NAME : MONICA. R

CLASS : 6TH SEMESTER

USN : 1BQ12AT032

COLLEGE : B.ARCH, BMSSA.

THE WORD PNEUMATICS COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD PNEUMATIKOS WHICH MEANS -WIND OR BREATHE.

PNEUMATICS IS MOVEMENT BY COMPRESSED OR PRESSURIZED AIR.

PNEUMATICS IN OUR EVERYDAY LIFE

PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE

PNEUMATICS

PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE IS A MEMBRANE WHICH CARRIES LOAD DEVOLPED FROM THE TENSILE STRESSES.

AN AIR SUPPORTED OR AIR INFLATED STRCTURE WHICH CONSISTS OF INTERNAL PRESSURIZED AIR THAT IS STRUCTURAL FABRIC ENVELOPE.

AIR IS THE MAIN SUPPORT OF THE STRUCTURE, AND ACCESS IS VIA AIRLOACKS.

IT IS USUALLY DOME SHAPED, SINCE THIS SHAPE CREATES THE GREATEST VOLUME FOR THE LEAST AMOUNT OF MATERIAL.

ITS STABLIZATION IS DONE BY PRESTRESSING THE MEMBRANE EITHER BY:-

1. APPLYING AN EXTERNAL FORCE WHICH PULLS THE MEMBRANE TAUT.

2. INTERNAL PRESSURIZING IF THE MEMBRANE IS VOLUME ENCLOSING

SUCH STRUCTURES ARE CALLED “PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES” .

APPLICATION OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS (AUTOMATION). OPERATION OF BUS DOORS. OPERATION OF MACHINE TOOLS. OPERATION OF WORK HOLDING DEVICES. AIR TOOLS.

PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES

BENEFITS OF COMPRESSED AIR

EXPLOSION PROOF FAST EASILY TRANSPORTABLE EASILY STORED OVERLOAD SAFE VARIABLE SPEED VARIABLE PRESSURE CLEAN SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION STROKE SETTING NO RETURN LINES WIDE OPERATING TEMPERATURES. OTHERS (COMPACT, LIGHT, REPAIR)

THESE STRUCTURES CAN CREATE ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENTS ADAPTABLE TO HUMAN USE .

THE PNEUMATIC FORMS ARE BOUND TO INCREASE N POPULARITY, OWING TO THE TREMENDOUS FREEDOM THEY PROVIDE TO THE ARCHITECTS IN DESIGNING LARGE FREE SPACES WITHIN THEM.

PRINCIPLE

“PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE” HAS BEEN USED BY MANKIND FOR THOUSAND OF YEARS.

BUT IN THE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY IT WAS INTRODUCED ONLY ABOUT 40 YEARS AGO.

ORIGIN

ITS PRINCIPLE IS THE USE OF RELATIVELY THIN MEMBRANE SUPPORTED BY A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE.

THROUGH INCREASING THE INSIDE AIR PRESSURE NOT ONLY THE DEAD WEIGHT OF THE SPACE ENVOLPE IS BALANCED, BUT THE MEMBRANE IS STRESSED TO A POINT WHERE IT CANNOT BE INDENTED BY ASYMMETRICAL LOADING .

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. LIGHT WEIGHT

THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE AS COMPARED TO THE AREA IT COVERES IS VERY LESSEVEN WITH SPANS OF MORE THAN 100MTS, THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE DOES NOT EXCEED 3KG/SQUARE METRE .

2. SPAN

3. SAFETY

4. THEFT

IT IS VERY SAFE NO BODY CAN OR PASS THROUGH A PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE. IF AN AIR BAG IS CUT WITH A KNIFE/ PIN, A BANG IS PRODUCED.

5. HUMAN HEALTH

6. QUICK ERECTION AND DISMANTLING

SUITABLE FOR TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTIONS.

1 SQ.KM. OF AN AREA CAN BE BROUGHT DOWN IN 6 HOURS. AND ESTABLISH IN LESS THAN 10 HOURS. THE 4 HOURS DIFFERENCE IS DUE TO ESTABLISHMENT OF PEGS ETC.

