material. techniques and processes2

8/11/2019 Material. Techniques and Processes2

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By Katie Dring


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Variations or types:

There are various different types of pens for pen and ink drawing. Traditional ink pens,or often otherwise known as dip pens, due to its user having to dip them into an ink wellto retrieve the ink, consist of a shaft with an interchangeable nib, these nips act as atemporary basin for the ink. Nibs come in different sizes allowing the user to createdifferent widths and thickness of line. When handling a dip pen, it is advised that theuser should pull the pen to make their marks instead of pushing, as this could potentiallyresult in splatters. Cleaning of the nib is vital due to the fact the ink can dry and becomehard therefore removal of the ink after the user is finished is important as the ink is hardto remove once tough and can even potentially damage the nip.Another type of pen; the technical pen is unlike the dip pen as it can be moved in variousdirection without the fear of splattering. Some technical pen have a reservoir built into

the pen that can be refilled with ink, with others are disposable. Refillable pen are moreexpensive while disposable pens are logically less expensive by not very environmentallyfriendly.

Frequently pens that are used for pen and ink drawing techniques often feature a brushtip as a variety of marks can be made in comparison to a pen with a defined nip of tip.

Surfaces for pen and ink drawing:Pen and ink drawings are mostly often created on different types of paper. The tooth, ortexture, of the paper can effect the marks that are made by the pen. More commonlyartists prefer to work on smoother surfaces to create detailed ink drawings.. Bristol paperis a smooth surfaced paper that is heavier than regular drawing paper. Many pen and inkartists use Bristol paper due to its characteristics. Another popular choice for inkdrawings is cold press illustration board, although rougher than Bristol paper, thethickness of the board adds more stability. Some artists combine pen and ink drawing

with other media, such as watercolour,. In these cases the second medium many influencethe surface chosen.


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Pen and Ink Techniques:

Hatching: is used to add value in a linearfashion. Lines used in hatching most oftengo in the same direction for a defined area.

When hatching is used the lines do notcross over each otheralthough crosshatching can be used in combination withhatching. Hatching lines can either beparallel or they can be used as cross contourlines to help define the form of a object.The closer the lines the darker the value, incontinuity the more space between the line,the lighter the value.

Cross hatching: is similar to hatching expectthe lines cross over one another; hence theword cross. The more the lines cross thedarker the value. Cross hatching can be usedwith rigid straight lines or as cross contour

lines to define the form of an object.

Stippling: is a method where adding countless dots to create the value of the drawing. Thehigher the concentration of dots, the darker the value. Again in continuity the more spacebetween the dots, the lighter the value. Stripping is time consuming, however it allows the

artist to have complete control over the application of value, which produces highlyrealistic results.Random lines: the title says it all, means lines going in various directions. By changing thefrequency of the crossing of the lines, an artist can control the range of value produced.Using this method can also create a variety of different textures.

Ink wash: is a method of the application of ink with a brush. Ink wash is similar topainting with watercolour paint. The more water added, the less intense the application of

ink meaning the value is controlled by the amount of water added to the ink prior to itsapplication to the surface.

There are various types of pens here is a list of a fewcommon ones:

Ballpoint pen(Biro)BerolBic Cristal(Type of ink pen)Dip penEsterbooko(ink pen)Flex nibs(which use pressure to vary a line width)Flo-MasterFountain penGel PenMarket pen(Used to make wider marksPaint marker( mainly used in oil-based paint)Permanent markerQuill

Rastrum,Rollerball penRuling pen( used to denote ruler lines)Skin pens(pen applied to skinto create a permanent image)Space penSpeed-ball (Type of ink art pen),Technical pen(used to make consistentline in architectural and technical drawings)Theromochromism- a process ofcolouring by using heatUni-ball(ink pen)UV maker(type of ink pen)


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-1G05Q64mw

Click here to see a YouTube Clip of me using a pen.

Step by step of how to use a pen:1. Depending on the location of your pen pick it

up with either your left of right hand

depending on which hand you draw/writewith while simultaneously grasping the penbetween your thumb and fore-finger with yourmiddle finger behind for support.

2. If pen has a lid, take off and place of thealternative end to prevent it from becominglost.

3. Make sure the pointed edge is pointingtoward the paper before use. If pointed edge

isn't pointing towards the paper turn the penaround as otherwise you will not be able touse it.

4. Before bringing the pen towards the paper andapplying pressure, make sure you are graspingthe pen at the bottom of its base(by the tip)as it give you more control of the pen and thelines you are about to create with ink.

5. Apply the pen to the paper and use pressure

to create a line, the amount of pressure youapply determines how dark or how light yourline/drawing will be.

6. Once you are finished with using your pen,place lid back on to prevent the pen fromdrying out and place in a safe place so you donot lose it(so you can use it again).

