materials transport & nscd material classes velocity to transport relationships york nscd...
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Materials Transport & NSCD
Material ClassesVelocity to Transport Relationships
York NSCD RestorationPSY CCREP
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Material Transport
• Organic Matter: DOM (70-90%), FPOM, CPOM, large woody debris (branches to whole trees).
• Inorganic Matter (Mineral): alluvium & bedload• Higher discharge streams can carry more and larger
particles.– Suspended load: fine suspended particles (turbidity).
– Bed load: Larger particles that bounce along bottom of stream.
– The relative amount of suspended vs. bed loads is dependent on velocity and turbulence of stream flow.
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After rain, higher turbidity is not just a function of sediment run off; higher flow velocity suspends more sediments from bottom.
Total concentration of suspended particles highest near bottom.
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Velocity & Material Transport Size
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Deposition vs Erosion
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Sediment Impacts & Contamination• Excess Sedimentation:
– Reduces hard substrate for periphyton.– Clogs gravel interstices; reduces spawning habitat for fish.– Microbial activity increase may cause oxygen depletion.– Filling and flooding.– Increases drinking water treatment costs; reduces aesthetics.
• Many chemicals, contaminants will collect within and adhere to sediments.
• Variable transport of contaminated sediments can have severe impact on biota:– Sediments collect in pools– Contaminated sediments can be retained for long periods of
time.
• Erosion is more aggressive due to unstable stream banks, flashy storm response, or sediment starved waters (e.g. below dams)
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Rates of Stream-Bank Erosion
Cross Section of SBCC
486
488
490
492
494
496
498
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Distance (ft)
Ele
vatio
n (f
t)
Aquatic Resource Restoration Company (ARRC), unpublished data
June 2003
March 2004
October 2004
About 2-20 ft of bank lost per year.
This is 10-100 times faster than expected.
How can we stabilize our stream channels?
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Continuous monitoring instrumentation (below) is placed in the stream for a
month at a time
23 September 2003
Hour (from 17:00 on 09/22/2003)
17 21 01 05 09 13 17
Dis
cha
rge
(m
3/h
)S
usp
en
de
d S
ed
ime
nt L
oa
d (
kg/h
)
0
2e+4
4e+4
6e+4
8e+4
1e+5
Rai
nfal
l (i
nch
es
pe
r h
ou
r)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
DischargeSS LoadRainfall
Data collected during a storm event (above) illustrates that this is when most erosion occurs.
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NSCD• Natural Stream Channel Design
• Based on science of water flow = hydrology
• New channels may be created with meanders.
• Man-made structure of rock or logs to divert flow and slow erosion.
• Considers watershed size, climate, topography and geology to determine the proper dimensions, pattern and profile for no net erosion or accretion.
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“J”-hook structures along meanders.
Natural Stream Channel Design (NSCD)
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Replacing the streamside (riparian) forest.
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odorus Creek Restoration Efficacy Program
Studying the Effectiveness of NSCD Restoration Efforts
- Does water quality during storm events improve?
- Is there a positive biological community response?
(periphyton, macroinvertebrates, finfish)
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South and East Branch
Watersheds
Downstream Continuous Monitoring Sites
Upstream Reference Sites
Completed Restoration
Planned Restoration
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Water Quality& Flow
• We measure nutrients and suspended sediments in water samples during all conditions and all year!
• We also measure the stream flow to determine how much nutrient and sediments travels downstream.
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Storm Event Volume to Sediment Load(3/2003 – 3/2004)
Storm Event Volume (1000 x m3)
1 10 100 1000Sed
imen
t Lo
ad (
met
ric t
ons)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
?
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Periphyton = “rock slime”
Indicator of nutrient and sediment pollution.
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We also monitor the macroinvertebrate community, which mostly includes stream
insects.
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Fish surveys by electrofishingPeter Siwik
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PA Council of Trout Unlimited, 2002
Wild spawning trout would be a hallmark of restoration success, but it will likely require fisheries management changes such “catch and release”.
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Below Sewage Treatment
Plants!
Parasites
Infections
Deformations