materials processing types of manufacturing …drgregsmaterialsweb.com/materials processing s2010...

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Materials processing Metal parts undergo sequence of processes Primary alter the (“raw”) material’s basic shape or form. Sand casting Rolling Forging Sheet metalworking Secondary add or remove geometric features from the basic forms Machining of a brake drum casting (flat surfaces) Drilling/punching of refrigerator housings (sheet metal) Trimming of injection molded part flash Tertiary surface treatments Polishing Painting Heattreating Joining Making a “thingo” Solid Plastic deformation Cold Hot Removal of material Sold state diffusion processes Liquid Casting Types of manufacturing processes Extrusion Forging Rolling Bar drawing Wire drawing Deformation Centrifugal Die casting Investment Permanent mold Sand casting Casting Bending Blanking Drawing Punching Shearing Spinning Sheet Metal Blow molding Casting Compression molding Extrusion Injection Molding Thermoforming Transfer molding Polymer Processes Boring Drilling Facing Grinding Milling Planing Turning Sawing ECM, EDM Machining Anodizing Honing Painting Plating Polishing Finishing Automated Bonding Brazing Manual Riveting Soldering Welding Assembly Manufacturing Processes How is the input material changed?

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Page 1: Materials processing Types of manufacturing …drgregsmaterialsweb.com/Materials processing s2010 hout.pdfDrilling/punching of refrigerator housings (sheet metal) Trimming of injection

Materials processing Metal parts undergo sequence of processes Primary ‐ alter the (“raw”) material’s basic shape or form.   

Sand casting Rolling Forging Sheet metalworking  

Secondary ‐ add or remove geometric features from the basic forms   

Machining of a brake drum casting (flat surfaces) Drilling/punching of refrigerator housings (sheet metal) Trimming of injection molded part flash   

 Tertiary ‐ surface treatments  Polishing Painting Heat‐treating Joining 

Making a “thingo” Solid 

Plastic deformation Cold Hot 

Removal of material Sold state diffusion processes 

Liquid Casting  

Types of manufacturing processes

ExtrusionForgingRollingBar drawingWire drawing

Deformation

CentrifugalDie castingInvestmentPermanent moldSand casting

Casting

BendingBlankingDrawingPunchingShearingSpinning

SheetMetal

Blow moldingCastingCompression moldingExtrusionInjection MoldingThermoformingTransfer molding

PolymerProcesses

BoringDrillingFacingGrindingMillingPlaningTurningSawingECM, EDM

Machining

AnodizingHoningPaintingPlatingPolishing

Finishing

AutomatedBondingBrazingManualRivetingSolderingWelding

Assembly

ManufacturingProcesses

How is the input material changed?

  

Page 2: Materials processing Types of manufacturing …drgregsmaterialsweb.com/Materials processing s2010 hout.pdfDrilling/punching of refrigerator housings (sheet metal) Trimming of injection

Making a “thingo” Solid 

Plastic deformation Metals Ceramics Polymers?? 

What properties allows us to do this?  

Structural Metals‐Properties Hardness Brittleness Malleable 

A metal that can be hammered, rolled or pressed into various shapes without cracking or breaking 

Ductility Property of metal that allows it to be permanently drawn, bent, or twisted into various shapes without breaking 

Elasticity Toughness “plastic clays” Binders added to ceramics powders  Structural Metals‐Selection Factors Strength 

5 factors effecting strength are tension, compression, shear, bending & torsion 

Types of manufacturing processes 

  

Page 3: Materials processing Types of manufacturing …drgregsmaterialsweb.com/Materials processing s2010 hout.pdfDrilling/punching of refrigerator housings (sheet metal) Trimming of injection

 FPDREDFSRREDFFMSm S CIna

wGGSO

 

FABRICATION MPart / Mfg. ProceDeformation proRolling Extrusion Drawing Forging Solid – Plastic deRolling (of ductileRolling Extrusion Drawing Forging (closed‐dFORMING TEMPMETAL FABRICATSintering –  metals/ceramics 

Solidification 

Crystals and grain our case of soand meet each o

The resulwe call these “cryGrain Growth Grains Solidification: LetOne of the most 

spontaneexisting p

METHODS‐solidess Consideratioocesses 

eformation e materials) 

die) ERATURE TION METHODS‐

ns lidifying materiaother t is no pretty cryystals” grains 

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eous formation ophase  

ns  

‐Liquid 

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tal Clear!  e changes of a new phase w

l crystals grow 

within a pre‐

 

 

