materials science and engineering handbook
TRANSCRIPT
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Shackelford, James F. et al Frontmatter Materials Science andEngineeringHandbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
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CRC
MATERIALS SCIENCEAND
ENGINEERINGHANDBOOKTHIRD EDITION
2001 CRC Press LLC
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Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.CRC Press
James F. ShackelfordProfessor of Materials Science and EngineeringDivision of Materials Science and EngineeringandAssociate Dean of the College of EngineeringUniversity of California, Davis
William AlexanderResearch EngineerDivision of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, Davis
CRC
MATERIALS SCIENCEAND
ENGINEERINGHANDBOOKTHIRD EDITION
2001 CRC Press LLC
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This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted withpermission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publishreliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materialsor for the consequences of their use.
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2001 by CRC Press LLC
No claim to original U.S. Government worksInternational Standard Book Number 0-8493-2696-6
Library of Congress Card Number 00-048567Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
CRC materials science and engineering handbook / [edited by] James F. Shackelford,William Alexander.3rd ed.
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-8493-2696-6 (alk. paper)1. MaterialsHandooks, manuals, etc. I. Shackelford, James F. II. Alexander,
William, 1950 Feb. 13-
TA403.4 .C74 2000620.1
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dc21 00-048567
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Structure of Materials
Electronic Structure of Selected Elements
Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements
Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials
Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials
Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials
Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials
Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals
Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements
Bond Length Values Between Elements
Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths ()
Carbon Bond Lengths
Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers
Bond Angle Values Between Elements
Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements
The Seven Crystal Systems
The Fourteen Bravais Lattices
Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements
Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements
Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements
Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements
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Structure of Ceramics
Atomic Mass of Selected Elements
Solid Density of Selected Elements
Density of Iron and Iron Alloys
Density of Wrought Stainless Steels
Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys
Density of Aluminum Alloys
Density of Copper and Copper Alloys
Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Density of Lead and Lead Alloys
Density of Tin and Tin Alloys
Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys
Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys
Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys
Density of Permanent Magnet Materials
Density of Precious Metals
Density of Superalloys
Density of Selected Ceramics
Density of Glasses
Specific Gravity of Polymers
Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites
Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals
Density of Si3N4 Composites
CHAPTER 2 Composition of Materials
Composition Limits of Tool Steels
Composition Limits of Gray Cast Irons
Composition Limits of Ductile Irons
Composition Ranges for Malleable Irons
Composition Ranges for Carbon Steels
Composition Ranges for Resulfurized Carbon Steels
Composition Ranges for Alloy Steels
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Composition of Stainless Steels
Composition of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys
Composition Ranges for Cast Aluminum Alloys
Composition Ranges for Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Composition of Tin and Tin Alloys
Compositions of ACI Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys
Composition of Zinc Die Casting Alloys
Compositions of Wrought Superalloys
Typical Composition of Glass-Ceramics
CHAPTER 3 Phase Diagram Sources
Phase Diagram Sources
CHAPTER 4 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data
Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules
Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules
Solubility of Copper and Copper Alloys
Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides
Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties for The Elements
Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties of Oxides
Melting Points of the Elements
Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Melting Points Of Ceramics
Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Heats of Sublimation of Metals and Their Oxides
Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients
Thermodynamic Coefficients for Selected Elements
Thermodynamic Coefficients for Oxides
Entropy of the Elements
Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Very Low Pressures
Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Moderate Pressures
Vapor Pressure of the Elements at High Pressures
Vapor Pressure of Elements and Inorganic Compounds
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Values of The Error Function
Diffusion in Metallic Systems
Diffusion of Metals into Metals
Diffusion in Semiconductors
CHAPTER 5 Thermal Properties of Materials
Specific Heat of the Elements at 25 C
Heat Capacity of Ceramics
Specific Heat of Polymers
Specific Heat of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 1)
Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 2)
Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 3)
Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 4)
Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons
Thermal Conductivity of Iron and Iron Alloys
Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum and aluminum alloys
Thermal Conductivity of Copper and Copper Alloys
Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
Thermal Conductivity of Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Thermal Conductivity of Lead and Lead Alloys
Thermal Conductivity of Tin, Titanium, Zinc and their Alloys
Thermal Conductivity of Pure Metals
Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics
Thermal Conductivity of Glasses
Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Insulation
Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Supports
Thermal Conductivity of Special Concretes
Thermal Conductivity of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics
Thermal Conductivity of Polymers
Thermal Conductivity of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
Thermal Expansion of Wrought Stainless Steels
Thermal Expansion of Wrought Titanium Alloys
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Thermal Expansion of Graphite Magnesium Castings
Linear Thermal Expansion of Metals and Alloys
Thermal Expansion of Ceramics
Thermal Expansion of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics
Thermal Expansion of Glasses
Thermal Expansion of Polymers
Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Materials for Integrated Circuits
Thermal Expansion of Silicon Carbide SCS2Al
ASTM B 601 Temper Designation Codes for Copper and Copper Alloys
Temper Designation System for Aluminum Alloys
Tool Steel Softening After 100 Hours
Thermoplastic Polyester Softening with Temperature
Heat-Deflection Temperature of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics
CHAPTER 6 Mechanical Properties of Materials
Tensile Strength of Tool Steels
Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons
Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars
Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons
Tensile Strength of Malleable Iron Castings
Tensile Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Tensile Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels
Tensile Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels
Tensile Strength of HighNitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels
Tensile Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels
Tensile Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
Tensile Strength of Aluminum Casting Alloys
Tensile Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Tensile Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys
Tensile Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys
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Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature
Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature
Tensile Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys
Tensile Strength of Ceramics
Tensile Strength of Glass
Tensile Strength of Polymers
Tensile Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
Tensile Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics
Strength of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals
Tensile Strength of Graphite/Magnesium Castings
Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites
Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites
Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide SCS2Al
Ultimate Tensile Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCSAl
Ultimate Tensile Strength of Silicon CarbideAluminum Alloy Composites
Tensile Strength of SiC-WhiskerReinforced Aluminum Alloy
Ultimate Tensile Strength of Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with SiC Whiskers vs. Temperature
Ultimate Tensile Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature
Tensile Strength of PolycrystallineAluminaReinforced Aluminum Alloy
Tensile Strength of Boron/Aluminum Composites
Compressive Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars
Compressive Strength of Ceramics
Compressive Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic
Ultimate Compressive Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCSAl
Yield Strength of Tool Steels
Yield Strength of Ductile Irons
Yield Strength of Malleable Iron Castings
Yield Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels
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Yield Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels
Yield Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels
Yield Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels
Yield Strength of HighNitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels
Yield Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
Yield Strength of Cast Aluminum Alloys
Yield Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature
Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature
Yield Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys
Yield Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys
Yield Strength of Commercially Pure Tin
Yield Strength of Polymers
Yield Strength of SiC-WhiskerReinforced Aluminum Alloy
Yield Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature
Yield Strength of PolycrystallineAluminaReinforced Aluminum Alloy
Compressive Yield Strength of Polymers
Flexural Strength of Polymers
Flextural Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
Shear Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Torsion Shear Strength of Gray Cast Fe
Hardness of Gray Cast Irons
Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars
Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings
Hardness of Ductile Irons
Hardness of Tool Steels
Hardness of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Hardness of Ferritic Stainless Steels
Hardness of Martensitic Stainless Steels
Hardness of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels
Machinability Rating of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Hardness of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature
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Hardness of Ceramics
Microhardness of Glass
Hardness of Polymers
Hardness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites
Coefficient of Static Friction for Polymers
Abrasion Resistance of Polymers
Fatigue Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Reversed Bending Fatigue Limit of Gray Cast Iron Bars
Impact Energy of Tool Steels
Impact Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature
Impact Strength of Polymers