7. ECONOMY

IT IS NOT EXPENSIVE WHERE IT IS USED FOR SHIFTING STRUCTURES. FOR PERMANENT STRUCTURES, IT IS VERY EXPENSIVE. OTHERWISE THE COST PER SQURE FOOT OF AIR SUPPORTED STRUCTURES IS AMONG THE LOWEST FOR LARGE SPAN ROOFS.

GOOD NATURAL LIGHT

GIVES GOOD NATURAL LIGHT AS TRANSLUCENT/TRANSPARENT PLASTIC SHEETS ARE USED TO COVER AIR BAGS.WE CAN EVEN BRING THE WHOLE SUN INSIDE. THERE IS A LOT OF FLEXIBILITY IN GETTING SUN LIGHT(50%-80%).

TYPES OF PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES

AIR – SUPPORTED STRUCTURES

AIR – INFLATED STRUCTURE

MATERIALSPLASTIC FILMS:- THESE ARE PRIMARILY PRODUCED FROM PVC,POLY ETHYLENE, POLYESTER, POLYAMIDE ETC.

RUBBER MEMBRANE:- THEY ARE THE LIGHTEST AND MOST FLEXIBLE.

FABRICS:- THESE MAY BE MADE OF GLASS FIBRES OR SYNTHETIC FIBRES WHICH ARE COATED IN A PVC, POLYESTER OR POLYURETHENE FILM.

METAL FOILS:- THEY POSSESS A VERY HIGH GAS DIFFUSION RESISTANCE AND HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH . ONE OF THE MAJOR PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF METAL FOILS IS IN NEED TO PRODUCE VERY EXACT CUTTING PATTERNS.

GRIDDED FABRIC:- THESE ARE COARSE-WEAVE MADE OF ORGANIC MINERAL OR SYNTHETIC FIBRES OR METALLIC NETWORKS. THEY ARE PARTICULARLY USED WHERE MAXIMUM LIGHT TRANSMISSION AND HIGH STRENGTH IS REQUIRED.

NAME : MONICA. R

CLASS : 6TH SEMESTER

USN : 1BQ12AT032

COLLEGE : B.ARCH, BMSSA.

WATER PROOFINGIN CONSTRUCTION THE BUILDING IS WATERPROOFED WITH THE USE OF MEMBRANES AND COATINGS TO PROTECT CONTENTS AND AS WELL AS PROTECTING STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY.

CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING

USED IN INTERNAL WET AREAS SUCH AS TOILETS. SEMI FLEXIBLE, SOME EVEN TOWARD RIGID TYPE. INTERNAL TOILETS ARE NOT EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT AND

WEATHERING AND SO IT DO NOT GO THROUGH THE CONTRACTION AND EXPANSION PROCESS CONTINUOUSLY.

PORTLAND CEMENT, PROPERLY SELECTED AND GRADED AGGREGATES, ADDITIVES AND ACRYLIC EMULSION POLYMER AS BINDER.

LIQUID PROOFING WATER MEMBRANE THIN COATING WHICH CONSISTS OF USUALLY A PRIMER COAT AND TWO

COATS OF TOP COATS. MORE FLEXIBILTY THAN THE CEMENTITIOUS TYPE. DURABILITY OF WATERPROOFING COATING ALSO DEPENDS ON WHAT

TYPE OF POLYMER THE MANUFACTURER USE FOR THE MAKING OF THE LIQUID WATERPROOFING.

APPLIED OVER BUILDING ROOFS/TERRACES-FLAT AND SLOPING SURFACCES.

GYPSUMGYPSUM OCCURS IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMATIONS. IT IS A SOFT SULFATE MINERAL COMPOSED OF CALCIUM SULFATE DEHYDRATE.

GYPSUM IN ITS ROCK FORM

GYPSUM BOARD, COMMONLY KNOWN AS DRYWALL.

GYPSUM BOARD IS THE PREMIER BUILDING MATERIAL FOR WALL, CEILING AND PARTITION SYSTEMS IN RESIDENTIAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND COMMERCIAL STRUCTURES AND IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE A MONOLITHIC SURFACE.

