mathematics latex guide
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guideTRANSCRIPT
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this DocumentLTEX and FriendsMathematics
http://csweb.ucc.ie/~dongen/LAF/LAF.html
M. R. C. van Dongen
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions and
OperatorsIntegration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
AMS -LTEX
AMS -LTEX is a useful platform for typesetting mathematics.
Supported by the American Mathematical Society ().
Provides useful extensions to LTE
X.
The distribution has two main parts:
amscls document class and theorem package.amsmath Extension package.
Makes math writing easier and improves quality.
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions and
OperatorsIntegration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Provided Packages
amsmath Environments for displayed equations and more.
amstext A \text command for typesetting text in formula.
amsopn \DeclareMathOperator for “operator names”.
The operators are typeset like \sin and \lim.
amsthm Extensions of \newtheorem command.
Also provides proof environment.
amscd Environment for simple commutative diagrams.
amsfonts Extra fonts including blackboard boldface (A, B, …).
amssymb Lots of extra symbols.
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions and
OperatorsIntegration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX’s Typesetting Modes
text Typeset as basic text.
ordinary math Typeset as math in the running text.display math Typeset as math in display.
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions and
OperatorsIntegration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Text → $ → Ordinary Math → $ → Text
LTE
X Input
The Binomial Theorem states
$\sumˆn_i=
\binomni aˆi bˆn-i = (a + b)ˆn$.
Substituting $$ for $a$
and $$ for $b$ gives us$\sumˆn_i=
\binomni = ˆn$.
LTEX Output
The Binomial Theorem statesn
i =0 (ni )ai bn−i = (a + b)n.
Substituting 1 for a and 1 for b gives usn
i =0 (ni ) = 2n.
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions and
OperatorsIntegration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Superscripts
The superscript operator (ˆ) creates a superscript.
$⟨expr⟩ˆ⟨sup⟩$ makes ⟨sup⟩ a superscript of ⟨expr⟩.
So $xˆ + x + $ gives you x 2 + 2x + 1.Grouping works as usual.
So to typeset e a+b you need braces: $eˆa+b$.
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions and
OperatorsIntegration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Subscripts
The subscript operator (_) creates a subscript.
$⟨expr⟩_⟨sub⟩$ makes ⟨sub⟩ a subscript of ⟨expr⟩.
So to get f n+2 = f n+1 + f n you need
$f_n + = f_n + + f_n$.
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions and
OperatorsIntegration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Mixing Subscripts and Superscripts
Subscripts and superscripts may be nested and combined.
$⟨expr⟩_⟨sub⟩ˆ⟨sup⟩$ is the same as $⟨expr⟩ˆ⟨sup⟩_⟨sub⟩$.Both give you ⟨expr⟩
⟨sup⟩⟨sub⟩
.
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions and
OperatorsIntegration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Avoid Su*scripts
simplicity Keep the number of subscripts and superscripts low:
Simpler notation;
Greater transparency.readability The resulting expression is easier to parse.
spacing Fewer inconsistencies in interline spacing.
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Lower Case Greek Letters: Easy as π
regular \alpha (α), \beta (β ), \gamma (γ ), ….
additional italic \varepsilon (ε), \vartheta (ϑ), \varrho (), ….old number \digamma ().
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Lowercase Greek Letters
Standard commands
α \alpha ι \iota τ \tauβ \beta κ \kappa υ \upsilonγ \gamma λ \lambda φ \phiδ \delta µ \mu χ \chi \epsilon ν \nu ρ \rho
ζ \zeta ξ \xi ψ \psiη \eta ø \o σ \sigmaθ \theta π \pi ω \omega
A MS -LTE X provided commands
ε \varepsilon κ \varkappa \varrhoϕ \varphi ϑ \vartheta \varpiς \varsigma
\digamma
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Uppercase Greek Letters: Easy as Π
regular \Gamma (Γ), \Delta (∆), \Theta (Θ), ….
italic \varGamma (Γ ), \varDelta (∆), \varTheta (Θ), ….
d d
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math ModeSub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Uppercase Greek Letters
Standard commands
Γ \Gamma Ξ \Xi Φ \Phi∆ \Delta Π \Pi Ψ \PsiΘ \Theta Σ \Sigma Ω \Omega
Λ \Lambda Υ \Upsilon
A MS -LTE X provided commands
Γ \varGamma Ξ \varXi Φ \varPhi∆ \varDelta Π \varPi Ψ \varPsiΘ \varTheta Σ \varSigma Ω \varOmega
Λ \varLambda Υ \varUpsilon
LT X d F i d
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Display Math
The amsmath package provides display math environments.