Page 4: Materials processing Types of manufacturing …drgregsmaterialsweb.com/Materials processing s2010 hout.pdfDrilling/punching of refrigerator housings (sheet metal) Trimming of injection

In

PBpcN

HN

 N∆DHT

W

E

nvolves nucleatiosubseque

Phase transformBegin with the apphase (NUCLEATchange is compleNote: 

new solidnew solid

Homogenous NuNucleation occur

replacemdecrease existencein an incr

Nucleation and G∆T? Degree of supercHomogeneous NTwo examples of

are know

Cu with homoge

Ni supersmall unand sma

Why only these celastic e

Everything else: 

on ‐ initiation of tent growth of nuations ppearance of veTION) which thenete 

d phase from an d phase from an ucleation rring in a perfect

ment of one phasin free energy

e of a surface betrease in energy

Growth 

cooling (undercoucleation: examf homogeneous wn. 

1‐3% Co can beeneously. 

ralloys will precindercoolings becall interfacial enecases?  Small intenergy differenceheterogeneous!

the formation ofucleus into crysta

ery small particlen GROW until th

existing liquid pexisting solid ph

tly homogenousse by another re

tween the two p

ooling) mples nucleation in th

 heat treated to

pitate Ni3Al homcause of the smaergy.  terfacial energy, e.  

f a solid als 

es of the new he phase 

phase hase 

s material sulting in a 

phases results 

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 precipitate Co 

mogeneously at all lattice misfit 

and small 

 

   

Page 5: Materials processing Types of manufacturing …drgregsmaterialsweb.com/Materials processing s2010 hout.pdfDrilling/punching of refrigerator housings (sheet metal) Trimming of injection

Heterogeneous Nucleation In practice, homogenous liquids rarely exist nuclei formed at a foreign surface 

container wall, particles, structural imperfections can show r*hetero = r*homo sinδ 

where δ is a function of the contact angle Practical consequences of solidification From this graph we can see: 

low T solidification will lead to small grain growth higher T to large grains 

Solid State Heterogeneous Nucleation Heterogeneous nucleation must occur on some substrate:     grain boundaries     triple junctions     dislocations     (existing) second phase particles Consider a grain boundary: why is it effective?  Answer: by forming on a grain boundary, an embryo can offset its “cost” in interfacial energy by eliminating some grain boundary area. Columnar growth Consequences Large ingots (which will cool slowly) require additives to induce heterogeneous nucleation if fine grain size is desired Other problems also encountered 

first part of ingot to solidify is? the next? and remember, on solidification most liquids shrink (can you think of an exception?) 

  

   

T1

T2

Rate

Tem

p

Growth Rate, G

Nucln Rate, N

Page 6: Materials processing Types of manufacturing …drgregsmaterialsweb.com/Materials processing s2010 hout.pdfDrilling/punching of refrigerator housings (sheet metal) Trimming of injection

HKb

Nhabcd CSDInSDInMCDP

M

How do we avoidKeep the top of tbefore the rest o

often by aexothermdie castin

New grains in thehardened brass a) deformed strub) new grains nuc) more grains nud) complete recr

Casting ProcesseSand casting Die casting nvestment castiSand casting (cloDie casting/Injecnvestment castiMachining Composites Depend on the mParticles and sho

Many of tinChDi 

Much technologyPultrusio

d this? the ingot hot, soof the casting adding compounmally ng e solid state ‐ re

ucture (note the cleating along sucleated ystallisation 

es 

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ng fibres 

es not solidify 

pose 

f strain 

at, r moulding 

Die casting/

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Investmen

Wax patteris cast

Wax removby meltin

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Parting line

Plunger

Sprue

Stationary die

Moltenmetal

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Molten metal solidifies in cast

Ceramrem

Ceram(harden4-part pattern tree

ingMoving

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Ejector pins

 

 

wax

mic mold is moved

mic moldned slurry)

 

Page 7: Materials processing Types of manufacturing …drgregsmaterialsweb.com/Materials processing s2010 hout.pdfDrilling/punching of refrigerator housings (sheet metal) Trimming of injection

Filament winding Hand lay up 

Vacuum bag  SUMMARY –  

• Consider the properties of the material • Can it be plastically deformed? • If not can we make it so? 

• Ceramics for example • Do we need to heat it up? 

• Consider the required  properties of the “thingo” • Do we need to post‐heat treat to remove 

properties we have introduced in forming? • Can we use cold working to produce a stronger 

“thingo”? • Cold drawn copper pipe 

• Does it need post‐mechanical treatment? • Remove parting lines • Surface treatment • Machining