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Materials Issues in CO2 PipelineCarbon Dioxide Transport
Materials Issues in CO2 Pipeline Transportation for CCSpInfrastructure for the UK
Dr Julia Race
Research Activities
Dr Julia RaceSchool of Marine Science and Technology
Newcastle University UKat the
Newcastle University
Newcastle University, UK
Newcastle UniversityIPA and UKCCSC CCS Conference1st-2nd September 2011
Dr Julia Race1
Presentation to Sustainable Energy UK13th - 14th May 2008
Pipeline Material Requirementsp q
STRENGTH TOUGHNESS
CORROSIONCORROSIONSCC
WELDABILITY
Dr Julia Race2
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Materials for Next Generation CO2T t S t (MATTRAN)Transport Systems (MATTRAN)
WP1: CO2 Stream Specification
WP4: Internal Corrosion & Degradation Investigation
Specification
WP5: Internal Stress Corrosion Cracking
In estigation
WP3: Pipeline Specification
Investigation
WP2: Phase & Dew Point Determination
Investigation
WP6: Fracture C t lControl
WP7: Synthesis & Dissemination
3Dr Julia Race3
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Overview of Presentation
S ttiCarbon Dioxide Transport
• Scene setting• Effect of impurities p
Infrastructure for the UKEffect of impurities
• Mitigation of corrosion and
Research ActivitiescrackingF t t l
at the Newcastle University
• Fracture control• ConclusionsNewcastle UniversityConclusions• The research environment
Dr Julia Race4
Presentation to Schlumberger15th December 2008
Effect of Impuritiesp
Impurities in the CO2 stream from the captureImpurities in the CO2 stream from the capture process can:• Change the phase diagram and the location of the criticalChange the phase diagram and the location of the critical
point• Affect the solubility of water in the fluid• Affect the hydraulic characteristics (density,
compressibility) of the fluid• Affect the corrosion rate in a wet CO2 environment• Affect the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking
ff f• Affect the decompression characteristics following a pipeline failure
Dr Julia Race5
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Overview of Presentation
S ttiCarbon Dioxide Transport
• Scene setting• Effect of impurities p
Infrastructure for the UKEffect of impurities
• Mitigation of corrosion and
Research ActivitiescrackingF t t l
at the Newcastle University
• Fracture control• ConclusionsNewcastle UniversityConclusions• The research environment
Dr Julia Race6
Presentation to Schlumberger15th December 2008
Sweet Corrosion - Mechanism
1 CO2 gas dissolves in water:
The process can be described as follows:
1. CO2 gas dissolves in water:CO2(g) = CO2(aq)
2 Production of carbonic acid:2. Production of carbonic acid:
CCO2(aq) + H2O → H2 CO3
3. Carbonic acid reacts with steel:
Fe + H2 CO3 →FeCO3 + H2O 4. Carbonate film can form protective or semi-protective
scale on surface
Dr Julia Race7
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Corrosion Prevention Optionsp
• Use more corrosion resistant materials• Dry the product stream
– Effect of impuritiesEffect of impurities– Solubility of water in CO2
in liquid and supercritical phase decreases withphase decreases with increasing CH4 content
– No data available for i t f CO /N dmixtures of CO2/N2 and
CO2/H2S• Use an inhibitor
– Limited work indicates that MEG and film-forming inhibitors may be effectiveinhibitors may be effective
Dr Julia Race8
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
The MATTRAN ApproachObjective: To extend the experimental database for CO2 streams for a
f t i l d t i ti t th l f i hibit i t lli
SC3 Corrosion Rig
range of materials and to investigate the role of inhibitors in controlling corrosion during plant upset conditions
SC Corrosion RigDesign and build a corrosion rig capable of conducting corrosion exposure tests in supercritical CO2
WP4: InternalCorrosion & Degradation
Corrosion TestingConduct tests on a range of materials and test specimen geometries in binaryDegradation
Elastomer Degradation
and test specimen geometries in binary and ternary CO2 mixtures
gConduct exposure tests on relevant elastomers to determine suitability for supercritical CO2 service
Dr Julia Race9
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Susceptibility to Stress Crackingp y g
If water is presentIf water is present....Sour Corrosion• Occurs in oil and gas pipelines at• Occurs in oil and gas pipelines at
levels of H2S >0.0035 bar• Attack by hydrogen cracking y y g g
mechanisms• Times to failure of days or hoursCO2-CO Cracking• Identified as a potential mechanism in
pipelines carrying gas derived frompipelines carrying gas derived from coke and naptha
• Occurs at low levels of CO
Dr Julia Race10
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
The MATTRAN ApproachObjective: To confirm whether environmental cracking is a threat to i li d t i l i CCS i & th li iti diti
Slow Strain Rate Rig
pipeline and compressor materials in CCS service & the limiting conditions to prevent cracking.