Provides starred and unstarred versions.
Some environments allow alignment in multi-line expressions.The alignment positions are specified with & .Line breaks are specified with \\.
LTEX and Friends
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Starred versus Unstarred Environments
Unstarred versions of the environment produce labels:
Starred versions of the environment do not produce labels:
equation*, align*, ….
Avoid the unstarred version unless text refers to the label.
LTEX and Friends
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
The equation Environment
LTEX Input
The following is the Binomial Theorem:\beginequation
\labeleq:Binomial
\sumˆn_i= \binomniaˆibˆn-i = (a+b)ˆn\,.
\endequation
Substituting $$ for˜$a$ and $$ for˜$b$
in˜(\refeq:Binomial) …
LTEX Output
The following is the Binomial Theorem:
ni =0
n
i
ai bn−i = (a + b)n . (1)
Substituting 1 for a and 1 for b in (1) gives us ni =0 (ni ) = 2n.
LTEX and Friends
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Splitting a Single Equation
LTEX Input
\beginequation*\beginsplit
a & = b + c + d \\
& \qquad + f + g + h \\& > \,.
\endsplit\endequation*
LTEX Output
a = b + c + d
+ f + g + h
> 0 .
LTEX and Friends
h
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LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
The align Environment
Use align for equation groups with alignment.
Each row is numbered separately.To turn o numbering of current equation: use \nonumber.
LTEX and Friends
Th E i (O )
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EMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
The align Environment (Output)
L
TEX Output
F (z ) =∞
n=0
f nz n (2)
= z +∞n=2
( f n−1 + f n−2)z n (3)
= z + F (z )/z + F (z )/z 2 (4)
= z /(1−
z −
z 2) .
Here the last equation is obtained from (2), (3), and (4) by transitivityof equality and by solving for F (z ).
LTEX and Friends
Th li E i t (I t)
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Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
The align Environment (Input)
LTEX Input
\beginalign
\labeleq:one
F ( z ) & = \sumˆ\infty_n= f_n zˆn \\
\labeleq:two
& = z + \sumˆ\infty_n=(f_n-+f_n-) zˆn \\\labeleq:three
& = z + F ( z ) / z + F ( z ) / zˆ \\
\nonumber
& = z / ( - z - zˆ) \,.
\endalign
Here the last equation is obtained from˜(\refeq:one),(\refeq:two), and˜(\refeq:three) by transitivity
of equality and by solving for˜$F ( z )$.
LTEX and Friends
Th li E i t M lti l C l
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Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
The align Environment: Multiple Columns
LTEX Input
\beginalign
a_ & = b_\,, & b_ & = c_\,, & c_ & = d_\,,\\
a_ & = b_\,, & b_ & = c_\,, & c_ & = d_\,,\\
a_ & = b_\,, & b_ & = c_\,, & c_ & = d_\,.
\endalign
LTEX Output
a0 = b0 , b0 = c 0 , c 0 = d 0 , (5)
a1 = b1 , b1 = c 1 , c 1 = d 1 , (6)
a2 = b2 , b2 = c 2 , c 2 = d 2 . (7)
LTEX and FriendsM h i
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Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Usage
\beginalign*x_ & = \,, \\
x_ & = \,, \\\shortintertextand
x_ & = \,.\endalign*
LTEX Output
x 0 = 0 ,
x 1 = 1 ,
and
x 2 = 2 .
LTEX and FriendsM th tiLow level Alignment Building Blocks
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Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Low-level Alignment Building Blocks
LTEX Input
\beginequation*I = \left[
\beginaligned
&& && \\
&& && \\
&& &&
\endaligned
\right]\,.
\endequation*
LTEX Output
I =
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
.
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsThe eqnarray Environment
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Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
The eqnarray Environment
LTEX also has an eqnarray environment.
For multiple equations with horizontal alignment.In short: Don’t use it!
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsText in Formulae
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Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Text in Formulae
Sometimes you need plain text in mathematical formulae.
AMS -LTEX provides special-purpose \text command.
LTEX Input
\[ \textfinal grade =
\text\textscca + \times \textexam\,. \]
LTEX Output
final grade = + 5× exam .
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsDelimiters
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Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Delimiters
Every now and then LTEX needs a bit of help.
For example, $f( ˆˆˆ___ )$ gives
f (2222
222) .
