Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

MATERIALS IN

PRACTICE

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Office Hours: Friday, 16:30-17:30

akalemtas@mu.edu.tr, akalemtas@gmail.com

Phone: +90 – 252 211 19 17

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

OBJECTIVE

To provide a basic understanding of glass

materials.

To understand

processing,

properties,

characterisation and

design

of these materials.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

REFERENCES

Shackelford, James F., Doremus, Robert H. (Eds.),

Ceramic and Glass Materials Structure, Properties and

Processing, Springer, 2008.

Wolfram Holand, George H. Beall, Glass Ceramic

Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

Glass Science, R. H. Doremus, Wiley, 1994.

Adalbert Feltz, Amorphous Inorganic Materials and

Glasses, Wiley, 1993.

D. W. Richerson, "Modern Ceramic Engineering," Second

Edition, Marcel Dekker Inc., 1992.

W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen, and D.R. Uhlmann,

“Introduction To Ceramics”, John Wiley and Sons, 1976.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

ISSUES TO ADDRESS

What is glass?

Classification of glasses

Processing and properties of glasses

Typical applications of glasses

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

GLASSES

Ceramic Materials

GLASSES

…

…

…

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

What Do You Know About Glasses?

DEFINITION

What is glass?

PROPERTIES

What are the general properties

of glassses?

APPLICATIONS

What are the main application areas

of glassses?

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Well Known Glass Products

Heat resistant glass

lid Heat resistant glassware

(microwave safe)

Tempered Glass

Cutting Board

http://www.wolfard.com

Classic Wolfard Oil Lamp

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Well Known Glass Products

www.tripadvisor.com

Glass sink cabinets in the bathroom

www.aarticommercial.com/prod

ucts.php

Laminated Windscreen Glass

http://freshome.com http://www.ifjk.org

Tempered glass table

Heat resistant

glass door

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Well Known Glass Products

www.toxel.com Glass Bathtub

http://www.wickedreport.com Hirom Glass Violin is a product of Hario

Glass Co. Ltd., Japan. And also, The world’s first hand made glass violin.

www.whitersstreetglass.com.au Glass splashbacks

http://worlds-interior-design.blogspot.com Wall-to-wall glass windows

http://freshome.com Superdurable tempered glass

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Well Known Glass Products

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Consumption of Glass

Three largest consumers

Glass packaging, domestic commodities and construction industry

Glass Consumers

Glass package, 43 %

Sheet glass, 30 %

Housekeeping, 12 %

Electrotechnical needs, 10 %

Plant and cunduits, 5 %

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

GLASSES

Four of the major technological achievements in

glass which have had the most profound impact on

mankind.

Glass window – which enables sunlight to come into

dwelling unit

Lenses – opthamics for improved vision, microscope,

telescope optics

Light bulb envelope - lighting

Semiconducting glasses – for computer memory,

solar cell, photocopiers

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Advantages and Limitations of Glasses

Advantages

Inert

Does not corrode

Durable

Optical transparency

Many forming method

Many composition

Cheap

Disadvantages

Brittle

Breakable

Heavy

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

History of Glass

The word glass is derived from a late-Latin term

glaesum, used to refer to a lustrous a transparent material.

Another word often used to refer to glassy substances is

vitreous, originating from the Latin word vitrum.

Luster or shine and in particular its durability when

exposed to the elements of nature, were probably the

most significant properties of glass recognised by early

civilisations.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

The Beginnings of Glass Technology

The earliest written records of glass making are some famous

clay tablets, dating from around 650 BC, from the library of

Assur-bani-pal, but these are incompletely understood because

we have no dictionary to explain the technical terms.

Many centuries passed before written accounts of glass

making contained any useful insight besides recipes to be

followed by rote.

The earliest development in glass making of which we have a

reasonably documented description seems to be the invention

of glass of lead by Ravenscroft around 1673-1676.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

GLASSES

Glasses

Glass for domestic and industrial use

Architectural glass

Art glass

In 1960, glass production is

divided into three large groups

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

What is Glass?