GYPSUM BOARD

MAKING OF GYPSUM BOARD

POWDERED GYPSUM IS MIXED WITH WATER AND ADDITIVES TO FORM A SLURRY WHICH IS FED BETWEEN CONTINUOUS LAYERS OF PAPER ON A BOARD MACHINE. AS THE BOARD MOVES DOWN A CONVEYER LINE, IT RECRYSTALLIZES, REVERTING TO ITS ORIGINAL ROCK STATE. THE PAPER BECOMES CHEMICALLY AND MECHANICALLY BONDED TO THE CORE. THE BOARD IS THEN CUT TO LENGTH AND CONVEYED THROUGH DYERS TO REMOVE ANY FREE MOISTURE.

ADVANTAGES EASY AND FAST

INSTALLATION FIRE RESISTANCE SOUND ISOLATION DURABILITY ECONOMY VERSATILITY

DIS-ADVANTAGES NOT RESISTANT TO WATER UNTREATED FACE PAPER CAN

ENCOURAGE MOLD GROWTH NOT STRUCTURAL LACK OF INTRINSIC

CHARACTER

NOW , WITH OVER 97% OF NEW HOMES USING GYPSUM BOARD, IT IS CLEARLY THE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL OF CHOICE. WE CAN ALSO SEE THE USAGE OF GYPSUM ROCKS IN THE ANCIENT DAY PYRAMIDS.

MODERN DAY

POLYURATHANE LIQUID MEMBRANE

USED FOR FLAT ROOF AREA AND EXPOSED TO WEATHERING. IT IS EXPENSIVE.

OFFERS HIGHER FLEXIBILTY. EVALUATE THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE CONCRETE SLAB-

OTHERWISE PEELING OR DEBONDING MAYBE EASILY OBSERVED AFTER SOMETIME.VERY SENSITIVE TO MOISTURE CONTENT PRESENT BEFORE APPLICATION TIME.

REINFORCEMENT WITH POLYESTER GLASS FIBER BETWEEN 2 COATS AT ANGLES.

MADE OF BITUMEN BASED MATERIALS AND IS NOT SUITABLE FOR EXPOSE TO SUNLIGHT BECAUSE IT BECOMES VERY BRITTLE AND FRAGILE WITH LONG EXPOSURE.

USED FOR FOUNDATIONS AND BASEMENTS. FLEXIBILTY DEPENDS ON THE SOLID

CONTENT OF THE POLYMER ADDED.

BITUMINOUS COATING BITUMINOUS MEMBRANE

TORCH ON MEMBRANE AND SELF ADHESIVE. THICKNESS 3MM TO 4MM. APPLICATION IS BY

USING A STANDARD ROOFER’S TORCH. THE SELF ADHESIVE PROPERTY OF THE

MEMBRANE REDUCES THROUGH TIME.THEREFORE, THEY HAVE TO USE ONE ADDITIONAL PRIMER TO PREVENT THE DEBONDING PROBLEM IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

PLASTER OF PARIS PLASTER OF PARIS, QUICK-SETTING GYPSUM PLASTER

CONSISTING OF A FINE WHITE POWDER (CALCIUM SULFATE HEMIHYDRATE), WHICH HARDENS WHEN MOISTENED AND ALLOWED TO DRY.

KNOWN SINCE ANCIENT TIMES IT IS SO CALLED BECAUSE OF ITS PREPARATION FROM THE ABUNDANT GYPSUM FOUND NEAR PARIS.

MANUFACTURED THROUGH DRY PROCESS.PLASTER OF PARIS IS PREPARED BY HEATING CALCIUM SULFATE DIHYDRATE, OR GYPSUM, TO 120-180deg Cel. WITH AN ADDITIVE TO RETARD THE SET, IT IS CALLED WALL, OR HARD WALL, PLASTER, WHICH CAN PROVIDE PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION FOR INTERIOR SURFACES.

MANUFACTURING OF PLASTER OF PARIS

PLASTER OF PARIS NOT ONLY LENDS ELEGANCE AND BEAUTY TO WALLS, ENHANCES DURABILITY AS WELL.

THE WALLS BECOME STRONGER DUE TO CHEMICAL REACTION THAT TAKES PLACE WHEN WATER ESCAPES THE PLASTER MIXTURE.

IT IS QUITE EASY TO INSTALL PLASTER OF PARIS AS IT DOES NOT GENERATE ANY KIND OF DUST.

