materials - special (ex) committee on race and insurance

Attachment One Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance

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© 2021 National Association of Insurance Commissioners 1

Draft: 8/2/21

Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance Virtual Meeting

July 21, 2021 The Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance met July 21, 2021. The following members participated: David Altmaier, Co-Chair (FL); Dean L. Cameron, Co-Chair (ID); Raymond G. Farmer, Chair Emeritus (SC); Andrew N. Mais, Co-Vice Chair (CT); Chlora Lindley-Myers, Co-Vice Chair (MO); Lori K. Wing-Heier (AK); Jim L. Ridling (AL); Alan McClain (AR); Ricardo Lara represented by Bruce Hinze (CA); Michael Conway (CO); Karima M. Woods (DC); Colin M. Hayashida (HI); Doug Ommen (IA); Dana Popish Severinghaus (IL); Amy L. Beard represented by Claire Szpara (IN); Vicki Schmidt (KS); Sharon P. Clark represented by Rob Roberts (KY); James J. Donelon represented by Tom Travis (LA); Gary D. Anderson (MA); Eric A. Cioppa (ME); Kathleen A. Birrane (MD); Anita G. Fox represented by Karin Gyger (MI); Grace Arnold represented by Galen Benshoof (MN); Mike Chaney (MS); Mike Causey represented by Jackie Obusek (NC); Jon Godfread (ND); Eric Dunning (NE); Marlene Caride (NJ); Barbara D. Richardson (NV); Linda A. Lacewell represented by My Chi To (NY); Judith L. French represented by Tynesia Dorsey (OH); Glen Mulready (OK); Andrew R. Stolfi (OR); Jessica K. Altman (PA); Elizabeth Kelleher Dwyer represented by Matt Gendron (RI); Doug Slape (TX); Jonathan T. Pike represented by Tanji J. Northrup (UT); Scott A. White (VA); Michael S. Pieciak (VT); Mike Kreidler (WA); Mark Afable represented by Sarah Smith (WI); James A. Dodrill (WV); and Jeff Rude (WY). 1. Adopted its 2021/2022 Proposed Charges Commissioner Altmaier reported that the Special Committee met July 1 and April 12 to discuss its charges and received two sets of written comments from a broad range of stakeholders. He said the Special Committee appreciates the interest in its work and that it hopes for a shared commitment to addressing any inequities in the marketplace and market practices. Commissioner Altmaier also reported that the Special Committee made several changes based on the commentary received, as well as for clarity and consistency. He said the Special Committee also proposed that this set of charges carry over through 2022, as well as the remainder of 2021. Commissioner Altmaier explained that with all charges, these can be amended during that period as work is completed or as other priorities arise. He said these charges also anticipate that the existing established workstreams will continue their work as described in the charges in addition to the tasks assigned at the Special Committee level. Director Farmer made a motion, seconded by Director Lindley-Myers, to adopt the Special Committee’s 2021/2022 proposed charges (Attachment One-A). The motion passed unanimously. Having no further business, the Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance adjourned. W:\National Meetings\2021\Summer\RaceInsurance\07-21 RaceIns Minutes.docx

Attachment One-A Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance

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Draft: 7/21/21 Adopted by the Executive (EX) Committee and Plenary, TBD Adopted by the Executive (EX) Committee, TBD Adopted by the Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance, July 21, 2021

2021/2022 Proposed Charges

SPECIAL (EX) COMMITTEE ON RACE AND INSURANCE The mission of the Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance is to serve as the NAIC’s coordinating body on identifying issues related to: 1) race, diversity, and inclusion within the insurance sector; 2) race, diversity, and inclusion in access to the insurance sector and insurance products; and 3) practices within the insurance sector that potentially disadvantage people of color and/or historically underrepresented groups. Ongoing Support of NAIC Programs, Products or Services 1. The Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance will:

A. Serve as the NAIC’s coordinating body on identifying issues related to: 1) race, diversity, and inclusion within the insurance sector; 2) race, diversity, and inclusion in access to the insurance sector and insurance products; and 3) practices within the insurance sector that potentially disadvantage people of color and/or historically underrepresented groups.

B. Coordinate with existing groups such as the Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (EX) Working Group and the Casualty Actuarial and Statistical (C) Task Force and encourage those groups to continue their work on issues affecting people of color and/or historically underrepresented groups, particularly in predictive modeling, price algorithms, and artificial intelligence (AI).

C. (Workstream One) Continue research and analysis to identify issues and develop specific recommendations on action steps state insurance regulators and companies can take to improve the level of diversity and inclusion in the industry, including: 1. Seek additional engagement from stakeholders to understand the efficacy of diversity-related programs, how

companies measure their progress, and what state insurance regulators can do to support these efforts. 2. Collect input on any existing gaps in available industry diversity-related data.

D. (Workstream Two) In coordination with the Executive (EX) Committee, receive reports on NAIC diversity, equity, and inclusion (DE&I) efforts. Serve as the coordinating body for state requests for assistance from the NAIC related to DE&I efforts.

E. (Workstream Two) Research best practices among state insurance departments on DE&I efforts and develop forums for sharing relevant information among states and with stakeholders, as appropriate.

F. Continue research and analysis of insurance, legal, and regulatory approaches to addressing unfair discrimination, disparate treatment, proxy discrimination, and disparate impact. Make recommendations for statutory or regulatory changes and additional steps, including: 1. (Workstream Four) The impact of traditional life insurance underwriting on traditionally underserved

populations, considering the relationship between mortality risk and disparate impact. 2. (Workstream Three) Developing analytical and regulatory tools to assist state insurance regulators in

defining, identifying, and addressing unfair discrimination in property/casualty (P/C) insurance, including issues related to: a. Rating and underwriting variables, such as socioeconomic variables and criminal history, including:

1. Identifying proxy variables for race. 2. Correlation versus causation, including discussion of spurious correlation and rational explanation. 3. Potential bias in underlying data. 4. Proper use of third-party data.

b. Disparate impact considerations. G. (Workstreams Three, Four, and Five) Consider enhanced data reporting and record-keeping requirements across

product lines to identify race and other sociodemographic factors of insureds, including consideration of legal and privacy concerns. Consider a data call to identify insurance producer resources available and products sold in specific ZIP codes to identify barriers to access.

H. Continue research and analysis related to insurance access and affordability issues, including: 1. (Workstream Four) The marketing, distribution, and access to life insurance products in minority communities,

including the role that financial literacy plays.

Attachment One-A Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance

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2. (Workstream Four) Disparities in the number of cancellations/rescissions among minority policyholders. 3. (Workstream Five) Measures to advance equity through lowering the cost of health care and promoting access to

care and coverage, with a specific focus on measures to remedy impacts on people of color, low income and rural populations, and historically marginalized groups, such as the LGBTQ+ community, individuals with disabilities, and Alaska Native and other Native and Indigenous people.

4. (Workstream Five) Examination of the use of network adequacy and provider directory measures (e.g., provider diversity, language, and cultural competence) to promote equitable access to culturally competent care.

5. (Workstream Five) Conduct additional outreach to educate consumers and collect information on health and health care complaints related to discrimination and inequities in accessing care.

6. (Workstream Three) Whether steps need to be taken to mitigate the impact of residual markets, premium financing, and nonstandard markets on historically underrepresented groups.

7. Make referrals for the development of consumer education and outreach materials, as appropriate. I. Direct NAIC and Center for Insurance Policy & Research (CIPR) staff to conduct necessary research and analysis,

including: 1. (Workstream Three) The status of studies concerning the affordability of auto and homeowners insurance,

including a gap analysis of what has not been studied. 2. (Workstream Three) The availability of producer licensing exams in foreign languages, steps exam vendors have

taken to mitigate cultural bias, and the number and locations of producers by company compared to demographics in the same area.

3. (Workstream Five) Aggregation of existing research on health care disparities and the collection of insurance responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact across demographic populations.

LIFE INSURANCE AND ANNUITIES (A) COMMITTEE – NEW CHARGES The Accelerated Underwriting (A) Working Group, as part of its ongoing work to consider the use of external data and data analytics in accelerated life underwriting, will include an assessment of and recommendations, as necessary, regarding the impact of accelerated underwriting on minority populations. HEALTH INSURANCE AND MANAGED CARE (B) COMMITTEE – NEW CHARGES 1. The Health Insurance and Managed Care (B) Committee will:

A. Respond to inquiries from the U.S. Congress (Congress), the White House, and federal agencies; analyze policy implications and the effect on the states of proposed and enacted federal legislation and regulations, including, where appropriate, an emphasis on equity considerations and the differential impact on underserved populations; and communicate the NAIC’s position through letters and testimony, when requested.

The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) (B) Working Group of the Regulatory Framework (B) Task Force will develop model educational material for state departments of insurance (DOIs) and research disparities in and interplay between mental health parity and access to culturally competent care for people of color and/or historically underrepresented groups. The Health Innovations (B) Working Group will evaluate mechanisms to resolve disparities through improving access to care, including the efficacy of telehealth as a mechanism for addressing access issues; the use of alternative payment models and value-based payments and their impact on exacerbating or ameliorating disparities and social determinants of health; and programs to improve access to historically underserved communities. MARKET REGULATION AND CONSUMER AFFAIRS (D) COMMITTEE – NEW CHARGES The Producer Licensing (D) Task Force will receive a report on the availability of producer licensing exams in foreign languages, the steps exam vendors have taken to mitigate cultural bias, and the number and location of producers by company compared to demographics in the area. NAIC Support Staff: Andrew J. Beal/Michael F. Consedine W:\National Meetings\2021\Summer\Cmte\RaceInsurance\Att 1-A 2021-2022 Proposed Charges.docx

Attachment Two Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance

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Draft: 8/9/21

Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance Virtual Meeting

July 1, 2021 The Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance met July 1, 2021. The following members participated: David Altmaier, Co-Chair (FL); Dean L. Cameron, Co-Chair (ID); Raymond G. Farmer, Chair Emeritus represented by Michelle Proctor (SC); Chlora Lindley-Myers, Co-Vice Chair (MO); Andrew N. Mais, Co-Vice Chair (CT); Jim L. Ridling represented by Yada Horace (AL); Alan McClain (AR); Evan G. Daniels (AZ); Ricardo Lara represented by Bruce Hinze (CA); Michael Conway represented by Peg Brown (CO); Karima M. Woods (DC); Trinidad Navarro (DE); Colin M. Hayashida (HI); Doug Ommen (IA); Dana Popish Severinghaus (IL); Amy L. Beard (IN); Vicki Schmidt (KS); Sharon P. Clark (KY); James J. Donelon (LA); Gary D. Anderson (MA); Eric A. Cioppa (ME); Kathleen A. Birrane (MD); Anita G. Fox (MI); Grace Arnold (MN); Mike Chaney (MS); Mike Causey represented by Jackie Obusek (NC); Jon Godfread (ND); Eric Dunning (NE); Marlene Caride (NJ); Barbara D. Richardson (NV); Linda A. Lacewell represented My Chi To (NY); Judith L. French represented by Tynesia Dorsey (OH); Glen Mulready (OK); Andrew R. Stolfi (OR); Jessica K. Altman (PA); Elizabeth Kelleher Dwyer (RI); Larry D. Deiter (SD); Doug Slape (TX); Jonathan T. Pike (UT); Scott A. White represented by Don Beatty (VA); Tregenza A. Roach (VI); Michael S. Pieciak represented by Kevin Gaffney (VT); Mike Kreidler (WA); Mark Afable (WI); and Jeff Rude (WY). 1. Discussed its 2021/2022 Proposed Charges and Heard Comments from Interested Parties Commissioner Altmaier introduced the interested parties who submitted comments and requested to comments on the 2021/2022 proposed charges of the Special Committee (Attachment One).