Impact Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
Impact Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics
Fracture Toughness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites
Tensile Modulus of Gray Cast Irons
Tension Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons
Tensile Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
Tensile Modulus of Graphite/Aluminum Composites
Tensile Modulus of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCSAl
Tensile Modulus of Silicon Carbide SCS2Al
Youngs Modulus of Ceramics
Youngs Modulus of Glass
Elastic Modulus of Wrought Stainless Steels
Modulus of Elasticity of Wrought Titanium Alloys
Modulus of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers
Modulus of Elasticity of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites
Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Magnesium Castings
Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Aluminum Composites
Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals
Modulus of Elasticity of SiC-WhiskerReinforced Aluminum Alloy
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Modulus of Elasticity of PolycrystallineAluminaReinforced Aluminum Alloy
Modulus of Elasticity of Boron/Aluminum Composites
Compression Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons
Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers
Bulk Modulus of Glass
Shear Modulus of Glass
Torsional Modulus of Gray Cast Irons
Torsion Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons
Modulus of Elasticity in Flexure for Polymers
Flexural Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
Flexural Modulus of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics
Modulus of Rupture for Ceramics
Rupture Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys
Rupture Strength of Superalloys
Modulus of Rupture for Si3N4 and Al2O3Composites
Poisson's Ratio of Wrought Titanium Alloys
Poissons Ratio for Ceramics
Poissons Ratio of Glass
Poisson's Ratio of Silicon Carbide SCS2Al
Compression Poissons Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons
Torsion Poissons Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons
Elongation of Tool Steels
Elongation of Ductile Irons
Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings
Elongation of Ferritic Stainless Steels
Elongation of Martensitic Stainless Steels
Elongation of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels
Elongation of HighNitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels
Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys
Elongation of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
Elongation of Commercially Pure Tin
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Elongation of Cobalt-Base Superalloys
Elongation of Nickel-Base Superalloys
Ductility of Refractory Metal Alloys
Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature
Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature
Total Elongation of Polymers
Elongation at Yield for Polymers
Ultimate Tensile Elongation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
Total Strain of Silicon Carbide SCS2Al
Area Reduction of Tool Steels
Reduction in Area of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Reduction in Area of Ferritic Stainless Steels
Reduction in Area of HighNitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels
Reduction in Area of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels
Reduction in Area of Martensitic Stainless Steels
Reduction in Area of Commercially Pure Tin
Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature
Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature
Strength Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals
Modulus Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals
Viscosity of Glasses
Internal Friction of SiO2 Glass
Surface Tension of Elements at Melting
Surface Tension of Liquid Elements
CHAPTER 7 Electrical Properties of Materials
Electrical Conductivity of Metals
Electrical Resistivity of Metals
Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons
Resistivity of Ceramics
Volume Resistivity of Glass
Volume Resistivity of Polymers
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Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements
Dissipation Factor for Polymers
Dielectric Strength of Polymers
Step Dielectric Strength of Polymers
Dielectric Constant of Polymers
Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers
Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers
Tangent Loss in Glass
Electrical Permittivity of Glass
Arc Resistance of Polymers
CHAPTER 8 Optical Properties of Materials
Transmission Range of Optical Materials
Transparency of Polymers
Refractive Index of Polymers
Dispersion of Optical Materials
CHAPTER 9 Chemical Properties of Materials
Water Absorption of Polymers
Standard Electromotive Force Potentials
Galvanic Series of Metals
Galvanic Series of Metals in Sea Water
Corrosion Rate of Metals in Acidic Solutions
Corrosion Rate of Metals in Neutral and Alkaline Solutions
Corrosion Rate of Metals in Air
Corrosion Rates of 1020 Steel at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Grey Cast Iron at 70F
Corrosion Rates of NiResist Cast Iron at 70F
Corrosion Rates of 12% Cr Steel at 70
Corrosion Rates of 17% Cr Steel at 70F
Corrosion Rates of 14% Si Iron at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 301 at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 316 at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Aluminum at 70F
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Corrosion Resistance of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
Corrosion Rates of 70-30 Brass at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Copper, Sn-Braze, Al-Braze at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Silicon Bronze at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Hastelloy at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Inconel at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Nickel at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Monel at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Lead at 70F
Corrosion Rates of Titanium at 70F
Corrosion Rates of ACI HeatResistant Castings Alloys in Air
Corrosion Rates for ACI HeatResistant Castings Alloys in Flue Gas
Flammability of Polymers
Flammability of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
CHAPTER 10 Selecting Structural Properties
Selecting Atomic Radii of the Elements
Selecting Ionic Radii of the Elements
Selecting Bond Lengths Between Elements
Selecting Bond Angles Between Elements
Selecting Density of the Elements
CHAPTER 11 Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties
Selecting Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules
Selecting Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules
Selecting Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides
Selecting Specific Heat of Elements
Selecting Specific Heat of Polymers
Selecting Melting Points of The Elements
Selecting Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Selecting Melting Points of Ceramics
Selecting Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Selecting Entropy of the Elements
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Selecting Diffusion Activation Energy in Metallic Systems
CHAPTER 12 Selecting Thermal Properties
Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals
Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals at Temperature
Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons
Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics
Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics at Temperature
Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Polymers
Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels
Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels at Temperature
Selecting Thermal Expansion of Alloy Cast Irons
Selecting Thermal Expansion of Ceramics
Selecting Thermal Expansion of Glasses
Selecting Thermal Expansion of Polymers
Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Materials used in Integrated Circuits
Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Materials used in Integrated Circuits at Temperature
CHAPTER 13 Selecting Mechanical Properties
Selecting Tensile Strength of Tool Steels
Selecting Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons
Selecting Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons
Selecting Tensile Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings
Selecting Tensile Strengths of Aluminum Casting Alloys
Selecting Tensile Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Selecting Tensile Strengths of Ceramics
Selecting Tensile Strengths of Glass
Selecting Tensile Strengths of Polymers
Selecting Compressive Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars
Selecting Compressive Strengths of Ceramics
Selecting Compressive Strengths of Polymers
Selecting Yield Strengths of Tool Steels
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Selecting Yield Strengths of Ductile Irons
Selecting Yield Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings
Selecting Yield Strengths of Cast Aluminum Alloys
Selecting Yield Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Selecting Yield Strengths of Polymers
Selecting Compressive Yield Strengths of Polymers
Selecting Flexural Strengths of Polymers
Selecting Shear Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Selecting Torsional Shear Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars
Selecting Hardness of Tool Steels
Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Irons
Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars
Selecting Hardness of Ductile Irons
Selecting Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings
Selecting Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Selecting Hardness of Ceramics
Selecting Microhardness of Glass
Selecting Hardness of Polymers
Selecting Coefficients of Static Friction for Polymers
Selecting Abrasion Resistance of Polymers
Selecting Fatigue Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Selecting Reversed Bending Fatigue Limits of Gray Cast Iron Bars
Selecting Impact Energy of Tool Steels
Selecting Impact Strengths of Polymers
Selecting Tensile Moduli of Gray Cast Irons
Selecting Tensile Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons
Selecting Youngs Moduli of Ceramics
Selecting Youngs Moduli of Glass
Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers
Selecting Compression Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons
Selecting Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers
Selecting Bulk Moduli of Glass
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Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Flexure of Polymers
Selecting Shear Moduli of Glass
Selecting Torsional Moduli of Gray Cast Irons
Selecting Torsional Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons
Selecting Moduli of Rupture for Ceramics
Selecting Poissons Ratios for Ceramics
Selecting Poissons Ratios of Glass
Selecting Compression Poissons Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons
Selecting Torsion Poissons Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons
Selecting Elongation of Tool Steels
Selecting Elongation of Ductile Irons
Selecting Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings
Selecting Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys
Selecting Total Elongation of Polymers
Selecting Elongation at Yield of Polymers
Selecting Area Reduction of Tool Steels
CHAPTER 14 Selecting Electrical Properties
Selecting Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons
Selecting Resistivity of Ceramics
Selecting Volume Resistivity of Glass
Selecting Volume Resistivity of Polymers
Selecting Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements
Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 60 Hz
Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 1 MHz
Selecting Dielectric Strength of Polymers
Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 60 Hz
Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 1 MHz
Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass
Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Temperature
Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Frequency
Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass
Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass by Frequency
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Selecting Arc Resistance of Polymers
CHAPTER 15 Selecting Optical Properties
Selecting Transmission Range of Optical Materials
Selecting Transparency of Polymers
Selecting Refractive Indices of Glasses
Selecting Refractive Indices of Polymers