Use \left and \right to scale the size of the parentheses.
Then $f\left(ˆˆˆ___\right)$ gives
f
2222
222 .
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsYer \left Yer \right
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Yer \left, Yer \right, …
L
TEX Output
n! =
1 if 0 ≤ n ≤ 1 ,
n × (n − 1)! otherwise .
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsYer \left Yer \right
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Yer \left, Yer \right, …
L
TEX Output
n! =
1 if 0 ≤ n ≤ 1 ,
n × (n − 1)! otherwise .
LTEX Input
\[ n! =
\left\
\beginaligned
& && \textif $ \leq n \leq $\,,
\\ & n \times (n-)! && \textotherwise\,.
\endaligned\right.
\]
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsNested Delimiters
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Nested Delimiters
Common to use square brackets outside parentheses.
This should work especially well in inline math mode.
LTEX Input
Simplifying
$[ ( a + b )ˆ- ( a - b )ˆ ]ˆ$
gives us $ aˆ bˆ$.
LTEX OutputSimplifying [(a + b)2 − (a− b)2]2 gives us 16a2b2.
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsDelimiters on Dierent Lines
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Delimiters on Dierent LinesHow Not To …
Don’t Try This at Home
\beginalign*
f & = g\left( ˆˆ
+ …\right.
\\& \qquad \left. + \right)\,.
\endalign*
LTEX Output
f = g
333+ …
+3) .
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsDelimiters on Dierent Lines
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Delimiters on Dierent LinesThe \vphantom Trick
LTEX Input
\beginalign*
f & = g\left( ˆˆ
+ …\right.
\\& \qquad \left.
+ \vphantomˆˆ
\right)\,.\endalign*
LTE
X Output
f = g
333+ …
+3 .
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsOverloading
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Overloading
Some symbols are used for dierent purposes: overloading.
For example, | is used as left and right delimiter in |·|.
AMS -LTEX provides new commands for delimiters.Delimiters scale with \left and \right.
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsTypesetting ‘Non-delimiting’ Bars
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
yp g g
LTEX Input
The even digits are
given by$\\, n \in \mathbbN
\,\vert\, \leq n \leq \,\$.
L
TEX OutputThe even digits are given by 2n ∈ N | 0 ≤ n ≤ 4 .
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsMore Variable-sized Bars
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
$\left\lvert x \right\rvert$
Absolute-values and similar: |x |.
$\left\lVert x \right\rVert$
Norms: x .
LTEX and FriendsMathematicsEvaluation
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\[\left. f ( x )\right \rvert_x= = \,.
\]
LTEX Output
f (x )x =0
= 0 .
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
M DKnow thy TEX
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
y E
Don’t Try This at Home
Say no to $<,,>$!
LTEX Output
Say no to < 1, 2, 3 >!
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
M DKnow thy TEX
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
y E
LTEX Input
Let $F ( z )$ be the ordinary generating function of$\left\langle t_,t_, \ldots \right\rangle$.
Then $z F ( z )$ is the ordinary
generating function of$\left\langle ,t_,t_, \ldots \right\rangle$.
LTE
X Output
Let F (z ) be the ordinary generating function of t 0, t 1, . . .. Then zF (z )is the ordinary generating function of 0, t 0, t 1, . . ..
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenFloors and Ceilings
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
Let $x$ be any real number.By definition$i \leq \left\lfloor x \right\rfloor
\leq x\leq \left\lceil x \right\rceil
\leq I$for all integers $i$ and $I$ such that$i \leq x \leq I$.
LTEX Output
Let x be any real number. By definition i ≤ x ≤ x ≤ x ≤ I for allintegers i and I such that i ≤ x ≤ I.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenVariable-sized Delimiter Commands
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Standard \ \ \langle \lceil \lfloor \rangle \rceil \rfloor ↑ \uparrow⇓ \Downarrow \updownarrow ↓ \downarrow
⇑ \Uparrow \Updownarrow ( ([ [ | | ) )] ] \| / /\ \backslash
amsmath
| \lvert | \rvert \lVert \rVert
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenFractions
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Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Ordinary fractions are typeset using the command \frac.
To get ⟨num⟩⟨den⟩ you use \frac⟨num⟩⟨den⟩.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenUse Fractions with Discretion
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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g
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Fractions in ordinary math mode may aect the interlinespacing.
Use n/d if n and d are “simple.”If d = 0, consider using d × f = n instead of f = n
d .
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenContinued Fractions: amsmath
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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g
Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Continued fractions are typeset with the command \cfrac.