A. Academy Laura Hanson (American Academy of Actuaries—Academy) noted that the Academy continues to support the Special (EX) Committee’s efforts pertaining to diversity and inclusion concerns in insurance coverages and in particular to identify and address unfair discrimination. The Academy submitted two comment letters to the Special (EX) Committee in recent months. The first letter underscored the Academy’s commitment to supporting the work of the Special (EX) Committee and provided information about the Academy’s current efforts related to diversity, equity and inclusion (DE&I). The second letter provided comments on the draft charges. Ms. Hanson noted that the research and analysis described in charge F.2 and charge I.2 for the casualty practice area would be equally relevant research and analysis for the life practice area. Second, she said the Academy noted that the research and analysis relating to disparities among minority policyholders described in charge H.2 may be difficult to accomplish until the Special (EX) Committee has considered enhanced data reporting and record-keeping requirements as described in charge G. Next, Lauren Cavanaugh (Academy) reported that with respect to the property/casualty (P/C) matters, the Academy was pleased to see many of the comments provided in its Nov. 12, 2020, letter to Workstream Three were included in the charges. In its May 14, 2021, letter, the Academy focused on charge F and charge G. For charge F, it recommended that the NAIC define all important terms, including “disparate treatment,” and that the NAIC develop methods of identifying unfair discrimination prior to developing methods to address it. With respect to charge F.2, Ms. Cavanaugh said the Academy suggests that any tools developed to focus on unfair discrimination should consider the inputs, such as a rating and underwriting variables, separate from the outputs, such as disparate impact. With respect to those underwriting and rating variables, the Academy recommends including concepts of spurious correlation and the term “rational explanation” in the sub-bullet on correlation versus causation. “Rational explanation” is the term used in the Casualty Actuarial and Statistical (C) Task Force’s Regulatory Review of Predictive Models white paper. Finally, Ms. Cavanaugh said the Academy thinks it is important to add the principles of cost-based pricing as a consideration in addressing unfair discrimination as these principles are fundamental to P/C rate making. With respect to charge G, related to enhanced data reporting and record keeping, she said the Academy suggests the Special (EX) Committee define the term “resources” and create a governance structure for any data collection effort to protect privacy and prevent misuse.


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Director Altmaier noted that a number of commenters from industry and consumers recommended that the Special (EX) Committee consider deleting the discussion of causation versus correlation and asked for the Academy’s thoughts on that recommendation. Ms. Cavanuagh stated that correlation and causation continue to come up in these discussions, and it is important to consider them. The reason the Academy suggests the concepts of spurious correlation and rational explanation be included is to address the notion that this is not a binary either/or, accept all variables that are correlated or only accept variables that can be established to have a causal relationship. She said a successful plan has to consider a more broad spectrum of rating variables and how those concepts apply.

B. ACLI Brian Bayerle (American Council of Life Insurers—ACLI) thanked the NAIC for its leadership on the effort to address systemic inequalities. The ACLI is aligned with the goal to help address systemic inequalities and is encouraged by the discussions taking place at the NAIC to address this critical societal issue. The ACLI is committed to working with the NAIC at all levels to address concerns of fairness and improve accessibility of insurance products to all communities. Regarding the specific charges, Mr. Bayerle said the ACLI supports the spirit of the proposed charges. Thinking about the direction over the next year, the ACLI believes the Special (EX) Committee should maintain as much centralized control over the efforts as possible while bringing in technical expertise as deemed appropriate. The ACLI believes a centralized approach will help maintain the big-picture view of this critical issue and address any fragmentation that may exist in this process if various subgroups come up with conflicting recommendations moving forward. Mr. Bayerle said the ACLI recommends the inclusion of charges to the Life Actuarial (A) Task Force and the Health Actuarial (B) Task Force that would ensure both Task Forces are involved in actuarial and risk classification issues emanating from any Special (EX) Committee workstreams related to life insurance and health insurance, respectively.

C. AITC J.P. Wieske (Horizon Government Affairs on behalf of American InsurTech Council—AITC) stated that the AITC is the independent voice of InsurTechs in support of the development of technology-based innovation in insurance. The AITC supports the proposed charges and noted this work is vital to ensuring regulation of these issues by the states. Furthermore, the proposed charges strike the right balance, ensuring consumer access and thoughtful regulation without overburdening the industry. He said the AITC believes the proposed charges will set the table for state insurance regulators and the insurance industry to promote innovation and provide measured and appropriate growth of InsurTechs by setting new regulatory standards.

D. APCIA Angela Gleason (American Property Casualty Insurance Association—APCIA) reemphasized APCIA’s commitment to being collaborative partners. Ms. Gleason noted that APCIA understands the state insurance regulators’ concerns with unintentional discrimination, explainability, and transparency. APCIA is willing to work with the NAIC to think through these issues and concerns, but it strongly suggests building a foundation of common understanding from which productive and action-driven conversation can emerge. For instance, the charges blur distinctions between the definitions of well-established legal terms, like “proxy discrimination” and “unintentional discrimination.” These terms have different measurements and potential remedies. State insurance regulator concerns can be addressed with new and distinct terms that do not confuse existing law and protected classes. APCIA recommends the charges establish a framework for conversation that identifies the current state of the law and articulates the specific gaps to be addressed so everyone is speaking from the same page and same dialogue and that dialogue can begin to center on solutions. With a common foundational understanding, the conversation can more readily develop consensus solutions. Ms. Gleason said APCIA noted at least four different issues state insurance regulators and policymakers have raised, and APCIA has been developing solutions to address or explain each separate concern. The concerns APCIA has heard include: 1) intentional discrimination, which includes proxy discrimination; and 2) unintentional discrimination, which includes disparate


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impact, and reducing disparate outcomes and explainability. APCIA would like to hear from commissioners if the identified issues are incorrect as APCIA wants to work collaboratively to address these issues. Ms. Gleason said the importance of identifying and articulating the distinct concerns and not conflating solutions into a single existing term that upends well-established case law cannot be understated. APCIA believes taking this deliberate and methodical approach leverages the expertise of the NAIC, staff, state insurance regulators, industry, and consumer advocates. This approach does not slow down or delay the process, but rather it ensures that together meaningful solutions are developed. Ms. Gleason noted that most of edits submitted in APCIA’s comment letter are intended to focus on defining the category of problems state insurance regulators want to address and then creating a framework within which to consider those issues and potential solutions separately. Ms. Gleason said in addition to outlining a framework for discussion, APCIA’s markup of the proposed charges also identifies two new charges that address important considerations. The first identifies opportunities to develop materials, partnerships, and programs that promote economic empowerment. This has been a topic and objective of many presentations to the Special (EX) Committee, and APCIA believes it is an important area of exploration. The second identifies opportunities to address the underlying causes of intentional disparities that are due to circumstances unrelated to insurance, which APCIA says is a holistic approach not different from how state insurance regulators think about other issues like natural catastrophes. Ms. Gleason said advancing DE&I within the insurance community is a shared objective, and there has been a lot of great work from state insurance regulators and industry. APCIA suggests the charge for Workstream Two, sharing best practices among state insurance regulators, be expanded to include sharing those best practices with industry to emphasize that the exchange of ideas on DE&I are important and can benefit all. Commissioner Altmaier noted that APCIA’s comments focused on the existing legal and regulatory framework for unfair discrimination and asked if APCIA and its members are open to discussions about those existing frameworks and the need to possibly change those if that is where the analysis and data leads us. Ms. Gleason stated that APCIA is open to all those conversations and needs to understand and come to agreement on what it is and find those gaps. Director Cameron asked Ms. Gleason to reiterate on charge B; APCIA seems to be taking out work on predictive modeling and prior algorithms. Director Cameron asked what is APCIA’s concern with the Special (EX) Committee continuing to work in that space. Ms. Gleason stated that it is not a concern but adding clarity. Ms. Gleason stated that these issues are not the only ones those groups are working on, so the suggested change was clarification about not preventing other work from moving forward. Commissioner Altman commented on a particular objection to the proposed deletion, from APCIA and as a preview of the National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies (NAMIC) as well, of the charge to consider collection of demographic information. Commissioner Altman noted the charge has the word “consider” in it and said the charge is to have a conversation about whether that is the thing we should or should not do and is not meant to negate a conversation about barriers or concerns about what that means. She said Pennsylvania has a particular interest in this question, Workstream Five has had some really robust initial conversations about this, and the health insurance industry has had some important organic conversations talking about equity and disparities in the health insurance space. Commissioner Altman said she wants to make sure to note that Pennsylvania and members of Workstream Five feel quite strongly about keeping that reference in the charges. California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, and Maryland indicated agreement with Commissioner Altman’s comments.

E. BCBSA Randi Chapman (Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association—BCBSA) stated that BCBSA is committed to a sustained effort to reduce racial health disparities in America and to addressing health and equity in a thorough comprehensive way. She said BCBSA appreciates the work that the NAIC is doing and developing these proposed charges. Ms. Chapman noted that BCBSA has established a national health equity strategy in addition to developing health equity policy recommendations outlined in the BCBSA Issue Brief, Addressing Health Disparities and Inequities in Communities of Color, which align with the Special (EX) Committee’s proposed 2021 charges and efforts to promote improved access to quality, affordable coverage, and culturally competent care.


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Ms. Chapman said BCBSA is committed to being a supportive and collaborative partner to the NAIC and appreciates the collaborative spirit in which this work has been approached. She encouraged commissioners to see BCBSA as a resource and collaborative partner as the Special (EX) Committee develops recommendations and considers these charges. Ms. Chapman commented on the proposed charges from BCBSA’s April and May comment letters. With respect to data in charge G, BCBSA understands and agrees that accuracy in demographic data is key to improving health equity outcomes in all communities across the country. BCBSA understands that there are many overlapping and complex state and federal laws that govern collection of demographic data in the health sector and suggests the NAIC, when considering how to address data, know there are a number of laws that address these issues and a degree of inconsistency in how data is collected and used. BCBSA will continue to work closely with the NAIC to meet that mutual goal of ensuring the industry and state insurance regulators are best positioned to address the need for better data that will ultimately improve health equity outcomes. Ms. Chapman stated that with regard to provider diversity and culturally competent care in charge H.4, BCBSA shares the Special (EX) Committee’s goal of promoting equitable access to high-quality care through improving the racial and ethnic diversity of providers in addition to addressing the language diversity needs and cultural competency challenges. Ms. Chapman said to meaningfully address existing barriers in access to diverse providers and providers offering linguistically and culturally competent care, BCBSA believes the focus needs to be on the root causes: a lack of diversity within the health care system and health education pipelines; limited availability of providers in areas that are predominantly communities of color, communities where English is not the primary language spoken, and rural communities; and the critical need to promote cross-cultural and implicit bias training within health professions. Director Cameron noted that BCBSA comments mentioned the lack of nationwide standards and that there are conflicting state and federal standards. Director Cameron asked Ms. Chapman to elaborate on where those conflicts are and also to elaborate as to BCBSA discussing or working on nationwide standards and what the state insurance regulators’ role would be in developing those standards. Ms. Chapman said that BCBSA and industry are working on addressing these barriers and conflicts they see in existing state and federal laws, thinking through recommendations on how to enable the industry to collect the data they need, and using that data in a way that is sensitive and appropriate to the needs of their members. Ms. Chapman said the federal Affordable Care Act (ACA) includes language that suggests there is an ability to collect race and ethnicity data using Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) standards, but it is subject to discrimination laws in the federal Civil Rights Act. There are a lot of state laws that pertain to data collection on health insurance applications, and there are some states that require a strict use purpose for data collection. Ms. Chapman said the bottom line is this is an area that needs to be delved into a bit more deeply so it is clear what the laws are saying, what the laws allow and what the laws prevent. She said once there is an understanding, work can move forward determining what the best ways are to collect and use data in a way that is sensitive to members’ needs and make sure insurers are respecting privacy so they are not in a position where they are collecting data and their members are wondering and questioning how that data is being used. Ms. Chapman noted that state insurance regulators are in a great position to get a better picture of what the landscape looks like in terms of the legal parameters regarding demographic data collection and also to get a sense of what can be communicated with industry and consumer partners. Commissioner Mais raised a question in terms of the comments that Ms. Chapman had focusing on network care standards and communities that are underserved with provider shortages. He said BCBSA suggested that focusing on that issue would not necessarily help improve access to care. Commissioner Mais said there are some longer-term solutions BCBSA suggested, but BCBSA also said the NAIC should consider opportunities to inform patients of currently available providers. Commissioner Mais asked Ms. Chapman to expand how that would work within the current system. Naomi Senkeeto (BCBSA) noted that BCBSA recognizes there are pipeline issues and diversity issues within the system. She said BCBSA is undertaking efforts to think through what the role is for health insurers and as the NAIC continues to work through recommendations in this space, BCBSA wants to partner on that work. BCBSA provided high-level recommendations in the Addressing Health Disparities and Inequities in Communities of Color issue brief regarding providing access to linguistically and culturally competent care. Ms. Senkeeto said BCBSA recognizes that there is a concern around network adequacy , but at its core, she thinks the foundational question is more on the access and the availability of providers both from a diversity perspective and from the perspective of traditionally underserved areas and workforce pipelines. She said BCBSA


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is committed to an ongoing conversation and a concerted effort to move forward. She said BCBSA wants to partner with the NAIC in this effort.