Slow Strain Rate RigConduct initial testing in control environments on relevant test materials
WP5: InternalStress Corrosion Cracking
Stress Corrosion Cracking TestingConduct SCC tests on a range of materials in binary and ternary COCracking
Determination of Limiting Conditions
materials in binary and ternary CO2mixtures
gOnce cracking has been established determining limiting specification and operating conditions to prevent cracking
Dr Julia Race11
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Overview of Presentation
S ttiCarbon Dioxide Transport
• Scene setting• Effect of impurities p
Infrastructure for the UKEffect of impurities
• Mitigation of corrosion and
Research ActivitiescrackingF t t l
at the Newcastle University
• Fracture control• ConclusionsNewcastle UniversityConclusions• The research environment
Dr Julia Race12
Presentation to Schlumberger15th December 2008
Propagating Fracturesp g g
Propagating brittle fracture• Risk of long running brittle fracture due to cooling effects
around leaksPropagating ductile fracture
I i d til f t h t d t 300 i• In-service ductile fractures have propagated up to 300m in natural gas pipelines
• Need to understand the nature the decompression processNeed to understand the nature the decompression process & fracture velocity
• Decompression dependent on gas composition
Dr Julia Race13
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Low-Temperature Induced (Brittle) FractureFracture
Need to model or determine:Need to model or determine:• temperature profile near the puncture• crack tip stress under different loadings• material toughness as a function of temperature
Dr Julia Race14
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
The MATTRAN ApproachObjective: To develop and experimentally validate a model to determine if
d d h t diti th h ll d f t i CO i li ill t t
CFD Outflow Model
and under what conditions a through wall defect in a CO2 pipeline will start to grow and transform into a running brittle fracture
WP6 1 L
CFD Outflow ModelProvides pressure, temperature and other required information for fracture model
WP6.1: Low Temperature Induced Fracture
3D Heat Transfer Calculates pipe wall temperature at and
Propagation
Crack Tip Fracture Model
near the crack tip.
Crack Tip Fracture ModelCalculate the stress intensity factor at crack tip under different loadings
Dr Julia Race15
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Fracture Toughness Testingg g
• Compact tension type• Compact tension type specimens with actual pipe thickness at variouspipe thickness at various temperature are tested to give ductile brittlegive ductile brittle transition curveD fi d difi d• Defined a new modified compact tension specimen t i lid lt fto give valid results for actual pipe sizes
Dr Julia Race16
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
The MATTRAN ApproachObjective: To develop and experimentally validate a model to determine if
d d h t diti th h ll d f t i CO i li ill t t
M t i l Ch t i ti
and under what conditions a through wall defect in a CO2 pipeline will start to grow and transform into a running brittle fracture
WP6 1 L
Material CharacterisationConduct tensile tests and chemical analysis on test materials
WP6.1: Low Temperature Induced Fracture
Conduct Standard CT TestsCalculate fracture toughness testing
Propagation
Conduct Modified CT Tests
using standard test methods
Conduct Modified CT TestsCalculate fracture toughness testing using modified test methods
Dr Julia Race17
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Ductile (Shear) Fracture
Ductile (shear) fracture is driven by:• Transfer of energy from gas to crack tip causing
bulging behind the crack
Ductile (shear) fracture is driven by:
bulging behind the crack• Cracks can propagate indefinitely even though they
travel at speeds below the decompression speedtravel at speeds below the decompression speed because of nature of the decompression process
• If fracture velocity &• If fracture velocity &pressure wave velocity are equal pressure atare equal, pressure at crack tip will remainconstantconstant