Amorphous solids

No crystal structure

No long-range order

Resemble “frozen liquids”

No melting point,

a glass transition

temperature

Crystalline materials have a definite structure, whereas amorphous

ones do not, and therefore only rather general statements can be

made about a material which, when hot, is ductile but when cold is

brittle, and fractures if there is a sudden change of temperature.

A glass is a solid that possesses no long-range atomic order and which undergoes the glass transformation from

solid to supercooled liquid on heating.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

What is Glass?

Glass is a very

brittle material

Glass is a linear elastic and

isotropic material with no

plastic behavior at normal

temperatures, which can

explain its brittle fracture. It

follows Hooke’s law.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

AMORPHOUS versus CRYSTALLINE

• Glass has amorphous structure

• Crystalline materials have some periodic crystal structure that results in long term order

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Glass Properties

General properties of glasses

High hardness / brittle

Low density compared to high strength

Low thermal expansion coefficient

Low heat / electrical conductivity

High melting point

Good chemical resistance / chemically inert

Wide range of optical transmission

Transparent

Translucent

Opaque

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Glass from Nature

magma fulgurite

obsidian

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

History of Glass

- 100 000: Obsidian

- 5000: Discovery ‘by chance’ of the glass melting

(Persia – Mesopotamy)

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

History of Glass

-4000: Jewel in molted glass

-(Phoenicia)

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

History of Glass

-1500: Vases and vessels

(Egypt)

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

History of Glass

- 200: Glass blown with a pipe

(Syria)

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

History of Glass

-100: “1st glazing”: Casted glass on table (Rome)

76: Pompei

From 2nd to 12th : regression of the glass

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

History of Glass

Crown method (6th century)

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

History of Glass

Cylinder method (12th century)

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Processing of Glass

Starting ceramic powders

Batching and mixing of raw

materials

Batch melting Fining

Homogenisation

Final product

Glass is prepared by

cooling from a liquid

state without

crystallization

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

ORDINARY GLASS FABRICATION

SAND SODA LIME OTHER GLASS

Percentage of Ingredients in Glass

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Composition of Some Typical Glasses

Typical composition (wt %) of some of the common

commercial glasses

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Types of Glasses

The main types of glass are:

Commercial glass also known as soda-lime-

silicate glass

Lead glass

Borosilicate glass

Glass fibre

Special glasses

Layered glass

Tempered glass

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Float Glass

Annealed glass

Annealed (“ordinary”) glass is the end product of the float glass process.

It is carefully cooled through the range of temperatures where the glass

solidifies so that no residual stresses develop.

Float glass is made using a bath of molten tin, where molten glass is floated

along the surface. The perfectly flat surface of the tin is transferred to the

glass.

Advantages

Low cost Disadvantages

Breaks in sharp pieces

Not as strong as tempered

glass

Size limitations

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Float Glass Fabrication

Float bath

Molten tin

Lehr Furnace

Sand, soda ash,

limestone, salt-cake,

dolomite are melted

at 1600°C

Poured into a bath of

molten tin at 1100°C

Controlled atmosphere

Glass settles and is

pulled out at 600°C

and annealed

Washed, cut &

stored

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Float Glass

Float Glass Used For Mirrors In Building

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

LEAD GLASSES

LEAD GLASSES are used for

high refractive index,

easier working and

greater density

for lamp envelopes, seals, optical glass

CRYSTAL GLASS for art and tableware

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

LEAD GLASSES

Leaded Stained Glass Windows

This type of glass has been mixed with lead-rich

materials while molten; lead replaces the calcium

content of a typical glass. Lead glass has a long

history. The earliest known example with lead oxide

additives is a blue glass fragment from Nippur

dated to 1400 BC. Leaded stained glass was first

used in medieval Europe as a base for colored

glass. This glass was used in mosaic tiles,

enamels, stained glass painting, and to imitate

precious stones. Lead oxide was used to create

enamel for vessels and windows because of its

lower working temperature. By the 17th century

George Ravenscroft produced the first clear lead

glass on a large sale. Taking advantage of his

merchant class status, Ravenscroft was able to

revolutionize the glass trade and shifted England

into the leader as a leaded glass innovator.