F. CEJ Birny Birnbaum (Center for Economic Justice—CEJ) continues to urge the Special (EX) Committee to develop a more systematic approach to examining issues of race and insurance by first setting the foundation defining what is fair and what is unfair discrimination. The CEJ says without this foundation, the workstreams have no guidance or principals against which to evaluate the variety of issues that are raised. Therefore, a solid definition of unfair discrimination that articulates principles of discrimination and disparate impact is essential to meaningfully consider the issues raised in charge 2.F. Mr. Birnbaum said the CEJ wants to stress the urgency of this first step. The NAIC adopted its principles for artificial intelligence (AI) more than a year ago. These principles included responsibility of insurers to avoid proxy discrimination yet there has been no action of the NAIC to develop the guidance for insurers to implement those principles. In contrast, the National Council of Insurance Legislators (NCOIL) quickly discussed and adopted the definition, at the urging of industry, of “proxy discrimination” that would not only stop any meaningful efforts to address systemic racism and insurance, but also would limit state insurance regulators’ current authority to even examine practices that raise concern about racial bias. Mr. Birnbaum said the NAIC should consider it a top priority to move quickly to develop meaningful definitions of “proxy discrimination” and “disparate impact” in insurance to counter the NCOIL action. Mr. Birnbaum said the second step is for insurers to test their algorithms and practices for proxy discrimination and disparate impact. Eliminate proxy discrimination and minimize disparate impact; the problem cannot be fixed if it cannot be measured. Establishing a regulatory framework for insurers to test their processes, whether for marketing, pricing, claim settlement, or antifraud requires a collaborative approach between state insurance regulators, insurers, and stakeholders. Mr. Birnbaum said the testing paradigm overcomes the current impasse the CEJ sees in states that have tried to address systemic racism by prohibiting the use of certain factors. Those efforts have failed because they evolved into a debate of pricing accuracy versus racial justice. The testing approach overcomes this either/or choice by looking at a holistic review by insurers of racial impact of their practices within the cost-based framework of insurance. Testing for proxy discrimination and disparate impact improves risk and cost-based practices by eliminating spurious correlations in which the factors are predicting race and not the outcome. Mr. Birnbaum noted that the testing approach is holistic. This means that by analyzing the racial impact of an algorithm, the problems created when prohibiting one factor, only to find that racial bias has shifted to some other existing or new data source, are avoided. Mr. Birnbaum said related to a requirement for insurers to test for racial bias in their marketing, pricing, claim settlement, and antifraud efforts is developing regulatory guidance to: specify what type of testing is acceptable; assist in identifying sources of information on protected class characteristics; specify the actions insurers must take on certain testing outcomes; specify reporting of test results and related actions; and provide a safe harbor for insurers that follow regulatory guidance. Mr. Birnbaum said the CEJ’s third step to a more systematic approach is in developing a more robust and comprehensive data collection system for state insurance regulators and the public to evaluate actual consumer outcomes, including the outcomes of communities of color. Auditing an algorithm is not a sufficient consumer protection for at least two reasons. First, an algorithm may not produce the intended results. Second, state insurance regulators are seriously overmatched by insurers when it comes to the technical expertise involved in designing and auditing big data/AI models. Mr. Birnbaum said it is only by collecting and analyzing actual consumer market outcomes at a granular level that state insurance regulators and the public can measure progress in the fight against systemic racism. At a recent hearing of Workstream Five, there was no disagreement over the need to collect this aggregated, granular data on consumer outcomes to help assess racial disparities. Mr. Birnbaum said if the property/casualty (P/C) trades continue their historical opposition to such data collection, it will obstruct the Special (EX) Committees’ efforts. There should be a systematic approach to examining regulatory and public policies that reflect and perpetuate systemic racism. There are practices that clearly fall under commissioners’ current statutory authority, but there are also public policies regarding insurance that reflect and perpetuate historic discrimination outside of your authority, but not outside of your influence.


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Mr. Birnbaum urged the Special (EX) Committee to pick up the pace, saying concrete actions are needed to address the structural biases and disadvantages of communities of color. Mr. Birnbaum urged the Special (EX) Committee to adopt some charges and put as much energy into these issues as state insurance regulators did into changing the anti-rebating law, updating the annuity suitability model, and developing the group capital calculation (GCC). It is only by this type of energy that communities of color will see the concrete steps that improve their lives. Director Fox asked Mr. Birnbaum to expand on the safe harbor idea. She said she understands the need for some kind of certainty, but putting the regulatory imprint on what the insurer has developed has consequences, obviously. Mr. Birnbaum noted that the safe harbor is related to any kind of liability the insurer would face for unfair discrimination based on proxy discrimination or disparate impact. If the insurer has followed the regulatory guidance to test for or to eliminate proxy discrimination and minimize disparate impact, then if it turns out that there is still some disparate impact or proxy discrimination, that insurer should have a safe harbor in the CEJ’s view. Any follow-up should be limited to repairing the problem and providing restitution for consumers. Additionally, there should not be penalties involved with unintentional consequences, despite following the best regulatory guidance. Director Fox noted the information in the regulatory system would only be as good as the information going in and the regulators’ ability to understand whether those things were really done to the certain standards. Director Fox wondered if it is workable to have a safe harbor where the guidance is detailed enough, company-specific enough and deep-dive enough to allow a safe harbor. She asked if that is a necessary component to get compliance. Mr. Birnbaum said whether it is necessary is going to be up to the NAIC. The CEJ certainly suggests that it is worthy of discussion. He said the CEJ wants insurers to be forthcoming with state insurance regulators and for insurers to test their practices with conscious effort to root out the impact of systemic racism. If insurers need some certainty in terms of liability for doing that, then the CEJ thinks that it is a fair trade-off to get that type of honest appraisal.

G. NPFA Jeffrey M. Klein (McIntyre & Lemon on behalf of the National Premium Finance Association—NPFA) stated that the NPFA is a national trade association representing premium finance companies. The association is supportive of the NAIC’s efforts to research, review, and develop solutions regarding DE&I, as well as issues surrounding access and affordability of insurance to disadvantaged individuals and underserved communities. Mr. Klein commented on charge H.6. with regard to premium financing. Premium finance loans provide short-term financing to help businesses and consumers purchase insurance for property, casualty, and liability risk. Many small businesses, sole proprietors, and individuals cannot afford the upfront premium expense, lack access to traditional sources of credit, and therefore, need access to insurance premium financing in order to obtain adequate coverage. Mr. Klein also noted that while the NPFA has no specific comment on the language of the charge itself, the NPFA wants the Special (EX) Committee to be aware of its status and interest. The NPFA stands ready to provide insight, relevant input, and assistance at the appropriate time, through testimony and/or submission of materials, with regard to the premium finance mechanism and the services provided by the premium finance companies.

H. NAIC Consumer Representatives Katie Keith (NAIC Consumer Representative) stated that the NAIC consumer representatives are supportive of the work of the Special (EX) Committee. The Special (EX) Committee has served as a powerful forum that needs continued executive-level commitment and support to help keep state insurance regulators and industry focused on addressing systemic racism, bias, and discrimination, and increasing diversity and inclusion in the insurance sector. The Special (EX) Committee should continue to play this role going forward in addition to ensuring that the NAIC takes concrete actions and adopts meaningful changes. An executive-level committee will remain crucial to ensuring that state insurance departments and the NAIC develop and adopt consistent policies throughout the organization. Ms. Keith noted the NAIC consumer representatives’ comments primarily focus on Workstream Five and on health care in particular. Among the proposed charges, she said the consumer representatives urge the Workstream to prioritize: 1) enhanced data reporting and record-keeping requirements for demographic data based on race, ethnicity, language, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability status; and 2) the use of plan network standards to advance health equity. As a starting point, she


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said they urge the NAIC to develop white papers on these topics that summarize the existing literature, identify best practices, and discuss the need for consumer guardrails (such as privacy protections and training requirements). The exercise of developing white papers on these two issues will help inform stakeholder approaches, provide guidance to industry, and serve as an evergreen NAIC resource upon which to build a strong foundation. In response to the question Commissioner Mais raised about provider adequacy, Ms. Keith said that pipeline issues and provider shortages are all known challenges that need to be overcome, but the NAIC consumer representatives also think there are tools insurance companies are underutilizing like access to essential community providers and other ways to extend care to people of color, people with disabilities, and LGBTQ people. Ms. Keith said there is incredible urgency for the work of the Special (EX) Committee. She said the Special (EX) Committee has started a much-needed dialogue, but that is not enough to address the generations of mistreatment people of color and other historically underserved populations have faced by the insurance industry. Ms. Keith encouraged the Special (EX) Committee to focus on what the legacy of the Committee’s could be and what results actually came of the work.

I. NAIFA Winona S. Havir (National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors—NAIFA) represents the Horace Mann Companies, which is a company that was founded by educators for educators. A key component of NAIFA’s mission is to serve as an industry expert on DE&I by attracting and nurturing members from diverse backgrounds. NAIFA remains committed to this mission and has recently undertaken several leading DE&I initiatives. With respect to charge H.1, Ms. Havir said there are opportunities to address these issues by removing the barriers that stand in the way for minorities to enter the producer workforce. She said the insurance industry must work with managers, recruiters, and executives to hire, develop, and promote candidates from all backgrounds. The insurance industry should look like the marketplace it represents, which is a diverse one. She said that underserviced communities are more receptive to agents and advisors who come from similar backgrounds and can relate to and understand their life circumstances. With respect to charge H.7, Ms. Havir said NAIFA strongly supports the notion of financial security for all and understands that the expansion of financial education and literacy are critical. Insurance agents and producers play an enormous role in educating consumers. NAIFA is developing tools to encourage its members to take into their communities and help connect the importance of insurance and financial security. She said NAIFA looks forward to contributing our insights and expertise to this effort. With respect to charge I.2, Ms. Havir said NAIFA has recommended expanding on this charge by addressing the need for access to producer licensing education and exams in languages other than English. She said NAIFA thinks this is an important component to increasing diversity among producers and encouraging a workforce to serve diverse consumers and communities.

J. NAMIC Tony Cotto (NAMIC) noted that NAMIC remains engaged, ready and willing to discuss work on any and all proposals as they are developed. Mr. Cotto said for the purposes of this meeting, he will start with a broad comment about the charges. The issues the Special (EX) Committee wishes to address should be specifically identified prior to coordinating and responding to alleged or perceived problems. The Special (EX) Committee and other bodies around the NAIC first needs to establish whether issues exist rather than starting with assumptions or broad mandates about potential problems or potential harms, particularly in the absence of concrete data or facts. NAMIC believes such an approach will improve and better focus the Special (EX) Committee’s work today and into the future. Mr. Cotto said as several committee members have noted, this will not be a short or easy process. Additionally, the failure to develop such foundational building blocks and establish the answers to threshold questions will undermine the credibility of any future work by the Special (EX) Committee and the NAIC. Mr. Cotto noted a couple of specifics regarding the proposed charges and said first that NAMIC wants to commend the Special (EX) Committee’s charges related to enhancing the insurance talent pipeline. He said NAMIC continues to believe this is the most valuable area for the Special (EX) Committee’s focus and efforts. The looming retirement cliff and accompanying talent crisis in insurance is an existential problem for the industry and for state insurance regulators. Mr. Cotto said the insurance industry must work together on charge C, charge D and charge E to identify smart ways to invest in future insurance