Relevant dimensions or constraints:

The main modern types of pens can be categorised by the kind of writing tip or point.A ballpoint pen dispenses ink by rolling a small hard sphere, usually 0.7-1.2mm and made of brass, steelor tungsten carbide. The ink dries almost immediately once in contact with paper. The ballpoint pen isusually reliable and inexpensive and has now replaced the fountain pen as the most common tool for

everyday writing.A roller ball pen dispenses a water-based liquid/gel ink through ball tip-similarly to a ballpoint pen.The pen moves more easily across a writing surfaces due to its less viscous non oil based ink. This pen wasinitially designed to combine the convenience of a ballpoint pen with the smooth effect of a fountain pen.They are available in a range of colours. E.g. Metallic paint, glitter, neon and pastel tones.A marker or otherwise known as felt tip pen , has a porous tip of fibrous material. The smallest tipped

markers are used for writing paper. Medium-tip markers are often used by children for colouring anddrawing. Larger markers are used for writing on other surfaces such as corrugated boxes and whiteboards.Historic types of pen as no longer commonly used as writing instruments by are commonly used by

calligraphers and other artists.A dip pen (nib pen) consists of a metal nib with capillary channels, similarly to a fountain pen, mountedon a handle or holder, often made of wood. A dip pen usually has no ink reservoir and must be repeatedlyrecharged with ink while drawing or writing. Dip pen has certain advantages in comparison to a fountainpen as it can use waterproof pigmented inks such as India ink which would destroy a fountain pen.Mainly used in illustration, calligraphy and comics. A particularly fine-pointed type of dip pen known asa crowquill is a favourite instruments of artist David Stone Martin because its flexible metal point can

create a variety of delicate lines, textures and tones with slight pressure while drawing.

The disadvantages of Pens:Is permanent so if you made a mistakeIf you press too hard the ink can potentially gothrough the paper ruining the page or drawingson the other side.Can run out of ink meaning you have toreplace either the whole pen or the ink.If made from plastic could potentially breakInk poisoning

Some in k can be damaged by waterInk cartilage may leak

Advantages:Often very lightweight dependingon what type of pen it is.PermanentLow in cost depending on whattype you buyYou do not have to sharpen it like

a pencil
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-1G05Q64mwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-1G05Q64mwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-1G05Q64mwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-1G05Q64mw


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Health and Safety Aspects of a pen:Ink poisoning, Biro(made out of plastic) could potentially snap and could cut an individuals skin, the pointy edge(especially a fountain pen) could

potentially injury someone- poke someone in the eye, ink cartilage may split.

Evaluation of how well I explored, the material (and its techniques:In this process I used a roller ball pen to reproduction the techniques used in the image on the left onto a blank canvas. The final result of this canbe seen in the middle image above. I found the whole process of reproducing the techniques reasonably hard due to the fact that I have never doneit before. However for my first attempt I feel that I did reasonably well. I found drawing with a pen rather challenging as I like to create imagesthat are perfect and neat and due to the fact that you cannot rub out a pen I found it hard. Even though I felt the need to start again whenever I

went wrong I persevered with it instead- going over lines to darken sections to create an idea of a 3D shape. I struggled with the followingtechniques: cross hatching, short dash and hatching due to the fact that they involved a series of straight lines. I found it hard to create a series of

straight line after one another, which may be down to the fact that my hand was shaky. However although this acted as a disadvantage I still believemy final product came out okay, having a more rustic image than it was suppose to. With more practise and more concentration I believe I can

create a 3d piece that looks more realistic to the eye. Next time I may experiment with a different type of pen; biro, to see if I can produce betterwork with a different ink pen. Once I created a replica of the Line drawing sheet I then proceeded forward in creatinga 3D pile of cubes

involving the new processes and techniques that I had just previously learnt. I decided to experiment with the cross hatchingtechnique as this wasone of the techniques I struggled the most with.. I used the this technique to create a shading effect on my cubes to makes them more 3D looking.

This task helped me with both with my perspective drawing techniques and my shading. Again I believe with more practise Idbe able to create amore realistic pile of boxes.
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A pencil is a writing implement or art device usually constructed of anarrow, solid pigment core inside of a protective casing which preventsthe core from being broken or leaving marks on the users hand during

use. Most pencils cores are made up of graphite mixed with a claybinder which leaves grey or black marks that can be easily erased-

unlike a pen. Graphite pencils are used for both writing and drawingand result in durable markings, which are easily removed with an eraser,it is otherwise resistant to moisture, most chemicals and natural ageing.There are other types of pencil cores such as, charcoal pencils, whichare mainly used by artists who are drawing and sketching. Coloured

pencils are typically regarded as art supplies, especially those with waxycore binders that often tend to smear on paper instead of erasing,

The most common type of pencil casting is a thin wood shaped into ahexagonal or cylindrical shape which is 19cm and permanently bondedto the core. In alternative, other materials such as plastic and paper canbe used. To use a pencil, the outer casting must be peeled or carved off

to expose the working end of the core as a sharp point- commonly

people use a pencil sharpener to do this. Mechanical pencils have moreelaborate castings which support mobile pieces of pigment core thatcan be extended or retracted through the casting tip as needed.

Variations or types:
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Types of pencils:

Graphite pencils: Most common type of pencil which areencased in wood. Made out of a mixture of clay andgraphite varying in darkness from light grey to black,their composition allows them to create the smootheststrokes.