PLASTER DOES NOT NEED ANY KIND OF SANDING AND A WALL CAN BE PLASTERED WITHIN A SHORTER TIMEFRAME.

USED IN PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION AS FIRE PROOFING PRODUCTS.

USED IN INDUSTRIES OF GLASS MAKING, TANNING ETC;

SAFETY ISSUES : THE CHEMICAL REACTION THAT OCCURS WHEN PLASTER IS MIXED WITH WATER IS EXOTHERMIC AND, IN LARGE VOLUMES, CAN BURN THE SKIN.

WATER-PROOFING, GYPSUM AND PLASTER OF PARIS.

NAME : MONICA. R

CLASS : 6TH SEMESTER

USN : 1BQ12AT032

COLLEGE : B.ARCH, BMSSA.

PLASTICS PLASTIC IS A MATERIAL CONSISTING OF ANY

OF A WIDE RANGE OF SYNTHETIC ORGANICS THAT ARE MALLEABLE AND CAN BE MOLDED INTO SOLID OBJECTS OF DIVERSE SHAPES.

THESE ARE THE SYNTHETIC MATERIALS DERIVED FROM PETROCHEMICALS.

TYPES

THERE ARE MANY FAMILIES OF PLASTICS AND POLYMERS USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.THEY ARE

ACRYLIC POLYCARBONATE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PVC POLYMER FILMS EXPANDED POLYSTRENE COMPOSITES POLYPROPYLENE

PROPERTIES

PLASTICS HAVE PROPERTIES THAT MAKE IDEAL BUILDING MATERIALS.SOME OF THESE PROPERTIES ARE :

PLASTICS ARE STRONG YET LIGHT WEIGHT, AND SO THEY ARE EASY TO TRANSPORT AND MANOEUVRE.

THEY ARE DURABLE, KNOCK AND SCRATCH RESISTANT WITH EXCELLENT WEATHER ABILITY.

THEY DO NOT ROT OR CORRODE. THEY ARE EASY TO INSTALL , MANY HAVE A SNAP-FIT

KIND OF JOINTING PROCEDURES. PLASTICS OFFER LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES IN DESIGN

ACHIEVED BY EXTRUSION, BENDING, MOULDING ETC., THEY CAN BE GIVEN ANY RANGE OF COLOURS BY

ADDING PIGMENTS. THE PLASTICS ARE LOW CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND THUS

ARE USED AS INSULATION MATERIALS IN GREEN BUILDING CONCEPTS.

THESE PRODUCTS CAN ACHIEVE TIGHT SEALS. THEY CAN BE SAWN AND NAILED EMPLOYING STANDARD

CARPENTRY TOOLS AND SKILLS. THEY CAN BE EASILY REMOVED AND RECYCLED. THEY ARE BAD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY.

LIMITATIONS

DEGRADED UNDER THE ACTION OF DIRECT SUNLIGHT. FLAMMABLE UNLESS TREATED. UNSUITABLE FOR LOAD-BEARING APPLICATIONS. THERMAL EXPANSION FOR MOST PLASTICS IS HIGH.

PLASTICS : ACRYLIC, POLYCARBONATE AND POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

ACRYLIC

HISTORY

COMMERCIAL NAME PLEXIGLAS. DISCOVERED IN 1893, BY FRENCH CHEMIST, CHARLES

MOUREAU. BY 2001, MILLIONS OF TONS OF THIS MATERIAL WAS

PRODUCED WORLD WIDE. THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR I SLOWED DOWN ITS

USE. HOWEVER ITS APPLICATION INCREASED WITH TIME.

PROPERTIES

WEATHER RESISTANT CHEMICAL RESISTANCE EXCELLENT INSULATOR COMBUSTIBLE FLEXIBILITY GOOD LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE LIGHT WEIGHT MORE IMPACT RESISTANT THAN GLASS.

APPLICATION

ACRYLIC PANLES CAN BE USED AS STRUCTURAL GLAZING IN ARCHITECTURE AS THEY CAN BEAR HIGH LOADS.

ACRYLIC PANELS CAN ALSO BE USED FOR ROOFING WHICH PROVIDES DAYLIGHT DUE TO THEIR TRANSPARENT CHARACTER.