Scotland, especially Glasgow, became the world

center for creating leaded glass windows and

glassware. Lead glass in your home’s windows will

not cause lead poisoning. However, it is still not

safe to lick, chew, or eat your leaded glass

windows. As long as you adhere to those rules, you

will not risk lead poisoning.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

BOROSILICATE GLASSES

BOROSILICATE GLASSES

lower thermal expansion

better thermal shock resistance,

improved chemical durability,

for such applications as automobile head-lamps,

cooking wares and laboratory apparatus

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

BOROSILICATE GLASSES

Borosilicates – headlights

on cars and Pyrex

(heat resistant glass)

Borosilicate pyrex type

colored tubing for

glassblowing

Pressure resistant circular panes for

sight glasses made of thermally

toughened borosilicate glass, which are

designed to withstand a continuous one-

sided fluid pressure at temperature up to

280°C Borosilicate glass erlenmeyer flasks

Pyrex labware is made of borosilicate glass

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

History of the glass

• Laminated glass: 1909

• Tempered glass: 1929 (automotive)

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Laminated Glass

2 sheets of glass are bonded with a thin film of plastic such as polyvinyl

butyrate under pressure at a temperature of about 100°C

The sandwiched plastic bonds well to the 2 glass surfaces and helps absorb

energy in impacts, stops glass shattering and disintegrating if

stressed to failure so that it often remains secure and weatherproof.

This provides a high degree of resistance to injury from flying glass in

case of impact.

Laminated glass is a kind of safety

glass which is combined from one

or more layers of PVB through

heating and pressing processes

by autoclave.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Laminated Glass

Safety Laminated glass absorbs energy of the impact

• Ordinary window glass is brittle and breaks into long sharp pieces

Will not shatter

Holds up against

• hurricanes

• cyclones

• earthquakes

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Laminated Glass

bullet proof

burglar-proof

showcase

counter

aquarium

skylight

long corridor

sidelite, etc.

Laminated glass is widely used for

http://www.livingetc.com Glass staircase www.aarticommercial.com

Laminated Windscreen Glass

If the laminated glass is made from “ordinary” float glass, it is still workable (cutting and drilling is possible) and the PVB helps the fractured glass to stay put inside the construction.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Laminated Glass

BULLETPROOF GLASS

Bulletproof glass is made of laminated glasses and films which have special shielding capability towards bullets.

The different levels of bullet proof glasses are able to shield the bullets from penetration and prevent the broken parts from injuring people. They are widely applied in

bank,

counters of jewelry and gold shops,

cash trucks and

other regions requiring special safety prevention.

www.bmw-security-vehicles.com

22-millimetre glass/plastic laminate with a

polycarbonate coating on the inside to

prevent flying splinters. The 22-millimetre

glass protects against:

• Blunt instruments

.44 Magnum with full-jacket flat-nose bullets

.357 Magnum with coned bullets

9-millimetre Luger with round-nose bullets

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Tempered Glass

Crazed fracture pattern on

left in tempered glass on an

elevator wall. Fracture origin

is shown above.

Tempered glass also know as

toughened glass is made by quickly

cooling the annealed glass when it

is heated near compression is

formed over the glass surface

whiletensile formed inside the glass

plate.

Tempered glass is made by heating

annealed glass to approximately

700C then cooling the outer surfaces

rapidly. This process makes the glass

very strong and shock resistant thus

more durable.

Shatter pattern of tempered glass

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Tempered Glass

Usage Range of Tempered Glass:

Construction curtain wall

Glass doors & windows

Support bar of staircases & escalators

Different types of the glass artdecorations

Location of near the intense heatthe impact severed by the hotcold.

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

General Characteristics of Glasses

Short range atomic order but

no long-range order

Structure is isotropic, so the properties are uniform in all

directions

Typically good electrical and

thermal insulators

Soften before melting, so they can be formed

easily by various forming

techniques

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Thanks for your kind

attention

THE END

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Any

Questions