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professionals by cultivating the talent pool with an appropriate focus on students and other professionals from diverse backgrounds. He said that in addition to being more attractive employers, diverse companies are more innovative, more profitable and have better retention rates. Mr. Cotto said second, NAMIC feels obligated to continue raising questions about proposed charges that seem to embrace outcome-oriented analysis rather than the bedrock insurance principle of risk-based pricing, the effort to match rate to risk. He said that charge F and charge G, regarding research and analytical tools to address alleged unfair discrimination and enhance data collection, appear focused on unsubstantiated notions of ongoing, unfair discrimination and the potential collection of socioeconomic and sociodemographic data that insurers do not collect, are not interested in collecting, and consumers do not want to provide. Mr. Cotto said that it is impractical, invasive, and immaterial to how P/C rates are determined and that current laws already prohibit discrimination against protected classes. Mr. Cotto noted the perspective pushed by the charges ignores the fundamental truth about fairness and economic efficiency. They are achieved best when the prices charged to individuals are irrespective of race, national origin, income, or religion and are matched as close to risk as can be made possible. Mr. Cotto said that NAMIC recommends the Special (EX) Committee expand the dialogue to include consideration of its recently commissioned study, Matching Rate to Risk: Analysis of the Availability and Affordability of Private Passenger Automobile Insurance, conducted by Dr. Robert Klein, Senior Research Fellow with Temple University (Philadelphia, PA) Emeritus Professor of Risk Management and Insurance at Georgia State University (Atlanta, GA), and the NAIC’s former Director of Research. This study made use of the data collected by the Property and Casualty Insurance (C) Committee and Market Regulation and Consumer Affairs (D) Committee over an eight-year period and published in the NAIC’s 2020 Private Passenger Automobile Insurance Study. Dr. Klein’s analysis found, among other things, that insurers have no incentive to engage in unfair discrimination and that the NAIC’s own data does not support allegations that insurers are discriminating unfairly again low-income drivers or the areas where they live. NAMIC encourages the Special (EX) Committee to invite Dr. Klein to discuss his findings at its next meeting. Mr. Cotto commented that Dr. Klein’s study makes clear that rather than a sole focus on the risk-based pricing structure of insurance, there are other avenues that should be studied and can contribute meaningfully to the important work of this Special (EX) Committee, and NAMIC recommends exploring them. For example, to the extent the Special (EX) Committee finds gaps in the availability or affordability of insurance and develops proposals for addressing them, NAMIC recommends that state insurance regulators consider ideas like consumer subsidies, re-distribution of premium taxes for identified communities, systematic review of historical loss ratios, and third-party vendor and algorithm transparency requirements. NAMIC is committed to substantive and meaningful action on these salient issues. Director Fox asked if NAMIC was suggesting the Special (EX) Committee not focus at all on disparate impact and only look to intentional discrimination in rate setting? Is NAMIC suggesting that as long as it is risk-based, it does not matter if there is disparate impact? Mr. Cotto noted that disparate impact is a very specific legal framework set up outside of the insurance mechanism and to the extent it is imported into the insurance mechanism, that is a conversation that needs to involve legislators. There has to be an acknowledgment that it would upend the entire framework of underwriting and rate-making. Director Lindley-Myers noted that she feels an obligation to hold many of the CEOs’ to the commitment that companies need to do more and reevaluate longstanding practices that affect protected classes. In addition, regarding Mr. Birnbaum’s comments, she asked that Mr. Birnbaum please submit to the Special (EX) Committee any real-world use of the methodology he proposed insurers use to examine and identify proxy discrimination and disparate impact. Commissioner Altmaier asked NAIC staff to revise the draft charges based on the comments heard today. Commissioner Altman commented that she is most interested in moving forward on adopted charges so work can start on deliverables for the workstreams and the Special (EX) Committee. She urged the Special (EX) Committee to keep the process moving and adopt charges during the Special (EX) Committee’s next meeting. Having no further business, the Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance adjourned. W:\National Meetings\2021\Summer\Cmte\RaceInsurance\July 1 Mtg\7-01 RaceIns Minutes.docx

Attachment Three Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance

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Draft Pending Adoption


Draft: 4/27/21

Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance Virtual 2021 Spring National Meeting

April 12, 2021 The Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance met April 12, 2021. The following members participated: David Altmaier, Co-Chair (FL); Dean L. Cameron, Co-Chair (ID); Raymond G. Farmer, Chair Emeritus (SC); Chlora Lindley-Myers, Co-Vice Chair (MO); Andrew N. Mais, Co-Vice Chair (CT); Lori K. Wing-Heier (AK); Jim L. Ridling (AL); Alan McClain (AR); Evan G. Daniels (AZ); Ricardo Lara (CA); Michael Conway (CO); Karima M. Woods (DC); Trinidad Navarro (DE); Colin M. Hayashida (HI); Doug Ommen (IA); Dana Popish Severinghaus (IL); Stephen W. Robertson (IN); Vicki Schmidt (KS); Sharon P. Clark (KY); James J. Donelon (LA); Gary D. Anderson (MA); Eric A. Cioppa (ME); Kathleen A. Birrane (MD); Anita G. Fox (MI); Grace Arnold (MN); Mike Chaney (MS); Mike Causey represented by Jackie Obusek (NC); Jon Godfread (ND); Bruce R. Ramge represented by Martin Swanson (NE); Marlene Caride represented by David W. Wolfe (NJ); Russell Toal (NM); Barbara D. Richardson (NV); Linda A. Lacewell represented by My Chi To (NY); Judith L. French (OH); Glen Mulready (OK); Andrew R. Stolfi (OR); Jessica K. Altman (PA); Elizabeth Kelleher Dwyer (RI); Larry D. Deiter (SD); Carter Lawrence (TN); Doug Slape (TX); Jonathan T. Pike (UT); Scott A. White (VA); Tregenza A. Roach (VI); Michael S. Pieciak (VT); Mike Kreidler (WA); Mark Afable (WI); James A. Dodrill (WV); and Jeff Rude (WY). 1. Received a Report on Special Committee Activities Commissioner Altmaier reported that the Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance established five workstreams to develop initial recommendations, and most of the work of the Special Committee has been done at the workstream level. All the workstreams, except for Workstream Two, which is looking internally at the NAIC and state insurance departments, held at least one open meeting as it conducted its initial work. The Special Committee met April 6 and March 24 in regulator-to-regulator session, pursuant to paragraph 4 (internal or administrative matters of the NAIC or any NAIC member) of the NAIC Policy Statement on Open Meetings, to receive those initial recommendations and determine where to place the continued work in the NAIC committee structure. The 2021 proposed charges (Attachment One) exposed for comment are the result of those initial consultations with staff. The Special Committee recognizes the quick turnaround for comments, and as noted when the proposed charges were released, additional commentary and engagement will certainly be necessary. The Special Committee is eager to continue a public dialogue on these important issues and appreciates the initial comments it has received, and it will discuss a more extensive comment period at the end of the meeting. 2. Received a Status Report on Workstream One Executive Deputy Superintendent of Insurance To reported that Workstream One of the Special Committee was formed in September 2020, and it is co-chaired by Superintendent Cioppa and herself. Workstream One is charged with researching and analyzing the level of diversity and inclusion within the insurance industry and making recommendations on action steps. In late February, Workstream One submitted its initial findings and preliminary recommendations on next steps to the Special Committee. Based on the initial research and engagement conducted by Workstream One, the Workstream has concluded that the insurance industry can and should do more to improve diversity and inclusion at all levels of its organizations, from corporate boardrooms and C-suites to middle-management and entry-level positions. This conclusion is based on information that the Workstream gathered through the collection and review of publicly available data, articles and studies, as well as comments submitted by industry representatives and other interested stakeholders. Studies show that diversity is good for business, and one of the primary responsibilities of state insurance regulators is to ensure the financial stability of the insurers they oversee. Given the positive correlation of diversity and profitability, supporting the insurance industry’s diversity and inclusion efforts is consistent with that core mission, as well as the broader duty of the insurance sector to address racial inequalities and discrimination. Workstream One believes that more work is required to develop specific recommendations of action steps that state insurance regulators and companies can take to improve the level of diversity and inclusion in the industry. Additional engagement with stakeholders and industry representatives is necessary to learn more about the initiatives and programs that have been deployed


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by insurance companies to recruit, retain and develop diverse talent at all levels. The Workstream also recognizes the need to measure progress, and it wants to learn more about how state insurance regulators can support that effort. The Workstream plans to continue its work and hold at least two additional open meetings in 2021. Regarding process, Workstream One recommends that it continue in its present form at this time, and it will determine how best to proceed within the NAIC framework as part of its specific recommendations of action steps for state insurance regulators and the industry. 3. Received a Status Report on Workstream Two Commissioner Clark reported that Workstream Two has two major components to investigate; diversity and inclusion within the NAIC and diversity and inclusion within state insurance departments. The Workstream is happy to report progress on both fronts. Commissioner Clark leads the subgroup on diversity and inclusion within state insurance departments. The Workstream spent time as a group talking about the best way to collect information from its colleagues, and it developed a zone-based information gathering tool to capture state and department level diversity and inclusion best practices for consideration and implementation by its membership. The Workstream’s plan, if approved by the Special Committee and the Executive (EX) Committee, is to start gathering information shortly after the Spring National Meeting. As stated in the Special Committee’s 2021 proposed charges, the Workstream will continue its work researching best practices among state insurance departments, and once it has gathered state and department level diversity and inclusion best practice information, it will continue to move its work forward by developing a method and forum to share this information among the states. Commissioner Clark asks that when the Workstream does reach out to state insurance departments, that they take the time to respond so the Workstream can start building a usable catalog of best practices to share with each other. Commissioner Clark went on to report on the efforts of the subgroup on diversity and inclusion within the NAIC. The Workstream sent questions to the NAIC about its diversity, equity and inclusion (DE&I) efforts. The questions were based on the industry questions developed by Workstream One. In response, the NAIC submitted a written report, and the Workstream’s January meeting was dedicated to hearing from the NAIC about its efforts, particularly its focus on recruiting and retention. The Workstream has identified several ways the NAIC can help with the DE&I efforts of the state insurance departments. Specifically, as staff diversity training is developed at the NAIC, consideration will be given to offering similar training at the state and/or zone level. Also, Evelyn Boswell (NAIC), Director of Diversity and Inclusion, will be working to collect diversity contacts from the states so the Workstream can get a forum established to share ideas and information. As its work continues, and as stated in proposed committee charge D, Workstream Two in coordination with the Executive (EX) Committee will continue to receive reports on NAIC DE&I efforts to ensure that DE&I remains a top priority for the NAIC. The Workstream will also serve as the coordinating body for state requests for assistance from the NAIC related to DE&I. 4. Received a Status Report on Workstream Three Commissioner Mais reported that Workstream Three was tasked with the charge dealing with property/casualty (P/C) insurance. In late 2020, the Workstream held three regulator-only meetings and one open meeting to hear various viewpoints on P/C issues related to its charge of examining practices and barriers that potentially disadvantage people of color and/or historically underrepresented groups. The Workstream first developed an issues list to begin to scope out the project and receive information from interested parties. On its open call, it heard from six speakers who had signed up to speak, as well as a couple others. Consumer groups requested that the Workstream streamline its issues list and not “re-examine” known issues but focus on solutions. The consumer groups called for the Workstream to develop guidance for testing for disparate impact and collect additional data for market regulation purposes. The Workstream heard about how to work with external third parties to look for hidden biases in external databases. The industry stressed that education of consumers should be a focal point, and risk must not be neglected as the Workstream looks at issues of race.


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On its last two regulator-only calls, the Workstream streamlined its issues list and came up with some more specific actions and charges for next steps, which were then reported to the Special Committee. Commissioner Schmidt reported that the Workstream developed several major recommendations with subheadings for each. Those have been incorporated within the proposed charges. For affordability, availability and access, the Workstream is asking that the NAIC and the Center for Insurance Policy and Research (CIPR) provide a status of studies concerning the affordability of auto and homeowners insurance, including a gap analysis of what has not been studied. As part of this work, the Workstream recommends that state insurance regulators should determine steps that can be taken to mitigate the impact of residual markets, premium financing and nonstandard markets on disadvantaged groups. For education and outreach, the Workstream seeks to develop ways to use education, outreach and consumer partnerships to improve access to underrepresented groups. For producer issues, the Workstream asks for the Producer Licensing (D) Task Force to receive a report from NAIC staff on:

Availability of producer licensing exams in foreign languages. Steps exam vendors have taken to mitigate cultural bias. Number and location of producers by company compared to demographics in the same area.

The issue of unfair discrimination is critical, and the Workstream recommends the development of analytical and regulatory tools to assist state insurance regulators in determining unfair discrimination, including issues related to:

Use of socio-economic variables. Identifying proxy variables for race. Correlation vs. causation. Disparate impact considerations. Use of third-party data. Appropriateness of data, such as criminal history.

The Workstream also suggested exploring the possibility of the industry collecting data by race in order to better measure outcomes. The Workstream also noted that it should work closely with existing groups, such as the Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (EX) Working Group and the Casualty Actuarial and Statistical (C) Task Force, as those groups continue their work in predictive modeling, price algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) with a particular focus on how race is affected. 5. Received a Status Report on Workstream Four Commissioner Afable reported that Workstream Four adopted its initial report and recommendations by e-vote on Feb. 5. The Workstream met Nov. 16, 2020, and Oct. 30, 2020, in regulator-to-regulator session, and Dec. 10, 2020, and Jan. 5 in open session. During its open meetings, the Workstream heard presentations from a producer association, industry associations, an actuarial association, a financial educational institution, an insurance company, and a consumer representative. Each presentation brought to light different aspects of the complexities surrounding race and insurance in life insurance. The primary conclusion of the Workstream was that it has only just started to delve into the practices and barriers that potentially disadvantage minority and underserved populations in the life insurance and annuity lines of business.