Behnisch & Frei Otto Work of the Munich Olympic Stadium

Rooftop

Work of Sanaa Architects for pavilion in Barcelona

ADVANATAGES

EASY INSTALLATION EASILY FABRICATED AND

SHAPED LIGHT WEIGHT HIGH STRENGTH WEATHER RESISTANT,

WATER PROOF CHEAP CLEAR GLASS SOFTER SEAMLESS

DISADAVNTAGES

CANNOT WITHSTAND HIGH TEMPERATURE

DISTORTION HIGH LOAD OF TOXICITY NON-BIODEGRADABALE NOT EASILY RECYCLABLE EASILY STAINED POOR CLARITY- BECOMES

YELLOW WITH AGE AND SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE.

POLYCARBONATE

HISTORY

DISCOVERED IN 1898, BY ALFRED EINHORN, GERMAN SCIENTIST.

THE BRAND NAME MAKROLON (1955). AFTER 1970, THE BROWNISH ORIGINAL

POLYCARBONATE TINT WAS IMPROVED TO “GLASS - CLEAR”.

PROPERTIES

GOOD DIMENSIONAL STABILITY NATURALLY TRANSPARENT RESISTANT TO ACIDS AND

MINERAL OILS RESIATNT TO ALCOHOL AND

VEGETABLE OILS TOUGH IN NATURE HEAT RESISTANT EXCELLENT COLOUR STABILITY

APPLICATION

POLYCARBONATE IS HIGHLY TRANSPARENT TO VISIBLE LIGHT, WITH BETTER LIGHT TRANSMISSION THAN MANY KINDS OF GLASS, HENCE THEY ARE USED IN

DOMELIGHTS OR SKYLIGHTS CURVEED AND FLAT GLAZING SOUND WALLS.

ADVANTAGES

VERY EASY TO MOULD INTO DIFFERENT SHAPES

NO FADING LIGHT WEIGHT’ ULTRAVIOLET

BLOCKAGE TEMPERATURE

RESISTANCE FLEXIBILTY OF USE-

CLEAR GLASS- LIKE TRASLUCENT AND OPAQUE

DISADVANTAGES

MANUFACTURE- COSTLY AND NOT ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY

HAZZARDOUS TO HEALTH DENTING- NOT VERY

RESISTANT TO SCRATCHING.

LOW CHEMICAL RESISTANCE.

PVC POLYMER FILMS AND SHEETS

HISTORY

ONE OF THE OLDEST SYNTHETIC MATERIAL, ACCIDENTALLY DISCOVERED ON TWO OCCASIONS.

THE POLYMER APPEARED AS A WHITE SOLID INSIDE FLASKA OF THE NEWLY DISCOVERED VINYL CHLORIDE GAS THAT HAD BEEN LEFT EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT.

DISCOVERED BY, FRENCH PHYSICIST, HENRI VICTOR REGNAULT (1838).

PROPERTIES

CHEMICALLY STABLE AMORPHOUS FIRE RESISTANT OIL/CHEMICAL RESISTANT RESISTANT TO OXIDATION HIGH MOULDABILITY HIGH PROCESSABILITY FLEXIBLE AND ELASTIC

APPLICATIONS

COLOURED PVC FILMS ARE USED FOR INTERIOS DECORATION

BLISTER PACKING VACCUM FORMING UPVC POLYMERS ARE USED IN MANUFACTURE OF

DOORS, WINDOW FRAMES ETC;

ADVANTAGES

HIGH CLARITY GOOD DIMENSIONAL

STABILITY EASILY DIE-CUT AVAILABLE IN CLEAR

AND MATTE MANY CUSTOM

PRODUCTION OPTIONS : COLOURS, FINISHES. ETC;

DISADVANTAGES

SENSITIVE TO UV LIMITED THERMAL

CAPABILITY TOXICITY OF PVC HIGHER DENSITY THAN

MANY PLASTICS ATTACKED BY SEVERAL

SOLVENT TYPES. THERMAL

DECOMPOSITION EVOLVES HCI

NAME : MONICA. R

CLASS : 6TH SEMESTER

USN : 1BQ12AT032

COLLEGE : B.ARCH, BMSSA.

CEMENT

A CEMENT IS A BINDER, A SUBSTANCE THAT SETS AND HARDENS AND CAN BIND OTHER MATERIALS TOGETHER.