Has optional argument (l or r) for placement of numerator.
LTEX Input
\[ \sqrt - = \cfrac +
\cfrac +\dotsb\,. \]
LTE
X Output
√ 2− 1 =
1
2 + 1
2 + · · ·.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenTypesetting Delimited Sums
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
According to folklore Gauss proved that
\[ \sumˆn_i= i=n(n+)/\,. \]
LTEX Output
According to folklore Gauss proved that
n
i =0
i = n(n + 1)/2 .
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenDelimited SumsN i U d L I d Pl
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Notice Upper and Lower Index Placement
LTEX Input
According to folklore Gauss proved that $\sumˆn_i= i=n(n+)/$.
LTEX OutputAccording to folklore Gauss proved that
ni =0 i = n(n + 1)/2.
LTEX Input
According to folklore Gauss proved that \[\sumˆn_i= i=n(n+)/\,.\]
LTEX OutputAccording to folklore Gauss proved that
ni =0
i = n(n + 1)/2 .
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenOverriding the Style for Lower and Upper Limits
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\[ \textstyle\sumˆ\infty_n=
ˆ-n = \,. \]
LTEX Output
∞n=0 2−n = 2 .
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenOther Variable-sized Operators
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Standard \sum
´ \int
\bigcap
\prod¸
\oint
\bigcup
\bigoplus
\bigsqcup
\bigwedge
\bigotimes \coprod \bigvee \bigodot
\biguplus
AMS -LTEX
˜ \iint ˝ \iiint ˇ \iiiint´ · ·· ´ \idotsint
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenMulti-Line Limits with the \substack Command
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\[ \sum_\substack\text$i$ odd
\\ \leq i\leq n\binomni
= ˆn -\sum_\substack\text$i$ even
\\\leq i\leq n\binomni\,. \]
LTEX Output
i odd
0≤i ≤n
n
i
= 2n −
i even
0≤i ≤n
n
i
.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenComplex Limits with the subarray Environment
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\[ \sum_\beginsubarrayl
i \text odd\\
\leq i \leq n
\endsubarray
\binomni
= ˆn -
\sum_\beginsubarrayc
i \text even\\ \leq i \leq n
\endsubarray\,.
\binomni \]
LTEX Output i odd0≤i ≤n
n
i
= 2
n −i even
0≤i ≤n
n
i
.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenComplex Limits with the subarray Environment
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\[ \sum_\beginsubarrayl
i \text odd\\
\leq i \leq n
\endsubarray
\binomni
= ˆn -
\sum_\beginsubarrayc
i \text even\\ \leq i \leq n
\endsubarray\,.
\binomni \]
LTEX Output i odd0≤i ≤n
n
i
= 2
n −i even
0≤i ≤n
n
i
.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenLog-like Functions
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
arccos \arccos dim \dim log \log
arcsin \arcsin exp \exp max \maxarctan \arctan gcd \gcd min \minarg \arg hom \hom Pr \Prcos \cos inf \inf sec \sec
cosh \cosh ker \ker sin \sincot \cot lg \lg sinh \sinhcoth \coth lim \lim sup \supcsc \csc liminf \liminf tan \tandeg \deg limsup \limsup tanh \tanh
det \det ln \ln
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenSubscripts, Superscripts, and Limit Arguments
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\[ \lim_x \to
\fracxˆ
x = \,. \]
LTEX Output
limx →0
x 2
x = 0 .
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenMore Overloaded Symbols: mod
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Command Expression Result
\bmod $\gcd( , ) = \gcd( , \bmod )$ gcd(5, 3) = gcd(3, 5 mod 3)\mod $ \equiv \mod $ 2 ≡ 5 mod 3\pmod $ \equiv \pmod $ 2 ≡ 5 (mod 3)\pod $ \equiv \pod $ 2 ≡ 5 (3)
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenIntegration
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\[ \intˆb_a xˆ\,d x
= \left. xˆ \right\rvertˆb_a= bˆ - aˆ\,. \]
LTEX Output
ˆ b
a3x 2 dx = x 3|ba = b3 − a3 .
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenMultiple Integral Signs
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/DierentiationRoots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
amsmath
´ \int
˜ \iint˝
\iiintˇ
\iiiint´ · · · ´ \idotsint
esint
´ \int
˜ \iint˝
\iiintopˇ
\iiiintop› \sqint
” \sqiint
\ointctrclockwise ı
\ointclockwise# \landupint
% \landdownint
ffl \fint ¯ \dotsintop¸ \ointop
‚ \oiintop fl
\varointctrclockwiseff
\varointclockwise! \varoiint
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenDierentiation
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Dierentiations are typeset using \frac.