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The Workstream recommends that research and discussions continue to: 1) better determine the practices or barriers that disadvantage people of color and/or historically underrepresented groups; and 2) identify steps that can be taken to eliminate those barriers and disadvantages. The Workstream is willing to undertake this work to continue to research and formulate specific recommendations, as necessary, to address issues involving race and life insurance, such as:

a) The marketing, distribution and access to life insurance products in minority communities, including the role that financial literacy plays.

b) The impact of traditional life insurance underwriting on minority populations, considering the relationship between mortality risk and disparate impact.

c) Disparities in the number of cancellations/rescissions among minority policyholders. d) Whether there are other unresolved issues surrounding race and insurance in the life insurance industry that the

Workstream should consider addressing. The Workstream also recommended that the Accelerated Underwriting (A) Working Group, as part of its ongoing work to consider the use of external data and data analytics in accelerated life underwriting, include an assessment of and recommendations, as necessary, regarding the impact of accelerated underwriting on minority populations. 6. Received a Status Report on Workstream Five Commissioner Lara reported that Workstream Five met Dec. 2, 2020, in open session and March 23, March 2 and Feb. 18 in regulator to-regulator session to prepare and finalize its initial report. Workstream Five finalized and adopted the report on March 23. As its Dec. 2, 2020, meeting confirmed, and its initial report states, the Workstream believes access and network adequacy is an ongoing and persistent issue for people of color and/or historically underrepresented population groups. The Workstream also believes the other issues it has identified merit discussion and examination as well, including affordability. For these reasons, the Workstream plans to continue its work as its initial recommendations and the Special Committee’s 2021 proposed charges reflect. Commissioner Altman highlighted a few of the Workstream’s initial recommendations. One recommendation it has is to conduct further research on measures to advance equity through lowering the cost of care and promoting access to care and coverage, with emphasis on people of color, low income and rural populations, and historically marginalized groups. The Workstream plans to focus this research on measures to remedy impacts on historically marginalized groups, as well as the examination of the use of network adequacy and provider directory measures to promote equitable access to culturally competent care. The Workstream also recommends, in coordination with Workstreams One, Three and Four, developing a model data call to identify resources and products, including a product mix devoted or sold in specific zip codes. The Workstream also recommends charging the Health Innovations (B) Working Group, consistent with is ongoing work, to evaluate mechanisms to resolve disparities and improve access to care, including: 1) the efficacy of telehealth as a mechanism for addressing access issues for people of color and low income and underrepresented groups; and 2) the use of advance payment models and the algorithms that power the underlying modeling and value-based payments and their impact on exacerbating or ameliorating disparities and social determinants of health. Finally, another recommendation the Workstream has is for it to monitor opportunities and identify strategies for consumer education to address equity issues. The Workstream plans to make referrals, as appropriate, to the Consumer Information (B) Subgroup to develop educational materials after identifying areas and strategies it believes will help to increase awareness in communities of color and/or among other underrepresented groups.


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7. Discussed its 2021 Proposed Charges and Heard Comments from Interested Parties Commissioner Altmaier introduced the interested parties who submitted initial comments (Attachment Two) and requested to comment on the 2021 proposed charges of the Special Committee and other committee groups.

a. Thomas A. Campbell (American Academy of Actuaries—Academy) commented on behalf of the Academy and reiterated and reinforced the Academy’s previously stated commitment to work with the NAIC on the shared goal to address diversity and inclusion concerns pertaining to insurance coverages.

As communicated to the Special Committee upon its formation, the Academy is offering its ongoing assistance in the identification and exploration of areas where state insurance regulators can act in this regard and addressing practices that could create barriers, or conversely provide incentives, to the inclusion in insurance products. During the course of this work, Academy representatives have actively engaged the Special Committee, having made separate presentations to Workstreams Three, Four and Five on P/C, life, and health insurance issues, respectively. As the Special Committee moves forward on its newly proposed 2021 charges, the Academy stands ready to work with it on executing and implementing them. With the relatively recent posting of those charges, the Academy has not had the full opportunity to assess them as yet, but it will provide input to the Special Committee, as appropriate, as its work progresses.

As the national actuarial association for public policy and professionalism in the U.S., the Academy is looking at issues surrounding the appropriateness of data and assumptions used in U.S. actuarial practice across all areas of practice and actively working with various stakeholders and within the actuarial profession to advance this objective. A sampling of the work the Academy is doing can be found on the Academy’s Diversity, Equity & Inclusion web page. The Academy has formed task forces and work groups under its Casualty, Health, and Life Practice Councils that are dedicated to DE&I. The Academy also has an active process within its Risk Management and Financial Reporting Council on data analytics and algorithms, and it will be issuing papers on those topics shortly.

To further illustrate the emphasis of this work, Mr. Campbell would like to bring attention to a recent publication from the Academy with respect to health equity issues. The discussion brief, Health Equity from an Actuarial Perspective: Questions to Explore, issued by the Academy’s Health Equity Work Group, serves as an introduction to the Work Group’s approach to examining efforts to reduce health disparities and applying actuarial expertise to the following areas: health insurance benefit design, provider contracting and network development, premium pricing, and managing population health. As the Work Group’s chairperson, Annette James (Academy), has indicated, “[t]his foundational document on health equity issues begins by offering questions and topics for further exploration to help identify ways in which health benefit programs might affect health equity.” This is but the first offering from the Work Group; focused publications in each of the areas identified are expected to come forward in the near future. The Academy believes that charges relevant to the health workstream will relate to the ongoing work of the Work Group.

Finally, Mr. Campbell wanted to underscore the value the Academy places on the collaborative work with the NAIC that the Academy has enjoyed over the years on issues of mutual interest. On this initiative and the many other workstreams in which the Special Committee is actively working on at the NAIC, the Academy is committed to providing objective expert actuarial analysis on behalf of the U.S. actuarial profession.

b. Angela Gleason (American Property Casualty Insurance Association—APCIA) stated that the APCIA remains

committed to constructive partnership with all stakeholders to advance meaningful solution-driven dialogue aimed at sustainable proposals that benefit all. The APCIA looks forward to providing specific recommendations to the Special Committee’s 2021 proposed charges, but it offers foundational observations into the deep thinking that it continues to exercise around race and insurance issues.

These are broad and complicated historical issues, so the solutions are not simple and will require time to craft meaningful change. In the letter the APCIA submitted, APCIA chief executive officer (CEO) Dr. David Sampson stresses that the core purpose of the insurance industry is to provide sustainable risk transfer and risk mitigation solutions for our customers at a price commensurate with their actual or expected losses. Doing so ensures an equitable cost to each customer while also protecting the solvency of the insurance industry.


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In light of those fundamental principles, the APCIA identified two important areas where it believes there are omissions from the preliminary draft charges. First, there does not appear to be a reference to researching and analyzing underlying cost drivers and how the industry can assist in addressing these issues. Long-standing forward-thinking solutions to historical challenges necessitate consideration of the lost cost drivers. Second, the issue of economic empowerment has been a consistent and important consideration throughout the NAIC dialogue, and the APCIA would like to see that topic referenced more strongly.

The draft 2021 charges of the Special Committee reflect much of the broad thinking and wide analysis required for the insurance sector to meaningfully grapple with these issues. Promoting DE&I at every level of the company and throughout the supply chain is paramount, and the APCIA looks forward to partnering with and sharing information with state insurance regulators on this topic. However, the APCIA is concerned that the same approach to analysis is not carried through in some of the underlying tone and drafting in some of the Workstream Three, Four and Five changes. For instance, Special Committee charges include continuing research and analysis of the legal and regulatory approaches to addressing unfair discrimination, but they simultaneously presuppose the outcome of that research and analysis, directing the development of tools and definitions without any foundational consideration of the problem trying to be solved. To drive collaboration and consensus toward meaningful change, state insurance regulators and stakeholders must reach consensus on the current legal framework and where that framework presents opportunities for change. Without that threshold exercise, when reaching consensus, there is the risk of going down the wrong path and developing solutions that do not address the problem. The APCIA believes there could be a benefit to some language about taking a sequenced approach to first prioritizing the analysis of the current legal and regulatory framework. Specific to research, the APCIA will have some recommendations consistent with utilizing data that is available and meaningful.

Ms. Gleason turned it over to Roosevelt Mosley, principal and consulting actuary with Pinnacle Actuarial Resources, to highlight why reaching consensus on the legal framework and next steps matters. She thanked the Special Committee for the opportunity to share these thoughts, and the APCIA looks forward to continuing this important partnership.

c. Roosevelt Mosley (Pinnacle Actuarial Resources) commented on the implication of the proposed charges as they

relate to setting rates for P/C insurance. Pinnacle Actuarial Resources recognizes that this is a very important issue that must be addressed, and it is in full support of the work of the Special Committee and being involved in assisting in whatever way possible.

Ultimately, Pinnacle Actuarial Resources believes that the collaboration between insurance companies, legislators, state insurance regulators, and consumer representatives will develop a solution that maintains the right balance between cost-based pricing and equity and fairness in terms of rates.

Secondly, Pinnacle Actuarial Resources also supports the research-based approach that is being advocated and. recommends that the Special Committee continue to focus on defining what the issues are and evaluating solutions that will potentially address the issue and lead to the intended desired results.

Pinnacle Actuarial Resources believes this will require taking a holistic approach to this issue; this is not an issue that is going to be necessarily addressed by eliminating one rating factor, or even particularly one potential group of rating factors because the issue is more nuanced than that. Therefore, Pinnacle Actuarial Resources would encourage the Special Committee to continue to focus on research to ensure that the issue is being defined properly and then continue that research to evaluate the effects of proposed solutions so that they do not create any unintended consequences.

The other issue Pinnacle Actuarial Resources would like to draw attention to is the issue of correlation versus causation, particularly from an actuarial perspective. The actuarial standards on the use of risk classification factors do not require causation, but they do state that a logical relationship to expected outcomes is desirable but is not necessarily required. Putting a requirement of causation on particular risk characteristics could be significantly challenging, and Pinnacle Actuarial Resources would respectfully request that the Special Committee carefully consider the idea of correlation versus causation.


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Lastly, Pinnacle Actuarial Resources applauds and encourages the Special Committee's separate listing of affordability of insurance versus the fairness of rates and bias.

For the insurance process to work efficiently for the maximum benefits of customers and insurers, the fundamentals of cost-based insurance must be maintained and must be appropriately balanced with the fact that rates should be fair and unbiased.

d. Birny Birnbaum (Center for Economic Justice—CEJ) stated, “CEJ greatly appreciates the efforts of the Special (EX)

Committee on Race and Insurance and the NAIC to fully engage and examine the insurance impacts of systemic racism on communities of color. The proposed charges reflect a serious and sustained commitment by the members of the NAIC to identify and eliminate racism in insurance and to improve diversity, equity and inclusion among regulators and insurers.”

The CEJ’s review of the proposed charges suggests that the charges can be significantly improved for clarity; coordination; reducing overlapping activities; and most importantly, a more systematic approach to the issue. The CEJ sees the following problems with the charges:

The charges seem to be more of a wish list of activities than a systematic approach to examining and

addressing issues of race and insurance. The charges range from specific tasks to broad investigations with no distinction about the breadth of the

activity. The charges largely fail to specify deliverables or time frames for delivery. The charges create structures through Special Committee workstreams that duplicate lettered committee

responsibilities and that make coordination unnecessarily difficult. The charges reflect an initial cut at identifying insurer policies and practices that may result in disparate

impact or proxy discrimination, but they contain no provision for a comprehensive examination by the subject matter committees.

The charges do not include key components of a comprehensive and systematic approach to examining race in insurance, including the identification of public policies that unfairly disadvantage communities of color or improving diversity and inclusion by consumer stakeholders, generally, and communities of color, particularly in regulatory processes.

The CEJ’s comments of March 23 to the Special Committee discuss the need for and components of a comprehensive and systematic approach by the NAIC to examine the effects of systemic racism in insurance. The CEJ has summarized its review of the suggested revisions to the proposed charges into the chart included with its comment letter. The chart shows the major strategic components, the specific charges for specific NAIC committees, the specific deliverables, and the time frame for deliverables.

The CEJ also recommends significant streamlining of the many Special Committee workstreams into one working group for the DE&I efforts and the remaining activities either at the Special Committee level or in a Special Committee Legal and Regulatory Guidance working group combined with assignments to other NAIC committees. This streamlining will reduce unnecessary duplication, facilitate coordination, better engage subject matter experts (SMEs) within the letter committees and better allow consumer stakeholder participation. It is much more difficult for consumer stakeholders to meaningfully participate when the relevant activities are spread over so many different workstreams and committees because of the much more limited resources of consumer stakeholders compared to industry stakeholders.