CHAPTER 16 Selecting Chemical Properties
Selecting Water Absorption of Polymers
Selecting Iron Alloys in 10% Corrosive Medium
Selecting Iron Alloys in 100% Corrosive Medium
Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 10% Corrosive Medium
Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 100% Corrosive Medium
Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals
Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals in Corrosive Environments
Selecting Flammability of Polymers
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Dedication
To
Penelope and Scott
Li-Li and Cassie
2.1 Front Matter Page xvii Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
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Shackelford, James F. et al Structure of Materials Materials Science andEngineeringHandbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. AlexanderBoca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
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List of Tables
1
CHAPTER 1 Structure of Materials
Subatomic Structure
Electronic Structure of Selected Elements
Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements
Atomic Structure
Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials
Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials
Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials
Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials
Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals
Bond Structure
Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements
Bond Length Values Between Elements
Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths ()
Carbon Bond Lengths
Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers
Bond Angle Values Between Elements
Crystal Structure
Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements
The Seven Crystal Systems
3.0 Structure Page 1 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
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List of Tables(Continued)
Structural Properties
The Fourteen Bravais Lattices
Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements
Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements
Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements
Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements
Structure of Ceramics
Density
Atomic Mass of Selected Elements
Solid Density of Selected Elements
Density of Iron and Iron Alloys
Density of Wrought Stainless Steels
Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys
Density of Aluminum Alloys
Density of Copper and Copper Alloys
Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Density of Lead and Lead Alloys
Density of Tin and Tin Alloys
Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys
Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys
Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys
Density of Permanent Magnet Materials
Density of Precious Metals
Density of Superalloys
Density of Selected Ceramics
Density of Glasses
Specific Gravity of Polymers
Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites
Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals
Density of Si3N4 Composites
3.0 Structure Page 2 Wednesday, December 31, 1969 17:00
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Structural Properties
3
Table 1. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF SELECTED ELEMENTS
At. Element Sym Electronic ConfigurationNo.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s1 Hydrogen H 12 Helium He 23 Lithium Li . 14 Beryllium Be . 25 Boron B . 2 16 Carbon C . 2 27 Nitrogen N . 2 38 Oxygen O . 2 49 Fluorine F . 2 5
10 Neon N . 2 611 Sodium Na . . . 112 Magnesium Mg . . . 213 Aluminum Al . . . 2 114 Silicon Si . . . 2 215 Phosphorus P . . . 2 316 Sulfur S . . . 2 417 Chlorine Cl . . . 2 518 Argon Ar . . . 2 619 Potassium K . . . . . 120 Calcium Ca . . . . . 221 Scandium Sc . . . . . 1 222 Titanium Ti . . . . . 2 223 Vanadium V . . . . . 3 224 Chromium Cr . . . . . 5 125 Manganese Mn . . . . . 5 226 Iron Fe . . . . . 6 227 Cobalt Co . . . . . 7 228 Nickel Ni . . . . . 8 229 Copper Cu . . . . . 10 130 Zinc Zn . . . . . 10 231 Gallium Ga . . . . . 10 2 132 Germanium Ge . . . . . 10 2 233 Arsenic As . . . . . 10 2 334 Selenium Se . . . . . 10 2 435 Bromine Br . . . . . 10 2 536 Krypton Kr . . . . . 10 2 637 Rubidium Rb . . . . . . . . 138 Strontium Sr . . . . . . . . 239 Yttrium Y . . . . . . . . 1 240 Zirconium Zr . . . . . . . . 2 241 Niobium Nb . . . . . . . . 4 142 Molybdenum Mo . . . . . . . . 5 143 Technetium Tc . . . . . . . . 6 144 Ruthenium Ru . . . . . . . . 7 145 Rhodium Rh . . . . . . . . 8 146 Palladium Pd . . . . . . . . 1047 Silver Ag . . . . . . . . 10 148 Cadmium Cd . . . . . . . . 10 249 Indium In . . . . . . . . 10 2 150 Tin Sn . . . . . . . . 10 2 251 Antimony Sb . . . . . . . . 10 2 352 Tellurium Te . . . . . . . . 10 2 553 Iodine I . . . . . . . . 10 2 554 Xenon Xe . . . . . . . . 10 2 6
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At. Element Sym Electronic ConfigurationNo.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s
55 Cesium Ce . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Barium Ba . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Lantium La . . . . . . . . . . . 1 258 Cerium Ce . . . . . . . . . 2 . . 259 Praseodymium Pr . . . . . . . . . 3 . . 260 Neodymium Nd . . . . . . . . . 4 . . 261 Promethium Pm . . . . . . . . . 5 . . 262 Samarium Sm . . . . . . . . . 6 . . 263 Europium Eu . . . . . . . . . 7 . . 264 Gadolinium Gd . . . . . . . . . 7 . . 1 265 Terbium Tb . . . . . . . . . 9 . . 266 Dysprosium Dy . . . . . . . . . 10 . . 267 Holmium Ho . . . . . . . . . 11 . . 268 Erbium Er . . . . . . . . . 12 . . 269 Thulium Tm . . . . . . . . . 13 . . 270 Ytterbium Yb . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 271 Lutetium Lu . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 1 272 Hafnium Hf . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 2 273 Tantalum Ta . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 3 274 Tungsten W . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 4 275 Rhenium Re . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 5 276 Osmium Os . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 6 277 Iridium Ir . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 978 Platinum Pt . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 9 179 Gold Au . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 10 180 Mercury Hg . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 10 281 Thallium Tl . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 10 2 182 Lead Pb . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 10 2 283 Bismuth Bi . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 10 2 384 Polonium Po . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 10 2 485 Asatine At . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 10 2 586 Radon Rn . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 10 2 687 Francium Fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Radium Ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Actinium Ac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 290 Thorium Th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 291 Protoactinium Pa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . 1 292 Uranium U . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . 1 293 Neptunium Np . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . 1 294 Plutonium Pu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . . 295 Americium Am . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . 296 Curium Cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . 1 297 Berkelium Bk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . 298 Californium Cf . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . 299 Einsteinium Es . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . 2
100 Fermium Fm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . 2101 Mendelevium Md . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . 2102 Nobelium No . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 2103 Lawrencium Lw . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . 1 2
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Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Hydrogen 1 99.9852 0.015
Helium 3 0.000134 100.0
Lithium 6 7.427 92.58
Beryllium 9 100.0
Boron 10 19.7811 80.22
Carbon 12 98.8913 1.11
Nitrogen 14 99.6315 0.37
Oxygen 16 99.7617 0.0418 0.20
Fluorine 19 100.0
Neon 20 90.9221 0.2622 8.82
Sodium 23 100.0
Magnesium 24 78.7025 10.1326 11.17
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Aluminum 27 100.0
Silicon 28 92.2129 4.7030 3.09
Phosphorus 31 100.0
Sulfur 32 95.033 0.7634 4.2236 0.014
Chlorine 35 75.5337 24.47
Argon 36 0.3438 0.0640 99.60
Potassium 39 93.1
40a 0.0141 6.9
Calcium 40 96.9742 0.6443 0.1444 2.0646 0.00348 0.18
Scandium 45 100.0
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Titanium 46 7.9347 7.2848 73.9449 5.5150 5.34
Vanadium 50 0.2451 99.76
Chromium 50 4.3152 83.7653 9.5554 2.38
Manganese 55 100.0
Iron 54 5.8256 91.6657 2.1958 0.33
Cobalt 59 100.0
Nickel 58 67.8460 26.2361 1.1962 3.6664 1.08
Copper 63 69.0965 30.91
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Zinc 64 48.8966 27.8167 4.1168 18.5770 0.62
Gallium 69 60.471 39.6
Germanium 70 20.5272 27.4373 7.7674 36.5476 7.76
Arsenic 75 100.0
Selenium 74 0.8776 9.0277 7.5878 23.5280 49.8282 9.19
Bromine 79 50.5481 49.46
Krypton 78 0.3580 2.2782 11.5683 11.5584 56.9086 17.37
Rubidium 85 72.1587 27.85
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Strontium 84 0.5686 9.8687 7.0288 82.56
Yttrium 89 100.0
Zirconium 90 51.4691 11.2392 17.1194 17.4096 2.80
Niobium 93 100.0
Molybdenum 92 15.8494 9.0495 15.7296 16.5397 9.4698 23.78
100 9.63
Ruthenium 96 5.5198 1.8799 12.72
100 12.62101 17.07102 31.61104 18.60
Rhodium 103 100.0
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 5 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Palladium 102 0.96104 10.97105 22.23106 27.33108 26.71110 11.81
Silver 107 51.82109 48.18
Cadmium 106 1.22108 0.88110 12.39111 12.75112 24.07113 12.26114 28.86116 7.58
Indium 113 4.28115 95.72
Tin 112 0.96114 0.66115 0.35116 14.30117 7.61118 24.03119 8.58120 32.85122 4.72124 5.94
Antimony 121 57.25123 42.75
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 6 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Tellurium 120 0.09122 2.46123 0.87124 4.61125 6.99126 18.71128 31.79130 34.48
Iodine 127 100.0
Xenon 124 0.096126 0.090128 1.92129 26.44130 4.08131 21.18132 26.89134 10.44136 8.87
Cesium 133 100.0
Barium 130 0.101132 0.097134 2.42135 6.59136 7.81137 11.30138 71.66
Lanthanum 138 0.09139 99.91
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 7 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Cerium 136 0.193138 0.250140 88.48
142d 11.07
Praseodymium141 100.0
Neodymium 142 27.11143 12.17144 23.85146 17.22148 5.73150 5.62
Samarium 144 3.09
147e 14.97
148f 11.24149g 13.83150 7.44152 26.72154 22.71
Europium 151 47.82153 52.18
Gadolinium 152h 0.20154 2.15155 14.73156 20.47157 15.68158 24.87160 21.90
Terbium 159 100.0
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 8 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Dysprosium 156i 0.052158 0.090160 2.29161 18.88162 25.53163 24.97164 28.18
Holmium 165 100.0186 28.41
Erbium 162 0.136164 1.56166 33.41167 22.94168 27.07170 14.88186 1.59
Thulium 169 100.0189 16.1
Ytterbium 168 0.135170 3.03171 14.31172 21.82173 16.13174 31.84176 12.73
Lutetium 175 97.40
176j 2.60
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 9 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Haffiium 174k 0.18176 5.20177 18.50178 27.14179 13.75180 35.24
Tantalum 180 0.012181 99.988
Tungsten 180 0.14182 26.41183 14.40184 30.64
Rhenium 185 37.07187 62.93
Osmium 184 0.018187 1.64188 13.3190 26.4192 41.0
Iridium 191 37.3193 62.7
Platinum 190m 0.013192 0.78194 32.9195 33.8196 25.3198 7.2
Gold 197 100.0
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 10 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Mercury 196 0.146198 10.02199 16.84200 23.13201 13.22202 29.80204 6.85
Thallium 203 29.50205 70.50
Lead 204 1.48206 23.6207 22.6208 52.3
Bismuth 209 100.0
Thorium 232n 100.0
Uranium 234o 0.0006
235p 0.72238q 99.27
a half-life = 1.3 x 109 y.b half-life > 1015 yc half-life = 5 x 1014 yd half-life = 5 x 1014 ye half-life = 1.06 x 1011 yf half-life = 1.2 x 1013 yg half-life = 1.2 x 1014 yh half-life = 1.1 x 1014 y
i half-life = 2 x 1014 y
j half-life = 2.2 x 1010 yk half-life = 4.3 x 1015 yl half-life = 4 x 1010 ym half-life = 6 x 1011 yn half-life = 1.4 x 1010 yo half-life = 2.5 x 105 yp half-life = 7.1 x 108 yq half-life = 4.5 x 109 ynaturally occurring.