You get dudx with \fracd ud x.
You get d 2udx 2 with \fracdˆ ud xˆ.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenDierentiation
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
L
TEX Input
Let $z = xˆ + x y$, then\[ \frac\partial z
\partial x= x + y\,. \]
LTEX Output
Let z = x 2 + xy, then∂ z ∂ x
= 2x + y .
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenRoots
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
… $\sqrt \approx .$.
LTEX Output
…√
2 ≈ 1.414213562.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van DongenA Root is a RootWould 3
√ by any Other Name Smell as Sweet?
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and SuperscriptsGreek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
… $\sqrt[] = $.
LTEX Output
… 3√
27 = 3.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
M h i
Roots: \leftroot and \uproot
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
L
TEX Input
We all agree that
$\sqrt[\beta]k$is equal to
$\sqrt[\leftroot-\uproot\beta]k$.But why are they different in type?
LTEX Output
We all agree that β√ k is equal to β√ k . But why are they dierent intype?
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
M th ti
Changing the Type Style
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
$\mathititalic + abcˆ$italic + abc 2.
$\mathrmroman + abcˆ$roman + abc2.
$\mathbfbold + abcˆ$
bold
+ abc2
.$\mathsfsans serif + abcˆ$sansserif + abc2.
$\mathttteletype + abcˆ$teletype + abc.
$\mathcalCALLIGRAPHIC$CALLIGRAPHIC .
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Operator Symbols
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
\amalg \diamond \sqcap∗ \ast ÷ \div \sqcup \bigcirc \lhd \star \bigtriangledown∓ \mp × \times
\bigtriangleup \odot \triangleleft
• \bullet
\ominus \triangleright
∩ \cap ⊕ \oplus \unlhd· \cdot \oslash \unrhd \circ ⊗ \otimes \uplus ∩
\cup ± \pm ∨ \vee† \dagger \rhd ∧ \wedge
‡ \ddagger \ \setminus \wr
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Relation Symbols
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
< < = =
≤ \leq
> > \ll \smile≈ \approx | \mid \sqsubseteq \asymp |= \models \sqsubset \bowtie = \neq \sqsupseteq∼= \cong \ni \sqsupset
\dashv /
∈ \notin
⊆ \subseteq
.= \doteq \parallel ⊂ \subset≡ \equiv ⊥ \perp \succeq \frown \preceq \succ≥ \geq ≺ \prec ⊇ \supseteq \gg ∝ \propto ⊃ \supset
∈ \in
\simeq
\vdash
\Join∼ \sim
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Additional Relation Symbols
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Mathematics
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
\approxeq \eqcirc \succapprox \backepsilon \fallingdotseq \succcurlyeq \backsim \multimap \succsim \backsimeq \pitchfork ∴ \therefore∵ \because \precapprox ≈ \thickapprox \between \preccurlyeq ∼ \thicksim
\Bumpeq \precsim ∝ \varpropto \bumpeq \risingdotseq \Vdash \circeq \shortmid \vDash \curlyeqprec \shortparallel \Vvdash \curlyeqsucc \smallfrown \doteqdot
\smallsmile
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Fixed-size Arrows
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
↓ \downarrow ⇓ \Downarrow
↑ \uparrow
⇑ \Uparrow
\updownarrow \Updownarrow← \leftarrow ⇐ \Leftarrow→ \rightarrow ⇒ \Rightarrow←− \longleftarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow−→ \longrightarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow
↔ \leftrightarrow ⇔ \Leftrightarrow←→ \longleftrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow→ \mapsto ← \hookleftarrow−→ \longmapsto → \hookrightarrow \leftharpoonup \nearrow \leftharpoondown
\searrow
\rightharpoonup \swarrow \rightharpoondown \nwarrow \rightleftharpoons
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Extensible Arrows: amsmath
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
e ←− \xleftarrowe
e ←−
o\xleftarrow[o]e
e −→ \xrightarrowe
e −→
o\xrightarrow[o]e
e ←− \underleftarrowe
e −→ \underrightarrowe
←→e \overleftrightarrowe e ←→
\underleftrightarrowe
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Extensible Arrows: mathtools (No Option)
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 66/120
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
e −− \xleftrightharpoonse
e −− \xrightleftharpoonse
e − \xleftharpoondowne
e − \xrightharpoondowne
e − \xleftharpoonupe
e − \xrightharpoonupe
e ←→ \xleftrightarrowe
e ⇐⇒ \xLeftrightarrowe
e ←− \xhookleftarrowe e −→ \xhookrightarrowee ⇐= \xLeftarrowe
e =⇒ \xRightarrowe