The CEJ suggests that a comprehensive and systematic approach by the NAIC to addressing race in insurance has five major components:

1. DE&I among insurers, state insurance regulators, and consumer stakeholders in NAIC and regulatory

processes. The proposed Special Committee charges address the first two groups, but there is no charge for DE&I for communities of color in regulatory processes. The CEJ suggests that the Special Committee efforts for DE&I


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be combined into a single working group of the Special Committee and that the NAIC/Consumer Liaison Committee be charged with developing recommendations for improving DE&I within regulatory processes.

2. Analyze, affirm and develop, as necessary, the legal and policy framework for addressing race and

insurance. This set of activities is the foundation for identifying and addressing the structural and systemic causes of racial disparities in insurance. The main deliverable is definitions of disparate impact and proxy discrimination. These definitions will reflect the intent of state insurance regulators and provide the guiding principles for the remaining activities. This work should be the responsibility of the Special Committee.

3. Develop the legal and regulatory guidance for implementing the policy framework for race and insurance

and implementing the Principles for AI. This component of the overall strategy includes:

a. Guidance for insurers to test for disparate impact and proxy discrimination. b. Guidance for insurers to report test results and actions taken in response to test results. c. Guidance for safe harbors for insurers who follow regulatory guidance. d. Guidance for insurers to implement the NAIC Principles for AI.

The first three charges should be assigned to Special Committee, while the last charge should be assigned to the Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (EX) Working Group.

4. Develop tools and resources for regulatory oversight. This is the component of the overall strategy that ensures

that state insurance regulators have the resources, tools, data and skills to effectively implement the regulatory guidance. Key tasks within this component are:

a. Develop market regulation data collection sufficient to monitor consumer market outcomes by prohibited

class characteristics. b. Identify gaps in regulatory skills and resources necessary for the analysis of disparate impact and proxy

discrimination.

The CEJ suggests that these charges be assigned to the Market Regulation and Consumer Affairs (D) Committee for several reasons. First, the proposed charges have this activity assigned to three workstreams, creating repetitive efforts. This should be a unified activity because the types of data and analysis necessary to examine accelerated underwriting in life insurance for disparate impact and proxy discrimination are the same as those necessary to examine health insurance delivery outcomes, personal auto claim settlements, homeowners pricing, or marketing for small business owners insurance. Second, the D Committee is already where consumer market outcome data collection efforts are housed. Third, it is the market regulators who will likely be carrying the bulk of responsibility for analyzing policies and practices for disparate impact and proxy discrimination. While the CEJ has great respect for the actuaries who review rate filings, it is not actuarial expertise that is relevant for examining disparate impact and proxy discrimination

5. Identify industry practices and public policies that may produce disparate impact and proxy

discrimination. The proposed charges include many specific inquiries for Workstreams Three, Four and Five for the CIPR. It is unclear how this list of issues of concern was developed or what equity framework was used to prioritize the listed items. Further, the list fails to distinguish between industry practices (subject to regulatory oversight) versus public policies (outside of regulatory oversight) that may lead to disparate impact and proxy discrimination. This is a critical distinction, and both lines of inquiry are essential to address systemic racism in insurance.

The CEJ suggests that instead of assigning this effort to Special Committee workstreams, the assignment to identify and examine practices and policies that may disadvantage communities of color should be assigned to the subject matter committees. It makes no sense to have a Special Committee workstream look at these issues for P/C insurance when the NAIC has a P/C committee. Moreover, assigning just the proposed charges to the three workstreams produces both major gaps and duplication. It produces gaps because there is no workstream


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that tracks the work of the Market Regulation and Consumer Affairs (D) Committee or the Financial Condition (E) Committee.

The CEJ also recommends that the charge to identify industry practices and public policies that produce disparate impact and proxy discrimination be given to the Financial Condition (E) Committee. It is vital that state insurance regulators and insurers examine their investment practices to identify investments that encourage or support environmental racism or abusive racial practices. For example, if state insurance regulators and insurers are committed to addressing systemic racism in insurance, then insurers should not be investing in predatory lenders or other businesses that systematically rob.

In closing, the CEJ asks for the Special Committee’s consideration of its suggested changes to the charges. The CEJ’s changes will better organize your efforts and, more importantly, facilitate stakeholder engagement. The CEJ looks forward to constructive engagement with other stakeholders and NAIC members to achieve concrete outcomes that match the anti-racism statements of industry and state insurance regulators.

e. Tony Cotto (National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies—NAMIC) commented that although the NAIC

and its members have faced unique operational challenges this year, those challenges should not be used as an all-encompassing shield to avoid transparency and establish open collaborative NAIC processes.

When the Special Committee was formed, NAMIC and its members pledged to be partners in good faith at the table for all the discussions of the important issues to be tackled at the intersection of race and insurance. NAMIC provided initial recommendations to focus on issues surrounding the talent pipeline, and it is very glad to see that as one of the new proposed charges.

At the same time, NAMIC is deeply concerned that while it is sitting at the table ready to work together, the Special Committee’s work to date has largely taken place behind closed doors, with minimal time and opportunity for meaningful input.

The lengthy proposed charges that NAMIC had less than 72 hours to respond to include several significant substantive presumptions that, at the very least, merit additional discussion prior to adoption.

In a number of places, problems are assumed as something needing to be addressed or mitigated. Instead, NAMIC believes that the Special Committee should first determine if there is enough proof to answer a threshold question; it is not how to address the problem, but it is whether the problem exists at all. The proposed charges further introduce concepts that are foreign to state insurance codes and regulatory authority because they are fundamentally incompatible with sound risk classification, risk-based pricing, and established principles of unfair discrimination, like disparate impact and causal requirements for rating factors. Additionally, suggesting enhanced data reporting and requiring insurers to collect race and other socio-demographic data that insurers are not interested in and consumers do not like to provide is also likely to run afoul of numerous state and federal laws.

NAMIC’s members know that, like its regulators and the communities it serves, they are all stronger when NAMIC leverages and includes diverse backgrounds, skills, knowledge and perspectives of its policyholders, vendors and employees. At the same time, NAMIC respectfully discourages the use of departments or insurance (DOIs) regulation as tools for social engineering to fix societal problems that have nothing to do with insurance.

As NAMIC considers what it can and should do together within the bounds of the insurance ecosystem and its governing laws, Mr. Cotto encouraged not elevating demographics over data. Instead, he suggested focusing on what can be accomplished by working together to improve access for all stakeholders to the insurance mechanism and all of the economic empowerment that comes with that access.

f. Sonja Larkin-Thorne (Consumer Advocate) thanked the NAIC for the work and commitment on this issue.

Ms. Larkin-Thorne stated that Dr. Rochelle Walensky, Director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), described racism as a serious public health threat that directly affects the well-being of millions of Americans;


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as a result, it affects the health of the entire nation. Racism is not just the discrimination against one group based upon the color of their skin or their race or ethnicity, but the structural barriers that affect racial and ethnic groups differently to influence where a person lives, where they work, where their children play, and where they worship and gather in community. The social determinants have a long-term negative effect on the mental and physical health of individuals and their communities and on their ability to live beyond certain communities and categories in life.

Ms. Larkin-Thorne noted that as the NAIC struggles to talk about race and insurance, it must be acknowledged that the business of insurance is the very foundation and the stability of the American economic system, but she does question why this system excludes so many Americans just trying to achieve the American dream. Ms. Larkin-Thorne questions whether there is something that is inherent in the fabric of the insurance industry that it has not been able to attract and retain diverse talent. Ms. Larkin-Thorne noted that now everybody is bringing a person of color to the table to represent them. She believes insurance company CEOs need to come to the table and talk instead of sending their talking heads. They need to come to the table and listen about what is being seen and heard and help develop a plan that addresses the concerns that consumers have brought to attention.

After the comments, Commissioner Altmaier responded to concerns that the Special Committee has not been transparent with this process; certainly some regulator-only discussions have occurred, as they do on many of its workstreams in the past. As the Special Committee has stated multiple times, it will continue being transparent with this process and engaging with all of its stakeholders across the spectrum of the insurance industry. The Special Committee looks forward to everyone's participation in this going forward. Commissioner Lara noted his frustration with the comments made by some associations that represent the industry. Commissioner Lara said he finds it a little disheartening that the Special Committee is trying to work with the industry and all the parties involved, and some of these organizations are still not even acknowledging or taking responsibility for what the industry has done in the past. It remains impossible to get to a point of actually having fruitful and transparent discussions if these organizations are not fully ready to acknowledge that everyone has this responsibility and the insurance industry also has a responsibility moving forward. Commissioner Conway echoed Commissioner Lara’s comments and thanked the NAIC leadership for leading the charge and ensuring that the Special Committee keeps focused on these issues. Commissioner Ommen also thanked the NAIC for continuing to work on these really important issues, and he appreciates all of the comments that have been received and the information that is continuing to be gathered. Commissioner Ommen also noted the Special Committee needs to continue to be honest and recognize the actual causes of the disparities that are in the marketplace. Government policies, educational and economic differences contribute to the underlying social, safety and health risks that affect communities of color, especially urban communities of color. The Special Committee must think about and to some degree contribute to the ongoing discussions that are occurring outside of our industry. Commissioner Altman stated that many are at the table with statements about putting in the hard work and having the hard conversations. She agrees with the sentiments about the NAIC, the current leadership, the former leadership, and the regulatory community really stepping up. The 2021 proposed charges are indicative of that willingness for the regulatory community to put the work in. Commissioner Altman says she hopes the stakeholders will be the Special Committee’s partners and will do the work with it and have a willingness to have those hard conversations and not just push back on them because they are hard. Commissioner Navarro echoed Commissioner Lara’s comment on his disappointment from the industry and comments. He would have loved to have heard them say they want to work with the state insurance regulators; agree that issues around credit score, lack of credit, marital status and education exist; and state that they are no longer going to use those because they know they are unfairly discriminatory. He said he did not hear anyone say that, and when the Special Committee tried locally to address those in both private auto and homeowners insurance, guests lined up against the state insurance regulators to fight this initiative in the legislature. The Special Committee asked to see the correlation between credit score and claims history, and


8/15/21



the data just simply was not available. The Special Committee appreciates its interaction with the industry, but Commissioner Navarro believes they can do more. Commissioner Altmaier noted that the Special Committee will expose its 2021 proposed charges for a 30-day public comment period ending May 14 to receive detailed commentary on the proposed charges, followed by a public meeting of the Special Committee to fully consider stakeholder comments and finalize the 2021 work plan and charges. Director Cameron noted that he appreciates the comments made by his fellow commissioners and interested parties. It certainly leads to the understanding of how difficult this task is and how much work has to be done. Director Cameron said he wants to assure the industry that the Special Committee intends to be collaborative. He also cautioned that the Special Committee is going to ask everyone to step up, just as it is asking itself to step up and lead. The Special Committee has to provide confidence to its consumers that it is not providing any sort of discrimination and that it is not participating either intentionally or unintentionally with any form of discrimination. Director Farmer knew when he started this process in 2020 that this would not be a short, rushed change in direction, but rather a change in direction that will take years to accomplish. The Special Committee intends to move in that direction to reach that consensus and urge others to work with it. The Special Committee looks forward to having those conversations and talking to others individually and collectively as we move forward. Director Fox suggested that those interested parties who presented comments on the proposed charges provide specific language for consideration, specifically where there is discussion on correlation and causation and not just comments about what is inadequate. Having no further business, the Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance adjourned. W:\National Meetings\2021\Spring\RaceInsurance\4-RaceIns.docx

KLEIN PAPERTOP TAKEAWAYS

For more NAMIC Issue Analyses, please visit namic.org/issues/our-positions.

The National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies has partnered with Dr. Robert Klein to study the NAIC’s data related to auto insurance and risk based pricing in the states. This study highlights the commitment the insurance industry has to properly price all

• Competition compels insurers to use rating factors that are as accurate as reasonably possible.

• Insurers have strong motives to price risk accurately and not engage in unfair discrimination. Unfairly discriminating based on irrational and erroneous biases regarding the risks presented by certain groups of drivers would hurt an insurer

• If insurers did overcharge low-income drivers, it would be clearly demonstrated by that group having lower loss ratios than the group of high-income drivers. This study indicates the opposite is much more likely. Loss ratios tend to vary inversely with income, indicating low-income drivers actually receive

than higher-income drivers.

• The study results do not support the allegations that low-income drivers are overcharged in what they pay for coverage.

o

than drivers in higher-income ZIP codes; and

o

This means less insurance is available to high-risk drivers, forcing them into the residual market and increasing moral hazard in the process.