Table 2. AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 11 OF 11)
ElementMassNo.
NaturalAbundance
(%)
Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co.,Cleveland, 1969, 25.
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Table 3. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
1H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2He
3Li
4Be
5B
6C
7N
8O
9F
10Ne
11Na
12Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB
13Al
14Si
15P
16S
17Cl
18Ar
19K
20Ca
21Sc
22Ti
23V
24Cr
25Mn
26Fe
27Co
28Ni
29Cu
30Zn
31Ga
32Ge
33As
34Se
35Br
36Kr
37Rb
38Sr
39Y
40Zr
41Nb
42Mo
43Tc
44Ru
45Rh
46Pd
47Ag
48Cd
49In
50Sn
51Sb
52Te
53I
54Xe
55Cs
56Ba
72Hf
73Ta
74W
75Re
76Os
77Ir
78Pt
79Au
80Hg
81Tl
82Pb
83Bi
84Po
85At
86Rn
87Fr
88Ra
57La
58Ce
59Pr
60Nd
61Pm
62Sm
63Eu
64Gd
65Tb
66Dy
67Ho
68Er
69Tm
70Yb
71Lu
89Ac
90Th
91Pa
92U
93Np
94Pu
95Am
96Cm
97Bk
98Cf
99Es
100Fm
101Md
102No
103Lw
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Table 4. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN METALLIC MATERIALS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
3Li
4Be
5B
11Na
12Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB
13Al
19K
20Ca
21Sc
22Ti
23V
24Cr
25Mn
26Fe
27Co
28Ni
29Cu
30Zn
31Ga
37Rb
38Sr
39Y
40Zr
41Nb
42Mo
43Tc
44Ru
45Rh
46Pd
47Ag
48Cd
49In
50Sn
51Sb
55Cs
56Ba
72Hf
73Ta
74W
75Re
76Os
77Ir
78Pt
79Au
80Hg
81Tl
82Pb
83Bi
87Fr
88Ra
57La
58Ce
59Pr
60Nd
61Pm
62Sm
63Eu
64Gd
65Tb
66Dy
67Ho
68Er
69Tm
70Yb
71Lu
89Ac
90Th
91Pa
92U
93Np
94Pu
95Am
96Cm
97Bk
98Cf
99Es
100Fm
101Md
102No
103Lw
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Table 5. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN CERAMIC MATERIALS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
3Li
4Be
5B
6C
7N
8O
11Na
12Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB
13Al
14Si
15P
16S
19K
20Ca
21Sc
22Ti
23V
24Cr
25Mn
26Fe
27Co
28Ni
29Cu
30Zn
31Ga
32Ge
37Rb
38Sr
39Y
40Zr
41Nb
42Mo
43Tc
44Ru
45Rh
46Pd
47Ag
48Cd
49In
50Sn
51Sb
55Cs
56Ba
72Hf
73Ta
74W
75Re
76Os
77Ir
78Pt
79Au
80Hg
81Tl
82Pb
83Bi
87Fr
88Ra
57La
58Ce
59Pr
60Nd
61Pm
62Sm
63Eu
64Gd
65Tb
66Dy
67Ho
68Er
69Tm
70Yb
71Lu
89Ac
90Th
91Pa
92U
93Np
94Pu
95Am
96Cm
97Bk
98Cf
99Es
100Fm
101Md
102No
103Lw
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Table 6. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN POLYMERIC MATERIALS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
1H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
6C
7N
8O
9F
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB14Si
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Table 7. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
8O
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB13Al
14Si
15P
16S
30Zn
31Ga
32Ge
33As
34Se
48Cd
49In
50Sn
51Sb
52Te
80Hg
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Table 8. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS IN SUPERCONDUCTING METALS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
4Be
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB13Al
22Ti
23V
30Zn
31Ga
40Zr
41Nb
42Mo
43Tc
44Ru
48Cd
49In
50Sn
51Sb
73Ta
74W
75Re
76Os
77Ir
80Hg
82Pb
57La
90Th
91Pa
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Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 5)
Atomic Number Symbol
Atomic Radius(nm) Ion
Ionic Radius(nm)
1 H 0.046 H 0.1542 He 3 Li 0.152 Li+ 0.078
4 Be 0.114 Be2+ 0.054
5 B 0.097 B3+ 0.02
6 C 0.077 C4+
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22 Ti 0.147 Ti2+ 0.076
Ti3+ 0.069
Ti4+ 0.064
23 V 0.132 V3+ 0.065
V4+ 0.061
V5+ 0.04
24 Cr 0.125 Cr3+ 0.064
Cr6+ 0.030.04
25 Mn 0.112 Mn2+ 0.091
Mn3+ 0.070
Mn4+ 0.052
26 Fe 0.124 Fe2+ 0.087
Fe2+ 0.067
27 Co 0.125 Co2+ 0.082
Co3+ 0.065
28 Ni 0.125 Ni2+ 0.078
29 Cu 0.128 Cu+ 0.096
30 Zn 0.133 Zn2+ 0.083
31 Ga 0.135 Ga3+ 0.062
32 Ge 0.122 Ge4+ 0.044
33 As 0.125 As3+ 0.069
As5+ ~0.04
34 Se 0.116 Se2 0.191
Se6+ 0.030.04
35 Br 0.119 Br 0.19636 Kr 0.197
Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 5)
Atomic Number Symbol
Atomic Radius(nm) Ion
Ionic Radius(nm)
Source: Data from R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and TheirApplications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975. The ionic radii are based on thecalculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based on known interatomicdistances in various ionic crystals.
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37 Rb 0.251 Rb+ 0.149
38 Sr 0.215 Sr2+ 0.127
39 Y 0.181 Y3+ 0.106
40 Zr 0.158 Zr4+ 0.087
41 Nb 0.143 Nb4+ 0.074
Nb5+ 0.069
42 Mo 0.136 Mo4+ 0.068
Mo6+ 0.065
43 Tc 44 Ru 0.134 Ru4+ 0.065
45 Rh 0.134 Rh3+ 0.068
Rh4+ 0.065
46 Pd 0.137 Pd2+ 0.050
47 Ag 0.144 Ag+ 0.113
48 Cd 0.150 Cd2+ 0.103
49 In 0.157 In3+ 0.091
50 Sn 0.158 Sn4 0.215
Sn4+ 0.074
51 Sb 0.161 Sb3+ 0.090
52 Te 0.143 Te2 0.211
Te4+ 0.089
53 I 0.136 I 0.220
I5+ 0.09454 Xe 0.218 55 Cs 0.265 Cs+ 0.165
Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 5)
Atomic Number Symbol
Atomic Radius(nm) Ion
Ionic Radius(nm)
Source: Data from R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and TheirApplications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975. The ionic radii are based on thecalculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based on known interatomicdistances in various ionic crystals.