THE WORD “CEMENT” TRACES TO THE ROMANS, WHO USED THE TERM OPUS CAEMENTICIUM TO DESCRIBE MASONRY RESEMBELING MODERN CONCRETE THAT WAS MADE FROM CRUSHED ROCK WITH BURNT LIME AS BINDER.

CEMENTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AS BEIN EITHER

o HYDRAULICo NON-HYDRAULIC.

ORIGIN

MESAPOTAMIA/EGYPT - ROMAN EMPIRE DEVELOPED THROUGH MIDDLE AGES UNTIL FINAL PATENTOF MODERN DAY PORTLAND CEMENT IN 1824 BY JOSEPH ASPDIN.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

SETTING TIME SOUNDNESS FINENESS STRENGTH

ASBESTOS

ASBESTOS IS A NATURALLY OCCURING MINERAL FOUND IN UNDERGROUND ROCK FORMATIONS.

FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES, IT IS RECOVERED BY MINING AND ROCK CRUSHING.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ASBESTOS

THERE ARE MAJORLY TWO DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF ASBESTOSi. CHRYSOTILE VARIETY : THIS ACCOUNTS FOR THE 95% OF

ASBESTOS FOUND IN BUILDINGS IN AMERICA. MOST COMMONLY USED, CAN BE SPUN AND WOVEN INTO FABRIC.

ii. AMPHIBOLE VARIETY

PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS

AN ASBESTOS SHEET IS A TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL THAT IS MADE FROM ASBESTOS CEMENT.

THE ASBESTOS MIXED INTO THE CEMENT PROVIDES DURABILITY, INSULATION AND FIREPROOFING.

MOST FORMS OF ASBESTOS ARE INERT. IT IS BOTH FIBROUS AND CRYSTALLINE,ELASTIC AND

BRITTLE. IT CAN BE SUB-DIVIDED INTO FINE FIBRES THAT ARE STRONG AND FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO BE SPUN INTO MATERIAL THAT IS FLAME RETARDENT. CHEMICALLY INERT AND ELECTRICAL INSULATOR

THEY DO NOT HAVE A DETECTIBLE ODOUR OR TASTE. THEY DO NOT MOVE THROUGH SOIL AND ARE INSOLUBLE

IN WATER. THEY ARE HIGLY TOXIC WHEN USED IN CEILINGS AND

TEXILE CONSTRUCTION WHEN COMPARED TO THAT IN FLOORING AND HVAC SYSTEMS.

THESE SHEETS HAVE BEEN USED IN INDIA FOR OVER 70 YEARS. BEING WEATHER PROOF AND CORROSION RESISTANT, THESE SHEETS ARE PRACTICALLY AGELESS AND MAINTENANCE FREE, WHEREAS METAL SHEETS CORRODE AND DETERIORATE WITH AGE AND EXPOSURE.

PROVEN TO BE THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE, EASY TO INSTALL, STRONG AND DURABLE ROOFING MATERIAL FOR WAREHOUSES, FACTORIES, LOW-COST HOUSING AND PRACTICALLY ANY STRUCTURE NEEDING A ROOF.

USES OF CEMENT

PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION PURPOSE BUILDING (FLOORS, BEAMS,

COLUMNS, ROOFING) TRANSPORT (ROADS, PATHWAYS,

CROSSINGS, BRIDGES) WATER (PIPES, DRAINS, CANALS) AGRICULTURE (IRRIGATION,

HOUSING).

TYPES OF CEMENT

THE BASIC RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS ARE LIMESTONE, SAND,SHALE, CLAY AND IRON ORE.

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC) PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT (PPC) RAPID HARDENING WHITE CEMENT SULPHATE RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENT PORTLAND BLAST FURNANCE SLAG CEMENT (PBFS)

CEMENT, ASBESTOS AND RUBBER

RUBBER

NATURAL RUBBER, ALSO CALLED INDIAN RUBBER AS INITIALLY PRODUCED, CONSISTS OF POLYMERS OF THE ORGANIC COMPOUND ISOPRENE, WITH MINOR IMPURITIES OF OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PLUS WATER.