Dr Julia Race18
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
The MATTRAN ApproachObjective: To develop and experimentally validate a model to determine if
d d h t diti th h ll d f t i CO i li ill t t
f C
and under what conditions a through wall defect in a CO2 pipeline will start to grow and transform into a running ductile fracture
WP6 2
Determination of Decompression CurveUsing relevant EOS determined in previous work packages
WP6.2: Prediction of Ductile Fracture
Verify Fracture CurveValidate the fracture velocity curve for
Arrest
Determination of Toughness
use with CO2
Determination of Toughness RequirementsUsing look up tables or relevant equation for specified pipe geometries
Dr Julia Race19
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Overview of Presentation
S ttiCarbon Dioxide Transport
• Scene setting• Effect of impurities p
Infrastructure for the UKEffect of impurities
• Mitigation of corrosion and
Research ActivitiescrackingF t t l
at the Newcastle University
• Fracture control• ConclusionsNewcastle UniversityConclusions• The research environment
Dr Julia Race20
Presentation to Schlumberger15th December 2008
Conclusions
• A wealth of experience exists in metallurgy of• A wealth of experience exists in metallurgy of pipeline materialsM d l d h d i il d• Models and approaches used in oil and gas pipeline engineering should be adaptable to CO2t t titransportation
• We need to validate these processes for CO2with impurities to ensure safe, cost effective and reliable pipeline transportation
Dr Julia Race21
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
The Research Environment• DNV JIP (PIPETRANS) – Recommended practise for the
d i t ti d i t f CO i lidesign, construction and maintenance of CO2 pipelines• COOLTRANS (National Grid) – Pipeline design requirements,
risk assessment, environmental impact and safe operation of d h CO i lidense phase CO2 pipelines
• CO2 VIP JIP (SPT) – Improvement in hydraulic modelling software including transient and steady state experimentsg y
• SARCO2A and B – Requirements for Safe and Reliable CO2Transportation Pipeline - collaborative European industry projectp j
• IFE Norway – Research on anthropogenic CO2 corrosion with focus on the effect of impurities
• TWI MASCO2T – Materials assessment for supercritical CO2TWI MASCO2T Materials assessment for supercritical CO2 transport
• FP7 Energy Call - Topic ENERGY.2012.5.2.2: Impact of the quality of CO2 on transport and storagequality of CO2 on transport and storage
Dr Julia Race22
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
For more information….
Publications• Drage, T., Ke, J., Sanchez Vicente, Y., Graham, R.,
George, M. and Poliakoff, M., “Measuring the Properties of CO2 Mixtures for CCS”, The Second International Forum on the Transportation of CO2 by Pipeline, 22-23rd
June 2011 Newcastle upon Tyne UKJune 2011, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK• Chahardehi, A., “Structural Integrity of CO2 Pipelines – A
Review” The Second International Forum on theReview , The Second International Forum on the Transportation of CO2 by Pipeline, 22-23rd June 2011, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UKp y ,
Website: http://research.ncl.ac.uk/mattran/
Dr Julia Race23
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Acknowledgmentsg
MATTRAN WP Leaders:• WP1: Prof Jon Gibbins – University of Edinburgh• WP2: Dr Trevor Drage – University of Nottingham
WP3 P f M i D i N l U i i• WP3: Prof Martin Downie – Newcastle University• WP4: Prof John Oakey – Cranfield University• WP5: Dr Alasdair Charles Newcastle University• WP5: Dr Alasdair Charles – Newcastle University• WP6: Prof Haroun Mahgerefteh – UCL• WP7: Dr Julia Race – Newcastle Universityy
Research funders:• E.ON and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research
Council
Dr Julia Race24
IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011
Dr Julia Race25
Presentation to Sustainable Energy UK13th - 14th May 2008