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56 Ba 0.217 Ba2+ 0.13
57 La 0.187 La3+ 0.122
58 Ce 0.182 Ce3+ 0.118
Ce4+ 0.102
59 Pr 0.183 Pr3+ 0.116
Pr4+ 0.100
60 Nd 0.182 Nd3+ 0.115
61 Pm Pm3+ 0.106
62 Sm 0.181 Sm3+ 0.113
63 Eu 0.204 Eu3+ 0.113
64 Gd 0.180 Gd3+ 0.111
65 Tb 0.177 Tb3+ 0.109
Tb4+ 0.089
66 Dy 0.177 Dy3+ 0.107
67 Ho 0.176 Ho3+ 0.105
68 Er 0.175 Er3+ 0.104
69 Tm 0.174 Tm3+ 0.104
70 Yb 0.193 Yb3+ 0.100
71 Lu 0.173 Lu3+ 0.099
72 Hf 0.159 Hf4+ 0.084
73 Ta 0.147 Ta5+ 0.068
74 W 0.137 W4+ 0.068
W6+ 0.065
75 Re 0.138 Re4+ 0.072
76 Os 0.135 Os4+ 0.067
77 Ir 0.135 Ir4+ 0.066
Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 5)
Atomic Number Symbol
Atomic Radius(nm) Ion
Ionic Radius(nm)
Source: Data from R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and TheirApplications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975. The ionic radii are based on thecalculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based on known interatomicdistances in various ionic crystals.
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78 Pt 0.138 Pt2+ 0.052
Pt4+ 0.055
79 Au 0.144 Au+ 0.137
80 Hg 0.150 Hg2+ 0.112
81 Tl 0.171 Tl+ 0.149
Tl3+ 0.106
82 Pb 0.175 Pb4 0.215
Pb2+ 0.132
Pb4+ 0.084
83 Bi 0.182 Bi3+ 0.120
84 Po 0.140 Po6+ 0.067
85 At At7+ 0.06286 Rn 87 Fr Fr+ 0.180
88 Ra Ra+ 0.152
89 Ac Ac3+ 0.118
90 Th 0.180 Th4+ 0.11091 Pa
92 U 0.138 U4+ 0.105
Table 9. ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 5 OF 5)
Atomic Number Symbol
Atomic Radius(nm) Ion
Ionic Radius(nm)
Source: Data from R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and TheirApplications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975. The ionic radii are based on thecalculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based on known interatomicdistances in various ionic crystals.
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Table 10. BOND LENGTH VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 4)
Elements Compound Bond length ()
B-B B2H6 1.770 0.013
B-Br BBF 1.88BBr
3 1.87 0.02
B-Cl BCl 1.715BCl
3 1.72 0.01
B-F BF 1.262BF
3 1.29 0.01
B-H Hydrides 1.21 .02B-H bridge Hydrides 1.39 .02
B-N (BClNH)3 1.42 .01
B-0 BO 1.2049B(OH)
3 1.362 0.005 (av)
N-Cl NO2Cl 1.79 0.02
N-F NF3 1.36 0.02
N-H [NH4]+ 1.034 0.003
NH 1.038ND 1.041
HNCS 1.013 0.005
N-N N3H 1.02 0.01
N2O 1.126 0.002
[N2]+ 1.116
N-O NO2Cl 1.24 0.01
NO2 1.188 0.005
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1
Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C.,Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.
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N=O N2O 1.186 0.002
[NO]+ 1.0619
N-Si SiN 1.572
O-H [OH]+ 1.0289OD 0.9699
H2O
2 0.960 0.005
B-B B2H6 1.770 0.013
B-Br BBF 1.88BBr
3 1.87 0.02
B-Cl BCl 1.715BCl
3 1.72 0.01
B-F BF 1.262BF
3 1.29 0.01
B-H Hydrides 1.21 .02B-H bridge Hydrides 1.39 .02
B-N (BClNH)3 1.42 .01
B-0 BO 1.2049B(OH)
3 1.362 0.005 (av)
N-Cl NO2Cl 1.79 0.02
N-F NF3 1.36 0.02
N-H [NH4]+ 1.034 0.003
NH 1.038ND 1.041
HNCS 1.013 0.005
Table 10. BOND LENGTH VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 4)
Elements Compound Bond length ()
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1
Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C.,Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.
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N-N N3H 1.02 0.01
N2O 1.126 0.002
[N2]+ 1.116
N-O NO2Cl 1.24 0.01
NO2 1.188 0.005
N=O N2O 1.186 0.002
[NO]+ 1.0619
N-Si SiN 1.572
O-H [OH]+ 1.0289OD 0.9699
H2O
2 0.960 0.005
O-O H2O2 1.48 0.01
[O2]+ 1.227
[O2]- 1.26 0.2
[O2]- - 1.49 0.02
P-D PD 1.429
P-H [PH4]+ 1.42 0.02
P-N PN 1.4910
P-S PSBr3 (Cl3,F3) 1.86 0.02
S-Br SOBr2 2.27 0.02
S-F SOF2 1.585 0.005
S-D SD 1.3473SD
2 1.345
Table 10. BOND LENGTH VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 4)
Elements Compound Bond length ()
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1
Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C.,Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.
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S-O SO2 1.4321
SOCl2 1.45 0.02
S-S S2Cl2 2.04 0.01
Si-Br SiBr4 2.17 1.01
Si-Cl SiCl4 2.03 1.01 (av)
Si-F SiF4 1.561 0.003 (av)
Si-H SiH4 1.480 0.005
Si-O [SiO]+ 1.504
Si-Si Si2Cl2 2.30 0.02
Table 10. BOND LENGTH VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 4)
Elements Compound Bond length ()
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1
Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C.,Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.
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Table 11. PERIODIC TABLE OF CARBON BOND LENGTHS ()
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
H1.06 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Be1.93
B1.56
C1.2
N1.47
O1.43
F1.55
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIBAl
2.24Si
1.8P
1.87S
1.81Cl1.7
Cr1.92
Fe1.94
Co1.93
Ni18.2
Ge1.98
As1.98
Se1.98
Br1.9
Mo2.08
Pd2.27
In2.16
Sn2.15
Sb2.16
Te2.05
I2.1
W2.06
Hg2.07
Pb2.29
Bi2.30
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Table 12. CARBON BOND LENGTHS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
GroupNo. Element.
At. No. Sym.
Bond Length() Bond Type
1 Hydrogen 1 H 1.056 1.1152 Beryllium 4 Be 1.93
6 Chromium 24 Cr 1.92 0.04Molybdenum 42 Mo 2.08 0.04
Tungsten 74 W 2.06 0.01
8 Iron 26 Fe 1.94 0.029 Cobalt 27 Co 1.93 0.02
10 Nickel 28 Ni 1.82 0.03Palladium 46 Pd 2.27 0.04
12 Mercury 80 Hg 2 .07 0.01
13 Aluminum 13 Al 2.24 0.04Boron 5 B 1. 56 0.01
Indium 49 In 2.16 0.04
14 Carbon 6 C 1.20 1.54 Alkyls (CH3XH3)
Germanium 32 Ge 1.98 0.03 Alkyls (CH3XH3)
Lead 82 Pb 2.29 0.05 Alkyls (CH3XH3)
Silicon 14 Si 1.865 0.008 Alkyls (CH3XH3)
1.84 0.01 Aryls (C6H5XH3)
1.88 0.01Neg. Subst. (CH3XCI3)
Tin 50 Sn 2.143 0.008 Alkyls (CH3XH3)
2.18 0.02Neg. Subst. (CH3XCI3)
15 Arsenic 33 As 1.98 0.02 Paraffinic (CH3)3X
Bismuth 83 Bi 2.30 Paraffinic (CH3)3X
Nitrogen 7 N 1 .47 1.1
Phosphorus 15 P 1.87 0.02 Paraffinic (CH3)3X
Antimony 51 Sb 2.202 0.016 Paraffinic (CH3)3X
Source: data from Lide, David R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRCPress, Boca Raton, (1990); and Tables of interatomic distances Chem. Soc. of London,1958.