• If certain rating factors are banned or restricted, insurers will be compelled to place greater weight on the factors they are allowed to use. Attempts by regulators to constrain rating factors they believe are unfair or because of political pressure will

• The results of this analysis are consistent with previous studies that have not found evidence that insurers engage in unfair discrimination against low-income drivers or the areas where they live when what is considered “fair” is based on economic, insurance, and actuarial principles.

Attachment Four Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance

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1

Availability and Affordability of Insurance for Minority Consumers

Robert W. Klein, Ph.D.Temple University

Presentation to:Special (EX) Committee on Race

and InsuranceAugust 15, 2021

The Issues• Empirical research indicates that some consumers

(e.g., African Americans, low-income households)tend to pay higher premiums & may have lessadequate coverage.

• Is this due to unfair discrimination or other factors ora combination of both?

• Unfair discrimination could be explicit or implicit.

– Insurers may not intend to treat certain consumersunfairly, but certain rating factors (e.g., credit scores)could have a “disparate impact” on these consumers.

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The Issues• What constitutes “unfair” discrimination depends on the

standard for “fair” discrimination.

– Actuarial standard – pricing/underwriting are “fair” if factorsused are commensurate with an insured’s risk.

– Insurance prices should be the same for all insureds orbased on an insured’s ability to pay.

• “Disparate impact” refers to practices that have adverseeffects on certain protected groups that do not appeardiscriminatory on their face but are discriminatory intheir application or effects.

– “Business necessity” defense – challenged practice servesa legitimate purpose that cannot be served by alternativepractice with less discriminatory effect. 3

My Perspective• Availability/affordability problems & allegations of

unfair discrimination warrant careful and rigorousinvestigation & public policies that improve marketefficiency and equity.

• Regardless of whether insurers engage in unfairdiscrimination, there are measures that couldimprove the availability/affordability of insurance forminority & low-income consumers.

• Good policy should be based on sound research andcareful consideration of the tradeoffs associated withdifferent measures.

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Some Economic Principles• Three conditions for economic price discrimination:

– The seller must have some control over prices.

– Price discriminator must be able to segregate consumersinto groups with different elasticities of demand orreservation prices.

– No opportunity for arbitrage – resale by low-price to high-price consumers.

• Becker (1993) suggests that testing for economicprice discrimination should seek to determinewhether firms’ profits on minority consumers arehigher than they are for non-minority consumers.

5

Some Economic Principles• For actuarially unfair discrimination to occur, there

needs to be some form of market failure that enablesinsurers to acquire market power or that otherwiseimpairs efficient market functioning.

– Also, insurers would need to be able to segregate low-income/minority consumers & charge them higherpremiums.

• While most economists believe that auto/homeinsurance markets generally meet the conditions forworkable competition, there are problems.

– Both insurers and consumers have imperfect information.

– Many consumers have a poor understanding of insurance &some may find it difficult to shop for it.

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What does the literature say?• Studies by consumer groups conclude that insurers

engage in unfair discrimination against minority and low-income consumers.

• The most rigorous studies by insurance economists havenot found evidence of unfair discrimination in pricing inauto/home insurance.

– They are more guarded in their conclusions re: the effectsof insurers’ underwriting/marketing practices on theavailability of coverage for minority/low-income consumers.

• Findings of studies by insurance regulators tend to beconsistent with academic studies with some exceptions.

• Differences in findings appear to be due to differentmethodologies.

7

Some Results of My Analysis• I analyzed data published in the NAIC’s 2020 auto

insurance study.

– This report contained tables/figures showing averagepremiums, pure premiums, and loss ratios by incomequartile for each state.

– Underlying data was at a ZIP code level.

• My principal objective was to determine how theseinsurance metrics varied with income.

• I found that average premiums, pure premiums(average loss costs), and loss ratios tend to be higherin low-income areas than in higher income areas, butthis pattern was not consistent across all states.

8


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5

Average Premiums

9

Pure Premiums

10


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6

Loss Ratios

11

Takeaways and Caveats

• Loss ratios tend to be higher in low-income areas, butthis pattern is not consistent across all states.– Where loss ratios are higher or the same in low-income

areas, this suggests (but does not prove) that insurers arenot charging low-income drivers “excessive” rates.

• My analysis was at a very high level and not rigorous.– I could not access nor did I analyze data at a ZIP code

level.

– While income may serve as a proxy for race/ethnicity it’s notthe same thing.

– I was unable to analyze how premiums, claims, and lossratios varied with race/ethnicity and other variables thatcould affect or be associated with insurance premiums andavailability. 12


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7

Need for More Research

• There is a need for more rigorous research that wouldprovide a much better understanding of what minority &low-income consumers face w.r.t. the price &availability of auto/home insurance & what factors drivetheir experience.

• This research could take various forms, e.g.:– Analysis of ZIP code level data coupled with economic and

demographic data.

– Surveys of consumers

– Examination of insurers’ rating models, underwritingguidelines, marketing, etc.

• Are certain consumers disadvantaged w.r.t. their abilityto shop for insurance?

13

Data and Resources

• Good ZIP code level data for auto insurance areavailable for every state through the NAIC Tableauapplication.

• The stat agents/advisory organizations (e.g.,ISO/Verisk) have even better data at a transactionlevel.

• J.D. Powers has very good survey data but they arereluctant to share it for this kind of research.

• Academic researchers need data as well as financialsupport to conduct this kind of research.

14


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8

Final Thoughts• Good policy requires good research.

• These are not simple problems with simpleexplanations that are easy to solve.

• Banning certain rating factors (e.g., credit scores) mayseem like a good idea but could backfire.

• If we understand the nature, extent, and causes ofavailability/affordability problems we can designappropriate welfare-enhancing “solutions.”

– Restrictions on certain insurer practices?

– Reducing risk and claim costs for minority consumers?

– Improving consumer information and the ability to shop forinsurance?

– Other measures (e.g., taxpayer funded subsidies)?15


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Testing for Racial Bias in Insurance

Presentation to NAIC Committee on Race and Insurance

August 15, 2021

Birny Birnbaum Center for Economic Justice

Attachment Five Special (EX) Committee on Race and Insurance

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Birny Birnbaum 2 NAIC Committee on Race Center for Economic Justice Testing for Racial Bias in Insurance August 15, 2021

The Center for Economic Justice CEJ is a non-profit consumer advocacy organization dedicated to representing the interests of low-income and minority consumers as a class on economic justice issues. Most of our work is before administrative agencies on insurance, financial services and utility issues.

On the Web: www.cej-online.org


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About Birny Birnbaum Birny Birnbaum is the Director of the Center for Economic Justice, a non-profit organization whose mission is to advocate on behalf of low-income consumers on issues of availability, affordability, accessibility of basic goods and services, such as utilities, credit and insurance.

Birny, an economist and former insurance regulator, has worked on racial justice issues for 30 years. He performed the first insurance redlining studies in Texas in 1991 and since then has conducted numerous studies and analyses of racial bias in insurance for consumer and public organizations. He has served for many years as a designated Consumer Representative at the National Association of Insurance Commissioners and is a member of the U.S. Department of Treasury's Federal Advisory Committee on Insurance, where he co-chairs the subcommittee on insurance availability. Birny is also a member of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board's Insurance Policy Advisory Committee.

Birny served as Associate Commissioner for Policy and Research and the Chief Economist at the Texas Department of Insurance. At the Department, Birny developed and implemented a robust data collection program for market monitoring and surveillance.

Birny was educated at Bowdoin College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He holds Master’s Degrees from MIT in Management and in Urban Planning with concentrations is finance and applied economics. He holds the AMCM certification.


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Why CEJ Works on Insurance Issues Insurance Products Are Financial Security Tools Essential for Individual and Community Economic Development: CEJ works to ensure fair access and fair treatment for insurance consumers, particularly for low- and moderate-income consumers. Insurance is the Primary Institution to Promote Loss Prevention and Mitigation, Resiliency and Sustainability: CEJ works to ensure insurance institutions maximize their role in efforts to reduce loss of life and property from catastrophic events and to promote resiliency and sustainability of individuals, businesses and communities.


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Fair and Unfair Discrimination in Insurance Provisions regarding fair and unfair discrimination are generally found in two parts of insurance statutes: rating and unfair trade practices.

We find two types of unfair discrimination:

Actuarial – there must be an actuarial basis for distinction

among groups of consumers; and

Protected Classes – distinctions among groups defined by certain characteristics – race, religion, national origin – prohibited regardless of actuarial basis.


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What Information Does This Map of Cleveland Present?

a. Concentration of Minority Population

b. Eviction Rates

c. COVID Infections and Deaths Rates

d. Flood Risk

e. Environment-related Illnesses

f. Federal Home Loan Eligibility 1930’s to 1960’s


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Systemic Racism1

Structural racism is the policies and practices that normalize and legalize racism in a way that creates differential access to goods, services, and opportunities based on race.

Systemic racism refers to policies, practices, or directives that result in advantages or disadvantages to individuals or communities based on race, including harm caused by infrastructures that determine access and quality of resources and services.

1 https://new.finalcall.com/2021/03/09/death-by-zip-code-housing-discrimination-neighborhood-contamination-and-black-life/


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How Can Systemic Racism Manifest Itself in Insurance – Whether for Marketing, Pricing or Claims Settlement?

1. Disparate Intent -- Intentional Use of Race

2. Proxy Discrimination – A factor predicting race and not the outcome. Use of a non-prohibited factor that, due in whole or in part to a significant correlation with a prohibited class characteristic, causes unnecessary, disproportionate outcomes on the basis of prohibited class membership.

3. Disparate Impact -- Disproportionate outcomes tied to historic discrimination and embedded in Insurance Outcomes.

In the Big Data / AI era, it is essential for insurers to test their algorithms and for regulators to test actual consumer market outcomes for proxy discrimination and disparate impact.


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The Evolution of Insurers’ Predictive Modeling: Univariate to Multivariate Analysis

In the past 30 years, insurers have moved away from univariate analysis to multivariate analysis – from analyzing the effects of one risk characteristic at a time to simultaneous analysis of many risk characteristics.

What the problem with univariate analysis?

If I analyze the relationship of age, gender and credit score – each individually – to the likelihood of a claim, the individual results for each risk characteristic are likely capturing some of the effects of the other risk characteristics – because age, gender and credit score (or other risk classifications) may be correlated to each other as well as to the outcome variable.

How does multi-variate analysis address this problem?


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Testing for Disparate Impact and Proxy Discrimination:

A Natural Extension of Typical Insurer Practices Here’s a simple illustration of a multivariate model. Let’s create a simple model to predict the likelihood of an auto claim:

b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + e = y X1, X2 + X3 are the predictive variables trying to predict y.

Say that X1, X2 + X3 are age, gender and credit score and we are trying to predict y – the likelihood of an auto insurance claim

By analyzing these predictive variable simultaneously, the model removes the correlation among the predictive variables. If we were to add another predictive variable – say, geographic location – we would be able to identify whether age, gender or credit score were correlated with location and better identify the unique contributions of age, gender and credit score to predicting the outcome.


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Use of Control Variables in Multivariate Insurance Models Suppose an insurer want to control for certain factors that might distort the analysis? For example, an insurer developing a national pricing model would might want to control for different state effects like different age distributions, different occupation mixes or differences in jurisprudence. An insurer would add one or more control variables.

b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4C1+ e = y

C1 is a control variable – let’s say for State. By including State as a control variable, the correlation of the Xs to State is statistically removed and the new b values are now the contribution of the Xs, independent of their correlation to State, to explaining the likelihood of a claim. When the insurer deploys the model, it still only uses the X variables, but now with more accurate b values.


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Disparate Impact as Both a Standard and a Methodology Let’s go back to multi-variate model, but now use Race as a control variable:

b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4R1+ e = y R1 is a control variable – by including race in the model development, the correlation of the Xs to race is statistically removed and the new b values are now the contribution of the Xs, independent of their correlation to race, to explaining the likelihood of a claim.

This is one common method of testing for racial bias, but there are a variety of methods that generally seek to do the same thing – identify the correlations between predictive variables and race (or other protected class factors) and evaluate the impact of that correlation on the predictive capability of the model.


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How Do We Interpret the Disparate Impact Analysis?

b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4R1+ e = y

Result: No Proxy Discrimination or Disparate Impact

Outcome Interpretation Indicated Action R is not statistically significant and there is little change to b1, b2 and b3.

There is little correlation between X1, X2 and X3 and race, little or no disparate impact or proxy discrimination

None, utilize the model.