e −→ \xmapstoe
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Extensible Arrows: mathtools (With Option)
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 67/120
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
e −−
o\xleftrightharpoons[o]e
e −−
o\xrightleftharpoons[o]e
e −
o\xleftharpoondown[o]e
e −
o\xrightharpoondown[o]e
e −
o\xleftharpoonup[o]e
e −
o\xrightharpoonup[o]e
e ←→
o
\xleftrightarrow[o]e e
⇐⇒o
\xLeftrightarrow[o]e
e ←−
o\xhookleftarrow[o]e
e −→
o\xhookrightarrow[o]e
e ⇐=
o\xLeftarrow[o]e
e =⇒
o\xRightarrow[o]e
e −→
o\xmapsto[o]e
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Miscellaneous Symbols
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 68/120
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
ℵ \aleph \flat ¬ \neg∠ \angle ∀ \forall \Re\ \backslash ¯ h \hbar
√ \surd
⊥ \bot ♥ \heartsuit \top \Box \Im \triangle
♣ \clubsuit ı
\imath ∂ \partial♦ \Diamond ∞ \infty \prime♦ \diamondsuit \jmath \sharp \ell \mho ♠ \spadesuit∅ \emptyset ∇ \nabla ℘ \wp∃ \exists \natural \|
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Dotless ı and
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 69/120
AMS-LTEX
LTEX’s Math Modes
Ordinary Math Mode
Sub- and Superscripts
Greek Letters
Display Math Mode
Text in Formulae
Delimiters
Fractions
Sums, Products, and Friends
Existing Functions andOperators
Integration/Dierentiation
Roots
Changing the Style
Symbol Tables
Advanced Mathematics
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
Some people write$\hati$ and $\hatj$but $\hat\imath$ and
$\hat\jmath$ is better.
LTEX Output
Some people write i and j but ı andˆ is better.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Functions and Operators
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 70/120
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
The amsmath package lets you define your own operators.
Ensures proper typesetting in uniform and consistent style.
Gives full control over positioning of sub- and superscripts.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
\DeclareMathOperator
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 71/120
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
\DeclareMathOperator⟨command⟩⟨sym⟩
Defines ⟨command⟩ for symbol ⟨sym⟩.
⟨sym⟩ is typeset with proper spacing and uniform style.
L
TEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Example
LTEX Input
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\documentclassarticle\usepackageamsmath
\DeclareMathOperator\opop\begindocument
… Note that$ \mathrmop = $
does not look pretty.However, $ \op = $looks good.
\enddocument
LTEX Output
… Note that 1op2 = 3 does not look pretty. However, 1 op 2 = 3looks good.
L
TEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Declaring Your own Operators (Continued)Operators with Limit Positions
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 73/120
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\DeclareMathOperator*\LimLim
LTEX Input
$\Lim_x \to
\fracxˆx = $.…
LTEX Output
… Limx →0 x 2
x = 0. …
L
TEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
COntent Oriented LTEX: the cool Package
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 74/120
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
Provides commands for consistently typesetting symbols.
Provides easy commands for typesetting complex matrices.
Provides commands for consistent typesetting expressions.
Inverse trigonometric functions arcsin x versus sin
−1
x .Derivatives d
dx f versus df dx
.Printing of certain functions and polynomialsIntegrals
´ f dx , versus
´ f dx , versus,
´ dx f , ….
L
TEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Ad d M th ti
Arrays and Matrices: array
LTEX Input
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms & Abbreviations
About this Document
E p
\[ \left(
\beginarrayc
\left\lvert
\beginarraylrc
x & y & z
\\ a & b & c
\endarray
\right\rvert
\\ \alpha
\\ \beta
\endarray
\right) \]
L
TEX Output x y z
2a 3b 4c
αβ
L
TEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Ad anced Mathematics
Matrices
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
The amsmath package provides six environments for matrices.
All commands are for display math mode.
Not possible to specify horizontal alignment.
Ten columns by default: alignment to the centre.
pmatrix Parentheses as delimiters: (
1 2 3).bmatrix Square brackets as delimiters: [1 2 3].
