, and possesses inexpensive, machines well, and possesses excellent transparency.-Trade Name: excellent transparency.-Trade Name: Novacor 555Novacor 555..


PolymersPolymers

Many engineering fields use polymers Many engineering fields use polymers a couple are:a couple are:

IndustrialIndustrial

MechanicalMechanical

AreospaceAreospace

PolymersPolymers

Hot new productsHot new products

• Vinyl sidingVinyl siding• Acrylic paintsAcrylic paints• Can be recycled from plastic bottles into Can be recycled from plastic bottles into

building materialsbuilding materials

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/resources/ngo/education/plastics/

SemiconductorsSemiconductors A material is a A material is a semiconductorsemiconductor if it is if it is

possible to reversibly vary the material's possible to reversibly vary the material's conductivity at a given temperature over conductivity at a given temperature over several orders of magnitude using several orders of magnitude using chemical or electrical means. chemical or electrical means.

N-typeN-type semiconductors have semiconductors have higherhigher

concentrations of conduction electrons. concentrations of conduction electrons. P-typeP-type semiconductors have semiconductors have lowerlower

concentrations of conduction electronsconcentrations of conduction electrons

http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~dbraun/courses/ee208/Define_semiconductor.html

SemiconductorsSemiconductors

Semiconductors have had a Semiconductors have had a monumental impact on our society. monumental impact on our society. You find semiconductors at the heart You find semiconductors at the heart of microprocessor chips as well as of microprocessor chips as well as transistors . Anything that’s transistors . Anything that’s computerized or uses radio waves computerized or uses radio waves depends on semiconductors.depends on semiconductors.

http://www.howstuffworks.com/diode.htm


Today, most semiconductor chips Today, most semiconductor chips and transistors are created with and transistors are created with siliconsilicon. You may have heard . You may have heard expressions like "Silicon Valley" and expressions like "Silicon Valley" and the "silicon economy," and that's the "silicon economy," and that's why -- silicon is the heart of any why -- silicon is the heart of any electronic device. electronic device.

http://www.howstuffworks.com/diode.htm


There are many fields of engineering There are many fields of engineering that use semiconductors, anything that use semiconductors, anything computerized:computerized:

ElectricalElectrical MechanicalMechanical AerospaceAerospace

SuperconductorsSuperconductors

An element, inter-metallic alloy, or An element, inter-metallic alloy, or compound that will conduct compound that will conduct electricity without resistance below a electricity without resistance below a certain temperaturecertain temperature

Resistance is undesirable because it Resistance is undesirable because it produces losses in the energy flowing produces losses in the energy flowing through the material through the material

http://superconductors.org/INdex.htm


MRI magnetic resonance ImagingMRI magnetic resonance Imaging• Examine soft tissue such as cartilage, Examine soft tissue such as cartilage,

membranes, and brain tissuemembranes, and brain tissue

http://www.mse.cornell.edu/courses/engri111//mri.htm


Engineers that use superconductorsEngineers that use superconductors• MechanicalMechanical• ElectricalElectrical• IndustrialIndustrial• ChemicalChemical


Magnetic-levitation is an Magnetic-levitation is an application where application where superconductors perform superconductors perform extremely well. Transport extremely well. Transport vehicles such as trains can be vehicles such as trains can be made to "float" on strong made to "float" on strong superconducting magnets, superconducting magnets, virtually eliminating friction virtually eliminating friction between the train and its tracks.between the train and its tracks.

http://superconductors.org/Uses.htm

New ProductNew Product

In December 2003, the MLX01 test vehicle (shown above) attained an incredible speed of 361 mph (581 kph).

http://superconductors.org/Uses.htm

Biosensors Biosensors

an apparatus that uses a biological an apparatus that uses a biological agent such as an enzyme or agent such as an enzyme or organelle to detect, measure, or organelle to detect, measure, or analyze chemicals. Biosensors are analyze chemicals. Biosensors are increasingly used in tests to diagnose increasingly used in tests to diagnose medical conditions such as blood medical conditions such as blood pressure. pressure.

http://ca.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861590670/biosensor.html

BiosensorsBiosensors

Biosensors have been applied to Biosensors have been applied to a wide variety of analytical a wide variety of analytical problems including in medicine, problems including in medicine, the environment, food, process the environment, food, process industries, security and defense.industries, security and defense.

http://srv.chim.unifi.it/ana/biosen.htm


Some of the fields of engineering Some of the fields of engineering that may use biosensorsthat may use biosensors• MechanicalMechanical• IndustrialIndustrial• AgriculturalAgricultural• ElectricalElectrical


Some monitor glucose in diabetic Some monitor glucose in diabetic patientspatients

The US military created an The US military created an undergarment that can provide data undergarment that can provide data on a soldier’s injurieson a soldier’s injuries• Recognizes when and where a cut is and Recognizes when and where a cut is and

if it’s a vein or artery that was cut, if it’s a vein or artery that was cut, depending on the oxygen levelsdepending on the oxygen levels

http://www.ee.vt.edu/~jmentz/mse4206/applications.html

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

The ability to do things - measure, The ability to do things - measure, see, predict and make - on the scale see, predict and make - on the scale of atoms and molecules of atoms and molecules

The nanotechnology realm is defined The nanotechnology realm is defined as being between 0.1 and 100 as being between 0.1 and 100 nanometers nanometers

A nanometer being one thousandth A nanometer being one thousandth of a micron of a micron

Which is, in turn, one thousandth of a Which is, in turn, one thousandth of a millimeter . millimeter .

http://www.nanotechnologyinvestment.com/Companies/Nanotechnology/IndustryResearch.asp


Envisioned are all kinds of amazing Envisioned are all kinds of amazing products, including extraordinarily products, including extraordinarily tiny computers that are very tiny computers that are very powerful, building materials that powerful, building materials that withstand earthquakes, advanced withstand earthquakes, advanced systems for drug delivery and systems for drug delivery and custom-tailored pharmaceuticals as custom-tailored pharmaceuticals as well as the elimination of invasive well as the elimination of invasive surgery, because repairs can be surgery, because repairs can be made from within the body. made from within the body.

http://www.answers.com/nanotechnology&r=67


Engineering fields that may use this:Engineering fields that may use this:• MedicalMedical• CivilCivil• ComputerComputer• ElectricalElectrical• AerospaceAerospace

Are just a few!!!!Are just a few!!!!

By 2020, scientists at Rutgers University believe that nano-sized robots will be injected into the bloodstream and administer a drug directly to an infected cell.

http://www.answers.com/nanotechnology&r=67

Standards and BenchmarksStandards and Benchmarks

2 CC2 CC 3H3H 7H7H 10L10L

JJ K K

19M19M

QQ

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