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b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4R1+ e = y

Result: Proxy Discrimination

Outcome Interpretation Indicated Action R is statistically significant and b1 has lost its statistical significance

X1 was largely a proxy for race and the original predictive value of X1 was spurious. This is an example of proxy discrimination

Remove X1 from the marketing, pricing, claims settlement or anti-fraud model.


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b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4R1+ e = y Result: Disparate Impact

Outcome Interpretation Indicated Action R is statistically significant and has a large impact on the outcome, but b1, b2 and b3 remain largely unchanged and statistically significant

This is an example of disparate impact.

Are X1, X2 or X3 essential for the insurer’s business purposes? Are there less discriminatory approaches available? Would eliminating a predictive variable significantly reduce the disparate impact but not materially affect the efficiency or productiveness of the model?


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b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4R1+ e = y

Result: Some Proxy Discrimination, Some Disparate Impact

Outcome Interpretation Indicated Action R is statistically significant, but b1, b2 and b3 remain statistically significant with different values from the original.

X1, X2 and X3 are correlated to race, but also predictive of the outcome, even after removing the variables’ correlation to race. This is an example of some proxy discrimination and some disparate impact.

Depending on the significance of the racial impact, utilize the model with the revised predictive variable coefficients, consider prohibiting a variable on the basis of equity or both.


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Disparate Impact Analysis Improves Cost-Based Pricing There is a long history and many approaches to identifying and minimizing disparate impact in employment, credit and insurance. But, the general principle is to identify and remove the correlations between the protected class characteristic and the predictive variables. The disparate impact analysis – and our simple model – removes that correlation between the predictive variable and race so that remaining values for b1, b2 and b3 are the unique contributions of each predictive variable to explaining the outcome. The result is more – not less – accurate cost-based or risk-based analysis.


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Why is it Reasonable and Necessary to Recognize Disparate Impact as Unfair Discrimination in Insurance?

1. It makes no sense to permit insurers to do indirectly what

they are prohibited from doing directly. If we don’t want insurers to discriminate on the basis of race, why would we ignore practices that have the same effect?

2. It improves risk-based and cost-based practices.

3. In an era of Big Data, systemic racism means that there are no “facially-neutral” factors.

The fact that an insurer doesn’t use race in an algorithm does not logically or factually result in no discrimination on the basis of race. In fact, the only way to identify and eliminate the impacts of structural racism in insurance is to measure that impact by explicit consideration of race and other protected class factors.


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A Testing Approach to Systemic Racism Is Holistic and Avoids Historical Debates over Banning Selected Rating Factors

A regulatory regime requiring testing and related action by insurers is a holistic approach to identify and address systemic racism in insurance. By testing their algorithms, insurers test not just individual predictive variables, but the algorithm as whole. The holistic testing approach avoids three key issues with efforts to ban selected factors because those selected factors are considered proxies for race.

1. Testing confirms and distinguishes between proxy discrimination and disparate impact.

2. Avoids shifting proxy discrimination and disparate impact from a now-prohibited factor to a remaining permitted factor.

3. Identifies problematic factors previously unknown to the regulator and public.


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Insurer Testing of Algorithms / Regulator Testing of Market Outcomes

Recall insurer CEO statements following the murder of George Floyd

“In the coming days, I encourage each of us to step outside of our comfort zones, seek to understand, engage in productive conversations and hold ourselves accountable for being part of the solution. We must forever stamp out racism and discrimination.” Those are the words of Kirt Walker, Chief Executive Officer of Nationwide. Floyd’s death in Minneapolis is the latest example of “a broken society, fueled by a variety of factors but all connected by inherent bias and systemic racism. Society must take action on multiple levels and in new ways. It also requires people of privilege—white people—to stand up for and stand with our communities like we never have before,” Those are the words of Jack Salzwedel, the CEO of American Family. Surely, the least insurers can do to address systemic racism in insurance is to test their practices for and seek to remove racial bias.


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Regulator Testing of Actual Consumer Market Outcomes Needed

Regulators must collect and analyze granular consumer market outcome data for racial bias for several reasons:

Algorithms don’t always work as intended. An insurer’s good intentions are not a guaranty of intended consumer market outcomes.

Even if individual insurers’ algorithms work generally as expected,

industry aggregate consumer outcomes may produce racial bias. Enables regulators to evaluate claim settlement, anti-fraud and

marketing practices – parts of the insurance product cycle for which algorithms are not filed and reviewed by regulators.

More efficient and effective use of regulatory resources compared to

upfront review of insurers algorithms. The market outcome review represents an independent review of objective data. With today’s complex insurer algorithms, up front review relies on insurer representations.


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How Have the U.S. Insurer Trades – Particularly NAMIC and APCIA – Responded to the Insurer CEOs’ Calls?

Opposed the inclusion of “Consistent with the risk-based foundation of insurance, AI actors should proactively . . . avoid proxy discrimination against protected classes” in the NAIC Principles for Artificial Intelligence.

Have opposed the application of disparate impact liability under the federal Fair Housing Act to home insurance.

Supported the gutting of the U.S. Housing and Urban Development’s disparate impact rule – despite pleas from several insurers to leave the rule alone in the aftermath of the murder of Black Americans at the hands of police.

Pushed NCOIL to adopt a resolution opposing the CASTF White Paper because it suggested that regulators could ask insurers to show a rational relationship between new data sources and insurance outcomes.


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How Have the Insurer Trades – Particularly NAMIC and APCIA – Responded to the Insurer CEOs’ Calls? (con’t)

Opposed state bills to limit the impacts of credit-based insurance

scores during a pandemic, citing insurers’ need for “risk-based pricing,” while supporting efforts to permit such deviations when insurers find it convenient – price optimization, consumer lifetime value.

Sued regulators in NV and WA who sought temporary limits on the use of credit-based insurance scores disrupted by the pandemic and the CARES Act.

Pushed NCOIL to adopt a definition of proxy discrimination that would block any efforts to identify and address disparate impact and proxy discrimination and shield insurers from any accountability for their practices.


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NCOIL’s “Definition” of Proxy Discrimination Must Be Rejected

At the urging of the P/C Trades, NCOIL recently adopted the following:

For purposes of this Act, as well as for the purpose of any regulatory material adopted by this State, or incorporated by reference into the laws or regulations of this State, or regulatory guidance documents used by any official in or of this State, “Proxy Discrimination” means the intentional substitution of a neutral factor for a factor based on race, color, creed, national origin, or sexual orientation for the purpose of discriminating against a consumer to prevent that consumer from obtaining insurance or obtaining a preferred or more advantageous rate due to that consumer’s race, color, creed, national origin, or sexual orientation.

At best, this action represents a profound misunderstanding of how systemic racism affects insurance. At worst, it is a conscious act of stopping insurance regulators and states from even attempting to address racial justice. The language memorializes insurer practices that indirectly discriminate on the basis of race, discourages insurers from examining such racial impact and restricts current regulatory efforts.


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Why Do Efforts to Address Discrimination on the Basis of Race Require Explicit Consideration of Race?

New York Times, August 10, 2015: Algorithms and Bias: Q. and A. With Cynthia Dwork

Q: Some people have argued that algorithms eliminate discrimination because they make decisions based on data, free of human bias. Others say algorithms reflect and perpetuate human biases. What do you think?

A: Algorithms do not automatically eliminate bias. . . .Historical biases in the . . .data will be learned by the algorithm, and past discrimination will lead to future discrimination. Fairness means that similar people are treated similarly. A true understanding of who should be considered similar for a particular classification task requires knowledge of sensitive attributes, and removing those attributes from consideration can introduce unfairness and harm utility.


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Steve Bellovin, “Yes, ‘algorithms’ can be biased. Here’s why. A computer scientist weighs in on the downsides of AI.”2

This is what's important: machine-learning systems—"algorithms"—produce outputs that reflect the training data over time. If the inputs are biased (in the mathematical sense of the word), the outputs will be, too. Often, this will reflect what I will call "sociological biases" around things like race, gender, and class.

One thing is to exercise far more care in the selection of training data. Failure to do that was the likely root cause of Google Images labeling two African-Americans as gorillas. Sometimes, fixing the training data can help. Of course, this assumes that developers are even aware of the bias problem. Thus, another thing to do is to test for biased outputs—and some sensitive areas, such as the criminal justice system, simply do not use these kinds of tools.

2 https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/01/yes-algorithms-can-be-biased-heres-why/


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There are several reasons to be wary of the "algorithmic" approach. One reason is that people put too much trust in computer output. Every beginning programmer is taught the acronym "GIGO:" garbage in, garbage out. To end users, though, it's often "garbage in, gospel out"—if the computer said it, it must be so. (This tendency is exacerbated by bad user interfaces that make overriding the computer's recommendation difficult or impossible.) We should thus demand less bias from computerized systems precisely to compensate for their perceived greater veracity.

The second reason for caution is that computers are capable of doing things—even bad things—at scale. There is at least the perceived risk that, say, computerized facial recognition will be used for mass surveillance. Imagine the consequences if a biased but automated system differentially misidentified African-Americans as wanted criminals. Humans are biased, too, but they can't make nearly as many errors per second. Our test, then, should be one called disparate impact. "Algorithmic" systems should be evaluated for bias, and their deployment should be guided appropriately. Furthermore, the more serious the consequences, the higher the standard should be before use.


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“The Real Reason Tech Struggles with Algorithmic Bias”3 These are mistakes made while trying to do the right thing. But they demonstrate why tasking untrained engineers and data scientists with correcting bias is, at the broader level, naïve, and at a leadership level insincere. No matter how trained or skilled you may be, it is 100 percent human to rely on cognitive bias to make decisions. Daniel Khaneman’s work challenging the assumptions of human rationality, among other theories of behavioral economics and heuristics, drives home the point that human beings cannot overcome all forms of bias. But slowing down and learning what those traps are—as well as how to recognize and challenge them—is critical. As humans continue to train models on everything from stopping hate speech online to labeling political advertising to more fair and equitable hiring and promotion practices, such work is crucial.

3 Yael Eisenstat at https://www.wired.com/story/the-real-reason-tech-struggles-with-algorithmic-bias/


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Insurers Don’t Collect Applicant’s Race – How Can an Actuary Get Data on Race to Perform a Disparate Impact Analysis?

1. Assign a racial characteristic to an individual based on racial

characteristic of a small geographic area – Census data at the census block level.

2. Utilize the Bayesian Improved Surname Geocoding Method, based

on census geography and surname data. 4

3. Reach out to data brokers and vendors for a new data service.

4 See Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, ”Using publicly available information to proxy for unidentified race and ethnicity.” https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/research-reports/using-publicly-available-information-to-proxy-for-unidentified-race-and-ethnicity/ and Yin Zhang, “Assessing Fair Lending risks Using Race/Ethnicity Proxies.


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Ethical Algorithms -- Sources

Pauline T. Kim, “Auditing Algorithms for Discrimination” https://www.pennlawreview.com/online/166-U-Pa-L-Rev-Online-189.pdf Claire Whitaker, “Ethical Algorithms” https://www.kdnuggets.com/2019/03/designing-ethical-algorithms.html Erin Russel, “The Ethical Algorithm” https://www.cognitivetimes.com/2019/01/the-ethical-algorithm/ Barocas and Selbst https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2477899 Kroll, et al, “Accountable Algorithms: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2765268 Virginia Eubanks, Automating Inequality: How High Tech Tools Profile, Police and Punish the Poor Selbst and Barocas, “The Intuitive Appeal of Explainable Machines https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3126971 Levy and Barocas, “Designing Against Discrimination in Online Markets https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3084502 New York Times, “Algorithms and Bias, Q and A with Cynthia Dwork,” 10 August 2015 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/upshot/algorithms-and-bias-q-and-a-with-cynthia-dwork.html Martin, Kirsten E. M., What Is an Ethical Algorithm (And Who Is Responsible for It?) (October 21, 2017). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3056692 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3056692 Kirsten Martin, “Ethical Implications and Accountability of Algorithms” http://kirstenmartin.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Martin-JBE-Ethics-and-Accountability-of-Algorithms.pdf Kirsten Martin, DATA AGGREGATORS, BIG DATA, & RESPONSIBILITY ONLINE http://kirstenmartin.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/AAPOR-Martin-Info-Value-Chain-v2.pdf AIandBigData:Ablueprintforahumanrights,socialandethicalimpactassessmentAlessandroMantelero

https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0267364918302012?token=3836947F0CAD3C145A1F273E3CBE6C38F67E777DD7E4D590548F481916130DAACA8D57BED4667BD1FE1F4D8FC80E7C56


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materials - special (ex) committee on race and insurance

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