Bmatrix Braces as delimiters:
1 2 3
.vmatrix Vertical bars as delimiters: |1 2 3|.Vmatrix Double vertical bars as delimiters: 1 2 3.
matrix No delimiters: 1 2 3.
L
TEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Small Matrices
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 77/120
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
AMS -LTEX also provides a smallmatrix environment.
Delimiters should be typeset with \bigl and \bigr.
$\bigl[\beginsmallmatrix …\endsmallmatrix
\bigr]$.
L
TEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Small Matrices
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 78/120
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
… The linear transformation
$\langle\,x,y\,\rangle
\mapsto
\langle\, x + y , y\,\rangle$
is written as follows:
$\bigl[\beginsmallmatrix
& \\ &\endsmallmatrix\bigr]
\bigl[\beginsmallmatrix
x \\ y
\endsmallmatrix\bigr]$.
LTEX Output… The linear transformation x , y → 2x + y, y is written as follows:
2 10 1
x y
.
L
TEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Accents and Decorations
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 79/120
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
Fixed-size Decorations
x \dotx x \acutex
x \ddotx x \gravex...x \dddotx x \hatx
....x \ddddotx x \tildex
x \mathringx x \barx
x \checkx x \vecx
x \brevex
Extensible Decorations
←−e \overleftarrowe e \overlinee−→e \overrightarrowe e \widetildee←→e \overleftrightarrowe e \widehate
e ←−
\underleftarrowe e \underbare
e ←→
\underleftrightarrowe e \underlinee
e −→
\underrightarrowe
LTE
X and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Braces
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 80/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and MatricesAccents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
o
u \overbraceuˆo
u \overbraceu
o u
\underbraceo_u o \underbraceo
LTE
X and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Braces (Continued)
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 81/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\[ xˆk =
\underbrace
\times x
\times x \times
\dotsb \times x
_\text$k$˜times
$\times x$ \,. \]
LTEX Output
x k = 1 × x × x × · · · × x k times ×x
.
LTE
X and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Case-based Definitions: Cases
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 82/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
\[ n! = \begincases & \textif $n = $\,; \\
(n-) ! \times n & \textif $n > $\,.\endcases \]
LTEX Output
n! = 1 if n = 0 ;
(n− 1)!× n if n > 0 .
LTE
X and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Case-based Definitions: Iversonians
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 83/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
… We define$n ! = [\,n = \,] +
(n-) ! \times n
\times [\,n > \,]$. …
LTEX Output
… We define n! = [ n = 0 ] + (n− 1)!× n× [ n > 0 ]. …
LTE
X and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Function Definitions
LT X I
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 84/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTEX Input
The successor function,$s \colon \mathbbN
\to \mathbbN$,is defined as follows:
\[ s ( n ) \mapsto n+ \,. \]
LTEX Output
The successor function, s : N→N, is defined as follows:
s(n) → n + 1 .
LTE
X and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Theorems
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 85/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
Writing theorems, lemmas, and friends is easy with amsthm.
Package ensures consistent numbering and appearance.
A proof environment;
Styles for theorem-like environments;Commands for defining new theorem-like styles; andCommands for defining new theorem-like environments.
LTE
X and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Theorems: Ingredients
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 86/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTE
X Output
Theorem 2.1.3 (Fermat’s Last Theorem). Let n be any integer greater than 2, then the equation an + bn = c n has no solutions in positive integersa, b, and c.
heading Describes the rôle of the environment.
Usually, Theorem, Lemma, Definition, ….number Numbers the environment (optional).
body The meat.
name Names it (optional).
Captures essence of body.Used to refer to environment by name.
LTEX and FriendsMathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
D l i N O t
Theorems: Ingredients
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 87/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTE
X Output
Theorem 2.1.3 (Fermat’s Last Theorem). Let n be any integer greater than 2, then the equation an + bn = c n has no solutions in positive integersa, b, and c.
heading Describes the rôle of the environment.
Usually, Theorem, Lemma, Definition, ….number Numbers the environment (optional).
body The meat.
name Names it (optional).
Captures essence of body.Used to refer to environment by name.
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Theorems: Ingredients
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 88/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTE
X Output
Theorem 2.1.3 (Fermat’s Last Theorem). Let n be any integer greater than 2, then the equation an + bn = c n has no solutions in positive integersa, b, and c.
heading Describes the rôle of the environment.
Usually, Theorem, Lemma, Definition, ….number Numbers the environment (optional).
body The meat.
name Names it (optional).
Captures essence of body.Used to refer to environment by name.