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16 Oxygen 8 O 1.43 1.15Sulfur 16 S 1.81 1.55
Selenium 34 Se 1 .98 1.71Tellurium 52 Te 2.05 0.14
17 Bromine 35 Br 1.937 0.003Paraffinic
(mono. substituted)(CH3X)
Br 1.937 0.003Paraffinic
(disubstituted) (CH2X2)
Br 1.89 0.01 Olfinic(CH2:CHX)
1.85 0.01 Aromatic (C6H3X)
1.79 0.01 Acetylenic (HC:CX)
Chlorine 17 Cl 1.767 0.002Paraffinic
(mono. substituted) (CH3X)
Cl 1.767 0.002Paraffinic
(disubstituted) (CH2X2)
Cl 1.72 0.01 Olfinic(CH2:CHX)
1.70 0.01 Aromatic (C6H3X)
1.79 0.01 Acetylenic (HC:CX)
Fluorine 9 F 1.831 0.005Paraffinic
(mono. substituted) (CH3X)
F 1.334 0.004Paraffinic
(disubstituted) (CH2X2)
Table 12. CARBON BOND LENGTHS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
GroupNo. Element.
At. No. Sym.
Bond Length() Bond Type
Source: data from Lide, David R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRCPress, Boca Raton, (1990); and Tables of interatomic distances Chem. Soc. of London,1958.
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Fluorine cont F 1.325 0.1
Olfinic(CH2:CHX)
1.30 0.01 Aromatic (C6H3X)
1.635 0.004 Acetylenic (HC:CX)
Iodine 53 I 2.13 0.1Paraffinic
(mono. substituted) (CH3X)
I 2.13 0.1Paraffinic
(disubstituted) (CH2X2)
I 2.092 0.005 Olfinic(CH2:CHX)
2.05 0.01 Aromatic (C6H3X)
1.99 0.02 Acetylenic (HC:CX)
Table 13. CARBON BOND LENGTHS IN POLYMERS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Bond Type Polymer Type Bond Length ()
CARBON-CARBON
Single Bond Paraffinic 1.541 0.003In diamond (18C) 1.54452 0.00014
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRCPress, Boca Raton, (1990) and Tables of interatomic distances Chem. Soc. of London,(1958).
Table 12. CARBON BOND LENGTHS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
GroupNo. Element.
At. No. Sym.
Bond Length() Bond Type
Source: data from Lide, David R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRCPress, Boca Raton, (1990); and Tables of interatomic distances Chem. Soc. of London,1958.
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CARBON-CARBON contt
Partial Double Bond
(1) Shortening of single bond in presence of carbon carbon double bond, e.g. (CH2),C3CH2; or of aromatic ring e.g. C6H5 CH3
1.53 0.01
(2) Shortening in presence of a carbon oxygen double bonde.g. CH3CHO
1.516 0.005
(3) Shortening in presence of two carbon oxygen double bonds, e.g. (CO2H)2
1.49 0.01
(4) Shortening in presence of a carbon oxygen triple bond,e.g. CH3C:CH
1.460 0.003
(5) In compounds with tendency to dipole formation, e.g. C:C.C:N
1.44 0.01
(6) In graphite(at 15 C) 1.4210 0.0001
(7) In aromatic compounds 1.395 0.003
(8) in presence of a carbon carbon triple bonds,
e.g. HC=C-C=CH1.373 0.004
Double Bonds (1) simple 1.337 0.006
(2) Part triple bond, e.g. CH2:C:CH2 1.309 0.005
Triple Bond (1) Simple, e.g. C2H2 1.204 0.002
(2) Conjugated, e.g. CH3.(C:C)2.He.g. C5H5N
1.206 0.004
Table 13. CARBON BOND LENGTHS IN POLYMERS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Bond Type Polymer Type Bond Length ()
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRCPress, Boca Raton, (1990) and Tables of interatomic distances Chem. Soc. of London,(1958).
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CARBON-HYDROGEN (1) Paraffinic
(a) in methane 1.091(b) in monosubstituted carbon 1.101(c) in disubstituted carbon 1.073(d) in trisubstituted carbon 1.070
(2) Olefinic, c.g. CH2:CH2 1.07 0.01
(3) Aromatic in C6H6 1.094 0.006
(4) Acetylenic, e.g. CH2:C.X 1.056 0.003
(5) Shortening in presence of a carbon oxygen triple bond, e.g.CH3CN
1.115 0.004
(6) In small rings, e.g. (CH2)2S 1.081 0.007
CARBON-NITROGENSingle Bond (1) Paraffinic
(a) 4 co-valent nitrogen 1.479(b) 3 co-valent nitrogen 1.472
(2) in C-N= e.g. CH3NO2 1.475 0.010
(3) Aromatic in C6H5NHCOCH3 1.426 0.012
(4) Shortened (partial double bond) in h.heterocyclic systems, 1.352 0.005
(5) Shortened (partial double bond) in N-C=O e.g. HCONH2 1.322 0.003
Triple Bond (1) in R.C:N 1.158 0.002
Table 13. CARBON BOND LENGTHS IN POLYMERS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
Bond Type Polymer Type Bond Length ()
Source: data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Ed., CRCPress, Boca Raton, (1990) and Tables of interatomic distances Chem. Soc. of London,(1958).
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Table 14. BOND ANGLE VALUES BETWEEN ELEMENTS
Element Bond Compound Bond angle ()
B HBH B2H6 121.5 7.5
B BrBBr BBr3 120 6
B Cl BCl BCl3 120 3
B FBF BF3 120
B OBO B(OH)3 119.7
N BNB (BClNH)3 121
N FNF NF3 102.5 1.5N HNC HNCS 130.25 0.25
N HNN N3H 112.65 0.5
N ONO NO2Cl 126 2
N ONO NO2 134.1 0.25
O OOH H2O2 100 2
S BrSBr SOBr2 96 2
S FSF SOF2 92.8 1
S OSO SO2 119.54
Source: Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C., Ed.,CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F167.
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Table 15. KEY TO TABLES OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ELEMENTS
Table TitleTable
NumberPage
Number
The Seven Crystal Systems Table 16 Page 39The Fourteen Bravais Lattices Table 17 Page 40
Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements Table 18 Page 41Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements Table 19 Page 42Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements Table 20 Page 43Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements Table 21 Page 44
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Table 16. THE SEVEN CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
System Axial Lengths and Angles Unit Cell Geometry
Source: James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 4th ed.,Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996.
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Table 17. THE FOURTEEN BRAVAIS LATTICES
Source: James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 4th ed.,Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996.
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Table 18. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE BODY CENTERED CUBIC ELEMENTS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
3Li
11Na IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB
19K
23V
24Cr
25Mn
26Fe
37Rb
41Nb
42Mo
55Cs
56Ba
73Ta
74W
87Fr
88Ra
63Eu
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Table 19. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE FACE CENTERED CUBIC ELEMENTS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
10Ne
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB13Al
14Si
18Ar
20Ca
28Ni
29Cu
32Ge
36Kr
38Sr
45Rh
46Pd
47Ag
54Xe
77Ir
78Pt
79Au
82Pb
86Rn
57La
89Ac
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Table 20. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE HEXAGONAL CLOSE PACKED ELEMENTS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
4Be
12Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB
22Ti
27Co
30Zn
39Y
40Zr
43Tc
44Ru
48Cd
72Hf
75Re
76Os
81Tl
64Gd
65Tb
66Dy
67Ho
68Er
69Tm
71Lu
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Table 21. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE HEXAGONAL ELEMENTS
1IA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18VIIA
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
6C
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ----- VIII ----- IB IIB
34Se
52Te
57La
59Pr
60Nd
61Pm
95Am
96Cm
97Bk
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Table 22. STRUCTURE OF CERAMICS (SHEET 1 OF 6)
Ceramic Structure
Borides
Chromium Diboride (CrB2)
hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type)
isomorphous with other transition metal diborides a=2.969; c=3.066; c/a=1.03
Hafnium Diboride (HfB2) hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type)
isomorphous with TiB2 and ZrB2a=3.141 0.002 ; c=3.470 0.002 ; c/a=1.105
Tantalum Diboride (TaB2) hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type)
isomorphous with other transition metal diboridesa=3.078-3.088; c=3.241-3.265; c/a=1.06-1.074
low boron composition (64 atom % boron) a=3.097-3.099; c=3.244-3.277
high boron composition :(72 atom % boron)a=3.057-3.060; c=3.291-3.290
Titanium Diboride (TiB2) hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type)
isomorphous with ZrB2a=3.028-3.030; c=3.227-3.228; c/a=1.064
Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)
hexagonal, AlB2 structure (C-32 type)
isomorphous with TiB2a=3.1694-3.170; c=3.528-3.5365; c/a=1.114
Carbides
Boron Carbide (B4C)rhombic, C3 chains and B12 icosahedral in a NaCl structure, extended along a body diagonal
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1.
Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, PlenumPress, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., inassociation with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston,(1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Hafnium Monocarbide (HfC)
FCC(B1), NaCl type
isomorphous with HfB and HfNa=4.46-4.643
Silicon Carbide (SiC) low temperature form ()cubic
high temperature form ()hexagonal
-SiC F43m space groupa=4.349-4.358
-SiC C6MC space groupa=3.073; c=15.07; c/a=4.899
Tantalum Monocarbide (TaC)
FCC, NaCl type (B1)
a=4.42-4.456
Titanium Monocarbide (TiC)
FCC, NaCl type (B1)
isomorphous with TiO and TiNa=4.315-4.3316
Trichromium Dicarbide (Cr3C2)
orthorhombic D510 type
a=2.82, b=5.53, c=11.47
Tungsten Monocarbide (WC) Hexagonal
a=2.2897-2.90
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF CERAMICS (SHEET 2 OF 6)
Ceramic Structure
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1.
Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, PlenumPress, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., inassociation with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston,(1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Zirconium Monocarbide (ZrC)
FCC(B1), NaCl type
isomorphous with ZrB and ZrNa=4.669-4.694
Nitrides
Aluminum Nitride (AlN) hexagonal, Wurtzite structurea=3.10-3.114; c=4.96-4.981
Boron Nitride (BN) hexagonal (common type)graphite type structurea=2.50380.0001; c=6.600.01B-N distance 1.45
cubiczinc blende structurea=3.615B-N distance 1.57
Titanium Mononitride (TiN) cubic
a=4.23homogeneity range: TiN0.42-TiN1.16 yields
a=4.213 to 4.24
Trisilicon tetranitride (Si3N4)
hexagonal
a=7.748-7.758; c=5.617-5.623
hexagonala=7.608; c=2.911
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF CERAMICS (SHEET 3 OF 6)
Ceramic Structure
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1.
Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, PlenumPress, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., inassociation with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston,(1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Zirconium Mononitride (ZrN) cubic, NaCl type, B1
a=4.567-4.63
Oxides
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) hexagonal
a=4.785; c=12.991; c/a=2.72
Beryllium Oxide (BeO) hexagonala=2.690-2.698; c=4.370-4.380
Calcium Oxide (CaO) cubic, NaCl typea=4.8105
Cerium Dioxide (CeO2) cubic
Dichromium Trioxide (Cr2O3)
trigonal
rhombic
Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2) monoclinic to 1700 Ctetragonal above 1700 Ca=5.1170; b=5.1754; c=5.2915
= 99.216o
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) cubic, Fm3m space groupa=4.313
Nickel monoxide (NiO) face centered cubic, NaCl type
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) hexagonal
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF CERAMICS (SHEET 4 OF 6)
Ceramic Structure
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1.
Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, PlenumPress, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., inassociation with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston,(1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Thorium Dioxide (ThO2) cubic, fluorite type
a=5.59525-5.5997
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) tetragonal (rutile)a=4.594; c=2.958 at 26 Ctetragonal (anatase)rhombic (brookite)
Uranium Dioxide (UO2) cubic, fluorite type
a=5.471
Zircoium Oxide (ZrO2) to 1050 Cmonoclinic a=5.1505; b=5.2031; c=5.3154
=99.194o at room temp.
10502100Ctetragonal
above 2100C cubic (stabilized)a=5.1320.006 (8.13 mol% Y2O3)
a=5.1450.006 (11.09 mol% Y2O3)
a=5.1460.006 (12.08 mol% Y2O3)
a=5.1530.006 (15.52 mol% Y2O3)
a=5.1620.006 (17.88 mol% Y2O3)
Cordierite (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2)
0rthorhombic
Mullite (3Al2O3 2SiO2) 0rthorhombica=7.540.03; b=7.6930.03;c=2.8900.01
Sillimanite (Al2O3 SiO2) 0rthorhombic
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF CERAMICS (SHEET 5 OF 6)
Ceramic Structure
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1.
Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, PlenumPress, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., inassociation with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston,(1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Spinel (Al2O3 MgO) cubic
a=8.0844
Silicides
Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2)
tetragonal, D4h17 space group
isomorphous with WSi2a=3.197-3.20; c=7.85-7.871
Tungsten Disilicide (WSi2) tetragonal, D4h17 space group
isomorphous with MoSi2a=3.2120.005; c=7.8800.005
Table 22. STRUCTURE OF CERAMICS (SHEET 6 OF 6)
Ceramic Structure
To convert to nm, multiply by 10-1.
Source: Data compiled by J.S. Park from No. 1 Materials Index, Peter T.B. Shaffer, PlenumPress, New York, (1964); Smithells Metals Reference Book, Eric A. Brandes, ed., inassociation with Fulmer Research Institute Ltd. 6th ed. London, Butterworths, Boston,(1983); and Ceramic Source, American Ceramic Society (1986-1991).
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Table 23. ATOMIC MASS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 4)
At omicNumber Element Symbol
AtomicMass
1 Hydrogen H 1.0082 Helium He 4.0033 Lithium Li 6.9414 Beryllium Be 9.012
5 Boron B 10.816 Carbon C 12.017 Nitrogen N 14.018 Oxygen O 16.00
9 Fluorine F 19.0010 Neon N 20.1811 Sodium Na 22.9912 Magnesium Mg 24.31
13 Aluminum Al 26.9814 Silicon Si 28.0915 Phosphorus P 30.97
(White)
16 Sulfur S 32.0617 Chlorine Cl 35.4518 Argon Ar 39.9519 Potassium K 39.1
20 Calcium Ca 40.0821 Scandium Sc 44.9622 Titanium Ti 47.923 Vanadium V 50.94
24 Chromium Cr 52.0025 Manganese Mn 54.9426 Iron Fe 55.8527 Cobalt Co 58.93
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science forEngineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688,(1988).
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28 Nickel Ni 58.7129 Copper Cu 63.5530 Zinc Zn 65.3831 Gallium Ga 69.72
32 Germanium Ge 72.5933 Arsenic As 74.9234 Selenium Se 78.9635 Bromine Br 79.9
36 Krypton Kr 83.837 Rubidium Rb 85.4738 Strontium Sr 87.6239 Yttrium Y 88.91
40 Zirconium Zr 91.2241 Niobium Nb 92.9142 Molybdenum Mo 95.9443 Technetium Tc 98.91
44 Ruthenium Ru 101.0745 Rhodium Rh 102.9146 Palladium Pd 106.447 Silver Ag 107.87
48 Cadmium Cd 112.449 Indium In 114.8250 Tin Sn 118.6951 Antimony Sb 121.75
52 Tellurium Te 127.653 Iodine I 126.954 Xenon Xe 131.355 Cesium (-10) Ce 132.91
Table 23. ATOMIC MASS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 4)
At omicNumber Element Symbol
AtomicMass
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science forEngineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688,(1988).
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56 Barium Ba 137.3357 Lantium La 138.9158 Cerium Ce 140.1259 Praseodymium Pr 140.91
60 Neodymium Nd 144.2461 Promethium Pm (145)62 Samarium Sm 150.463 Europium Eu 151.96
64 Gadolinium Gd 157.2565 Terbium Tb 158.9366 Dysprosium Dy 162.567 Holmium Ho 164.93
68 Erbium Er 167.2669 Thulium Tm 168.9370 Ytterbium Yb 173.0471 Lutetium Lu 174.97
72 Hafnium Hf 178.4973 Tantalum Ta 180.9574 Tungsten W 183.8575 Rhenium Re 186.2
76 Osmium Os 190.277 Iridium Ir 192.2278 Platinum Pt 195.0979 Gold Au 196.97
80 Mercury Hg 200.5981 Thallium Tl 204.3782 Lead Pb 207.283 Bismuth Bi 208.98
Table 23. ATOMIC MASS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 4)
At omicNumber Element Symbol
AtomicMass
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science forEngineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688,(1988).
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84 Polonium Po (~210)85 Asatine At (210)86 Radon Rn (222)87 Francium Fr (223)
88 Radium Ra 226.0389 Actinium Ac (227)90 Thorium Th 232.0491 Protoactinium Pa 231.04
92 Uranium U 238.0393 Neptunium Np 237.0594 Plutonium Pu (244)95 Americium Am (243)
96 Curium Cm (247)97 Berkelium Bk (247)98 Californium Cf (251)99 Einsteinium Es (254)
100 Fermium Fm (257)101 Mendelevium Md (258)102 Nobelium No (259)103 Lawrencium Lw (260)
Table 23. ATOMIC MASS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 4 OF 4)
At omicNumber Element Symbol
AtomicMass
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science forEngineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688,(1988).