SINCE THE ADVENT OF THE FIRST RUBBER LINING, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WORK CONTINUED AND TODAY’S RUBBER TECHNOLOGY TOOK A DIFFERENT SHAPE FROM ERASER TO TYRE TECHNOLOGY TO A MORE SOPHISTICATED HIGH TECHNOLOGY DISCIPLINE KNOWN AS ANTICORROSIVE RUBBER OR 2 RUBBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL.

REASONS FOR WIDE USE OF RUBBER AND ITS PROPERTIES

AMONG MANY REASONS WHY RUBBERS ARE WIDELY USED IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES, THREE ARE CONSIDERED AS IMPORTANT.

RUBBER OPERATES IN A VARIETY OF ENVIRONMENTS AND HAS USABLE RANGES OF DEFORMITY AND DURABILITY.

RUBBER IS EMINENTLY SUITABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FOR PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION IN THE CHEMICAL PLANT AND EQUIPMENT AGAINTS VARIOUS CHEMICALS WITH MINIMUM MAINTAINANCE.

RUBBER CAN READILY AND RAPIDLY, AT A RELATIVELY LOWER COST, BE CONVERTED INTO USABLE PRODUCTS, HAVING COMPLICATED SHAPES AND DIMENSIONS.

RUBBER IS ALSO USED FOR PROTECTION OF OTHER MATERIALS AGAINST FIRE, HEAT AND WEARING.

IT GIVES EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERILA, IN VIBRATION AND SHOCK DAMPENING, IN ELIMINATION OF STRUCTURAL NOISE AND IS THE ULTIMATE MATERIAL FOR SEALING SYSTEMS.

RUBBER DAMPENS RUBBER SEALS RUBBER PROTECTS CORROSION EFFECTS RUBBER GIVES THERMAL INSULATION RUBBER GIVES PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION RUBBER IS ABLATIVE RUBBER WEARS RUBBER BONDS WELL WITH METALS RUBBER IS IMPERMEABLE.

NAME : MONICA. R

CLASS : 6TH SEMESTER

USN : 1BQ12AT032

COLLEGE : B.ARCH, BMSSA.

FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP)

FRP ALSO KNOWN AS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER IS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL MADE OF A POLYMER MATRIX REINFORCED WITH FIBRE.

THE FIBRES- GLASS, CARBON OR BASALT. POLYMER- EPOXY, POLYESTER THERMOSETTING

PLASTIC, AND PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESINS.

OVER LAST 30 YEARS IT IS DOMINANT IN THE BUILDING MATERIALS.

PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ALTERNATIVE TO TIMBER, STEEL, ALUMINIUM, CONCRETE.

FRP CONSISTS OF A CORE MATERIAL THAT IS WOVEN WITH FIBREGLASS WIRE MESH,IMPREGNATED WITH WHITE POLYESTER RESIN AND THEN FUSED TOGETHER UNDER HEAT AND PRESSURE USING ACCELERATOR AND CATALYST ONTO A REQUIRED MOULD.

SURFACE QUALITY- COSMETIC APPEARANCE DIMENSIONAL STABILITY FABRICATION AND END USE TOLERANCE COMPATIBILTY WITH OTHER MATERIALS RESISTANCE TO ACIDS, ALKALIES AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS WATER ABSORPTION RESISTANCE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND WEATHERING

ADVANTAGES

SUPERIOR STRENGTH TO WEIGHT RATIO

DESIGN FLEXIBILITY ADVANCED FINISHES TEXTURED SURFACES ELECTRICALLY NON-

CONDUCTIVE DURABLE CORROSION RESISTANT.

DISADVANTAGES

TOXIC – WHEN IT BURNS, PRODUCES TOXIC FUMES.

MANUFACTURE- HARD COST- IT IS NOT COST

EFFECTIVE NON-BIODEGRADABLE- IT

IS NOT ECO-FRIENDLY SINCE IT IS A POLYMER.

FRP WALL CLADDING FRP PERGOLA GATE

FRP JALI WALL

CHAIR

CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS

A VARIETY OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS ARE USED IN MOST LARGE SCALE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AS WELL AS PROJECTS OF SPECIAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING, DEPENDING ON THEIR SPECIFIC NEEDS.