Solid graphite pencils: which are solid sticks of graphiteand clay composite with the same diameter of a common

pencil, however doesnt have a casting other than awrapper or label. Used primarily for art purposes as thelack of casting allows for covering larger spaces moreeasily, creating different effect and providing a greatereconomy as the entirety of the pencil is being used.Available in the same darkness range s graphitepencil(casted)

Charcoal pencil are made of charcoal and provide a fullerblacks than graphite pencils, but tend to smudge easilyand are often more abrasive than graphite. Sepia-tonedand white pencils are also available for duotonetechniques.

Carbon pencils: are generally are made of a mixture ofclay and lamp black, but are on occasion blended withcharcoal or graphite depending on the darkness andproducer. They produce a fuller black than graphitepencils, but are smoother than charcoal.

Coloured pencils: These have wax-like cores withpigment and other fillers. Multiple colours are oftenblended together.

Grease pencils can write on almost any surface (includingglass, plastic, metal and photographs). The mostcommonly found grease pencils are encased in paper(Berol and Sanford Peel-off), but they can also beencased in wood (Staedtler)

Watercolour pencils are designed for use withwatercolour techniques. The pencils can be used bythemselves for sharp, bold lines. Strokes made by thepencil can also be soaked with water and spread withbrushes.

The techniques that can beused for pen can be used forpencil also( seen on 3rdpage)

Additional techniques include::The Back and Forth pencil drawing technique.This techniques is used by everyone and isprobably the first shading technique that welearn when youngsters. The process involvedan individual moving the pencil in a back andforth motion at a more rapid speed all towardthe same direction. Alternating the pressure tocreate lighter or heavier pencil shades. Manyuse this technique near the outline of an subjectimage to ensure the fill shade stays within thecorrect area.

Scrambling: is a technique which involvesmoving a pencil in small circular motionskeeping them all very compact. Oftenused to keep shading tight and blendsvery well. Create a smooth texture.


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Step by step of how to use a pencil:1. Depending on the location of your

pencil pick it up with either your left ofright hand depending on which hand youdraw/write with while simultaneouslygrasping the pencil between your thumband fore-finger with your middle fingerbehind for support.

2. Make sure your pencil is sharp not blunt,if not sharp, sharpen with pencilsharpener.

3. Make sure the pointed edge is pointingtoward the paper before use. If pointededge isn't pointing towards the paperturn the pencil around as otherwise you

will not be able to use it.4. Before bringing the pencil towards thepaper and applying pressure, make sureyou are grasping the pencil at the bottomof its base(by the tip) as it give you morecontrol of the pencil and the lines youare about to create with graphite.

5. Apply the pencil to the paper and usepressure to create a line, the amount of

pressure you apply determines how darkor how light your line/drawing will be.6. Once you are finished with using your

pencil place in a safe place until nexttime.

Relevant dimensions or constraints

Advantages:You are able to rub it out meaning if you makea mistake you can easily correct it with a rubberIt is easy to remover due to it being lightweightThey come in a range of shades and colours

Disadvantages:Becomes blunt therefore needs to be sharpened

meaning it becomes gradually smaller resulting inhaving to be replaced.

Has to be replace- costlyMany people don't understand how to used the

different styles(shades) that they come from so justuse the HB pencil.

Not environmentally friendly

This diagram illustrates the twenty most used and commongrades of pencil. The numbers and letters signal the type oflead that is inside.The letter H means hard- this kind of lead is hard, keepingthe shading very light. Pencils with an H gradient are

generally unused in pencil portraiture, simply because the leadis too hard to control on paper.The letter B means bold or black and signals a soft lead in

the pencil, which adds a lot of lead to the paper, creatingdarker shades. The numbers next to the letter signal how softthe lead is, with 9B being the softest and therefore the darkest.The F grade means fine point. These pencils are still

relatively hard but have a very fine, sharpened point. Again,these are uncommon in pencil portraiture.


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Health and Safety issues related to a pencilSharp edge could potentially injury someone

The pencil itself might snap could cause an injury. E.g. SplinterLead poisoning

Not eatableA mechanical pencil has small parts therefore if it were to be broken someone could potentially choke on them

Evaluation of a pencil:I found it reasonably easy to remover the pencil due to it being lightweight however I did struggle to convey meaning through theuse of the seven basic pencil marks and strokes as I have never used these techniques before. Therefore It was hard to know how to

use the different methods correctly and in the right place. Although with more practise I believe I'll be able to use them in thecorrect way especially when using the light technique as this will feature in a lot of my work within the next year as it creates more

depth within an image. I decided to experiment with the light technique first. I found it quite hard to create light in the right

places on my object but eventually got the hang of it when I researched into shadowing. With more practise I believe I willeventually be able to create a more realistic pictures.

This was the practical task that I did with pencil markings. Asyou can see I did simple drawings and decided what movement

type suit what image best. This allowed me to experiment withdifferent pencil markings. For example I wanted to showmovement on my rugby ball so I therefore used three line toshow this which creates the illusion that the ball is moving.

However I feel I could improve this image by adding a bit oflight markings to communicate to the audience whether or not

the object is in light or shadow.
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