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Table 24. SOLID DENSITY OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Atomic Number Element Symbol
Solid Density(Mg/m3)
3 Lithium Li 0.5334 Beryllium Be 1.855 Boron B 2.476 Carbon C 2.27
11 Sodium Na 0.96612 Magnesium Mg 1.7413 Aluminum Al 2.714 Silicon Si 2.33zz15 Phosphorus (White) P 1.8216 Sulfur S 2.0919 Potassium K 0.86220 Calcium Ca 1.53
21 Scandium Sc 2.9922 Titanium Ti 4.5123 Vanadium V 6.0924 Chromium Cr 7.19
25 Manganese Mn 7.4726 Iron Fe 7.8727 Cobalt Co 8.828 Nickel Ni 8.91
29 Copper Cu 8.9330 Zinc Zn 7.1331 Gallium Ga 5.9132 Germanium Ge 5.32
33 Arsenic As 5.7834 Selenium Se 4.8137 Rubidium Rb 1.5338 Strontium Sr 2.58
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science forEngineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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39 Yttrium Y 4.4840 Zirconium Zr 6.5141 Niobium Nb 8.5842 Molybdenum Mo 10.22
43 Technetium Tc 11.544 Ruthenium Ru 12.3645 Rhodium Rh 12.4246 Palladium Pd 12.00
47 Silver Ag 10.5048 Cadmium Cd 8.6549 Indium In 7.2950 Tin Sn 7.29
51 Antimony Sb 6.6952 Tellurium Te 6.2553 Iodine I 4.9555 Cesium (-10) Ce 1.91
56 Barium Ba 3.5957 Lantium La 6.1758 Cerium Ce 6.7759 Praseodymium Pr 6.78
60 Neodymium Nd 7.0062 Samarium Sm 7.5463 Europium Eu 5.2564 Gadolinium Gd 7.87
65 Terbium Tb 8.2766 Dysprosium Dy 8.5367 Holmium Ho 8.8068 Erbium Er 9.04
Table 24. SOLID DENSITY OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Atomic Number Element Symbol
Solid Density(Mg/m3)
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science forEngineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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69 Thulium Tm 9.3370 Ytterbium Yb 6.9771 Lutetium Lu 9.8472 Hafnium Hf 13.28
73 Tantalum Ta 16.6774 Tungsten W 19.2575 Rhenium Re 21.0276 Osmium Os 22.58
77 Iridium Ir 22.5578 Platinum Pt 21.4479 Gold Au 19.2881 Thallium Tl 11.87
82 Lead Pb 11.3483 Bismuth Bi 9.8084 Polonium Po 9.290 Thorium Th 11.72
92 Uranium U 19.0594 Plutonium Pu 19.81
Table 24. SOLID DENSITY OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (SHEET 3 OF 3)
Atomic Number Element Symbol
Solid Density(Mg/m3)
Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science forEngineers, Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).
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Table 25. DENSITY OF IRON AND IRON ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 2)
Class Metal or Alloy
Density
g/cm3
Iron and Iron Alloys Pure iron 7.874Ingot iron 7.866
Wrought iron 7.7Gray cast iron 7.15
Malleable iron 7.270.06% C steel 7.8710.23% C steel 7.859
0.435% C steel 7.8441.22% C steel 7.830
Low-carbon chromium-molybdenum steels
0.5% Mo steel 7.861Cr-0.5Mo steel 7.86
1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel 7.862.25Cr-1.0Mo steel 7.86
5Cr-0.5Mo steel 7.787Cr-0.5Mo steel 7.789Cr-1Mo steel 7.67
Medium-carbon alloy steels 1Cr-0.35Mo-0.25V steel 7.86H11 die steel (5Cr-1.5Mo-0.4V) 7.79
Other Iron-base alloys A-286 7.9416-25-6 alloy 8.08
RA-330 8.03Incoloy 8.02
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASMInternational, Materials Park, OH, p152 (1993).
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Other Iron-base alloys (Cont) Incoloy T 7.98Incoloy 901 8.23T1 tool steel 8.67M2 tool steel 8.16
H41 tool steel 7.8820W-4Cr-2V-12Co steel 8.89
Invar (36% Ni) 8.00Hipernik (50% Ni) 8.25
4% Si 7.610.27%Si Si 6.97
Table 25. DENSITY OF IRON AND IRON ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 2)
Class Metal or Alloy
Density
g/cm3
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASMInternational, Materials Park, OH, p152 (1993).
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Table 26. DENSITY OF WROUGHT STAINLESS STEELS* (SHEET 1 OF 2)
Type UNS Designation
Density
(Mg/m3)
201 S20100 7.8202 S20200 7.8205 S20500 7.8301 S30100 8.0
302 S30200 8.0302B S30215 8.0303 S30300 8.0304 S30400 8.0
304L S30403 8.0S30430 S30430 8.0304N S30451 8.0305 S30500 8.0
308 S30800 8.0309 S30900 8.0310 S31000 8.0314 S31400 7.8
316 S31600 8.0316L S31603 8.0316N S31651 8.0317 S31700 8.0
317L S31703 8.0321 S32100 8.0329 S32900 7.8330 N08330 8.0
347 S34700 8.0384 S38400 8.0405 S40500 7.8409 S40900 7.8
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASMInternational, Materials Park, OH, p360, (1993).
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* Annealed Condition.
410 S41000 7.8414 S41400 7.8416 S41600 7.8420 S42000 7.8
422 S42200 7.8429 S42900 7.8430 S43000 7.8
430F S43020 7.8
431 S43100 7.8434 S43400 7.8436 S43600 7.8
440A S44002 7.8
440C S44004 7.8444 S44400 7.8446 S44600 7.5
PH 138 Mo S13800 7.8
155 PH S15500 7.8174 PH S17400 7.8177 PH S17700 7.8
Table 26. DENSITY OF WROUGHT STAINLESS STEELS* (SHEET 2 OF 2)
Type UNS Designation
Density
(Mg/m3)
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASMInternational, Materials Park, OH, p360, (1993).
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Table 27. DENSITY OF STAINLESS STEELS AND HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS (SHEET 1 OF 3)
Class Metal or Alloy
Density
g/cm3
Corrrosion-resistant steel castings CA-15 7.612CA-40 7.612CB-30 7.53CC-50 7.53
CE-30 7.67CF-8 7.75
CF-20 7.75CF-8M, CF-12M 7.75
CF-8C 7.75CF-16F 7.75CH-20 7.72CK-20 7.75
CN-7M 8.00
Heat resistant alloy castings HA 7.72HC 7.53HD 7.58HE 7.67
HF 7.75HH 7.72HI 7.72HK 7.75
HL 7.72HN 7.83HT 7.92HU 8.04
HW 8.14HX 8.14
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASMInternational, Materials Park, OH, p152-153 (1993).
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Wrought stainless and heat-resisting steels Type 301 7.9
Type 302 7.9Type 302B 8.0Type 303 7.9
Type 304 7.9Type 305 8.0Type 308 8.0Type 309 7.9
Type 310 7.9Type 314 7.72Type 316 8.0Type 317 8.0
Type 321 7.9Type 347 8.0Type 403 7.7Type 405 7.7
Type 410 7.7Type 416 7.7Type 420 7.7Type 430 7.7
Type 430F 7.7Type 431 7.7
Types 440A, 440B, 440C 7.7Type 446 7.6
Type 501 7.7Type 502 7.819-9DL 7.97
precipitation-hardening stainless steels PH15-7 Mo 7.80417-4 PH 7.817-7 PH 7.81
Table 27. DENSITY OF STAINLESS STEELS AND HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS (SHEET 2 OF 3)
Class Metal or Alloy
Density
g/cm3
Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed., ASMInternational, Materials Park, OH, p152-153 (1993).
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Nickel-base alloys D-979 8.27Nimonic 80A 8.25Nimonic 90 8.27
M-252 8.27
Inconel 8.51Inconel "x" 550 8.30
Inconel 700 8.17Inconel "713C" 7.913
Waspaloy 8.23Ren 41 8.27
Hastelloy alloy B 9.24Hastelloy alloy C 8.94
Hastelloy alloy X 8.23Udimet 500 8.07GMR-235 8.03
Cobalt-chromium-nickel-base alloys N-155 (HS-95) 8.23S-590 8.36
Cobalt-base alloys S-816 8.68V-36 8.60