THESE MATERIALS INCLUDE:CONCRETE ADMIXTURE, SURFACE TREATMENT, WATERPROOFING, GROUT, FLOOR TOPPING, COATING, SEALER, FLOOR HARDENING.

WATERPROOFINGOBJECTS UNAFFECTED BY WATER OR RESISTING INGRESS OF WATER UNDER SPECIFIC CONDITION.IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, WATERPROOFING IS A FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF CREATING A BUILDING ENVELOPE WHICH IS A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT.

FELT PAPER OR TAR PAPER WITH

ASPHALT OR TAR

EPDM RUBBER LIQUID ROOFING

GROUTGROUT IS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL USED TO EMBED REBARS IN MASONRY WALLS CONNECT SECTIONS OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE FILL VOIDS SEAL JOINTSGROUT IS GENERALLY A MIXTURE OF WATER, CEMENT, SAND, OFTEN COLOURED TINT, AND SOMETIMES FINE GRAVEL. IT IS APPLIED AS A THICK EMULSION AND HARDENS OVER TIME, MUCH LIKE ITS CLOSE RELATIVE MORTAR.

TILING GROUT NON-SHRINK GROUT FLOORING GROUT

COATING

A COATING IS A COVERING THAT IS APPLIED TO SURFACE OF AN OBJECT, USUALLY REFERRED TO AS SUBSTRATE.THE PURPOSE OF APPLYINGTHE COATING MAYBE DECORATIVE, FUNCTIONAL OR BOTH. FUNCTIONAL COATINGS MAYBE APPLIED TO CHANGE THE SURFACE

PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE, SUCH AS ADHESION, WETABILITY, CORROSION RESISTANCE, OR WEAR RESISTANCE.

PAINTS AND LACQUERS ARE COATINGS THAT MOSTLY HAVE DUAL USES OF PROTECTING THE SUBSTRATE AND BEING DECORATIVE.

PAINTED WALL LACQUERED COATED WOODEN FLOOR

ADDITIVESA SUBSTANCE ADDED IN SMALL AMOUNTS TO SOMETHING ELSE TO IMPROVE, STRENGTHEN, OR OTHERWISE ALTER IT.

THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES : PAINT ADDITIVES FOOD ADDITIVES POLYMER ADDITIVES CHEMICAL ADDITIVES BIODEGRADABLE ADDITIVES AND MANY MORE.

ADDITIVES IN CONCRETE

CEMENT DYES – TO RENDER MIXES AND CONCRETE TO BE COLOURED OR TO PROVIDE A PLEASING APPEARANCE TO A NEW WORK.

ACCELERATORS – SPEED UP THE HYDRATION OF THE CONCRETE. RETARDERS – SLOW THE HYDRATION OF CONCRETE AND ARE USED IN LARGE OR

DIFFICULT POURS WHERE PARTIAL SETTING BEFORE THE POUR IS COMPLETE AND IS UNDESIRABLE.

MORTAR PLASTICIZER

CEMENT DYES ACCELERATORS RETARDERS MORTAR PLASTICIZER

ADHESIVE

SUBSTANCE USED TO JOIN TWO OR MORE PARTS SO AS TO FORM A SINGLE UNIT.GLUE IS THE GENERAL TERM USED TO INDICATE AN ADHESIVE SUBSTANCE.

ADVANTAGES

IT CAN BE USED FOR BONDING GLASS, METAL,WOOD AND PLASTICS

PREVENTS CORROSION BETWEEN DIFFERENT METALS

APPLICATION IS SPEEDY, ECONOMICAL AND EASY.

DISADVANTAGES

NOT POSSIBLE TO ADOPT ANY ADHESIVE TO ANY SURFACE

IT DOESN’T BECOME STRONG IMMEDIATELY AFTER ITS APPLICATION

IT DOES NOT REMAIN STABLE AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE.

TYPES OF ADHESIVES

ALBUMIN GLUES ANIMAL PROTEIN GLUES GLUES FROM NATURAL RESIN GLUES FROM SYNTHETIC RESIN (MELAMINE, PHENOLIC,UREA) VEGETABLE GLUES STARCH GLUES RUBBER GLUES NITROCELLULOSE GLUES SPECIAL GLUES

FRP, CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS, ADDITIVES AND ADHESIVES.