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Theorems: Ingredients
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 89/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTE
X Output
Theorem 2.1.3 (Fermat’s Last Theorem). Let n be any integer greater than 2, then the equation an + bn = c n has no solutions in positive integersa, b, and c.
heading Describes the rôle of the environment.
Usually, Theorem, Lemma, Definition, ….number Numbers the environment (optional).
body The meat.
name Names it (optional).
Captures essence of body.Used to refer to environment by name.
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Theorems: Ingredients
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 90/120
Declaring New Operators
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
LTE
X Output
Theorem 2.1.3 (Fermat’s Last Theorem). Let n be any integer greater than 2, then the equation an + bn = c n has no solutions in positive integersa, b, and c.
heading Describes the rôle of the environment.
Usually, Theorem, Lemma, Definition, ….number Numbers the environment (optional).
body The meat.
name Names it (optional).
Captures essence of body.Used to refer to environment by name.
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Existing Theorem Styles (Typesetting)
plain Usually associated with: Theorem, Lemma, Corollary,Proposition Conjecture Criterion and Algorithm
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
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g p
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
Proposition, Conjecture, Criterion, and Algorithm.
LTEX OutputTheorem 1.1 (Fermat’s Last Theorem). Let n be any integer greater than 2, then the equation an + bn = c n has no solutions in positive integers a, b, and c.
definition Usually associated with: Definition, Condition, Problem,and Example.
LTEX OutputDefinition 1.2 (Ceiling). The ceiling of real number, r , is the smallest integer, i ,such that r ≤ i .
remark Usually associated with: Remark, Note, Notation, Claim,Summary, Acknowledgement, Case, and Conclusion.
LTEX OutputTip 1.3 (Tip). Don’t do this at home.
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Existing Theorem Styles (Numbering)Numbering Depends on Style
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 92/120
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
Numbering may or may not depend on the sectional unit.
independent numbering Theorem 1, Theorem 2, ….dependent numbering Theorem 1.1, Theorem 1.2, ….
Dierent environments may or may not share numbersequences.
with sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 2, Theorem 3, and so on,but not Theorem 2.
without sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 1, Theorem 2, and so on.
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Existing Theorem Styles (Numbering)Numbering Depends on Style
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 93/120
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
Numbering may or may not depend on the sectional unit.
independent numbering Theorem 1, Theorem 2, ….dependent numbering Theorem 1.1, Theorem 1.2, ….
Dierent environments may or may not share numbersequences.
with sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 2, Theorem 3, and so on,but not Theorem 2.
without sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 1, Theorem 2, and so on.
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Existing Theorem Styles (Numbering)Numbering Depends on Style
7/17/2019 Mathematics Latex Guide
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mathematics-latex-guide 94/120
Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
Acronyms &
Abbreviations
About this Document
Numbering may or may not depend on the sectional unit.
independent numbering Theorem 1, Theorem 2, ….dependent numbering Theorem 1.1, Theorem 1.2, ….
Dierent environments may or may not share numbersequences.
with sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 2, Theorem 3, and so on,but not Theorem 2.
without sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 1, Theorem 2, and so on.
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About this Document
Numbering may or may not depend on the sectional unit.
independent numbering Theorem 1, Theorem 2, ….dependent numbering Theorem 1.1, Theorem 1.2, ….
Dierent environments may or may not share numbersequences.
with sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 2, Theorem 3, and so on,but not Theorem 2.
without sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 1, Theorem 2, and so on.
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Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Existing Theorem Styles (Numbering)Numbering Depends on Style
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Managing Content
Arrays and Matrices
Accents and Decorations
Braces
Case-based Definitions
Function Definitions
Theorems
Mathematical Punctuation
Spacing and Linebreaks
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Abbreviations
About this Document
Numbering may or may not depend on the sectional unit.
independent numbering Theorem 1, Theorem 2, ….dependent numbering Theorem 1.1, Theorem 1.2, ….
Dierent environments may or may not share numbersequences.
with sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 2, Theorem 3, and so on,but not Theorem 2.
without sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 1, Theorem 2, and so on.
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
Existing Theorem Styles (Numbering)Numbering Depends on Style
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Managing Content
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Braces
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Theorems
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Abbreviations
About this Document
Numbering may or may not depend on the sectional unit.
independent numbering Theorem 1, Theorem 2, ….dependent numbering Theorem 1.1, Theorem 1.2, ….
Dierent environments may or may not share numbersequences.
with sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 2, Theorem 3, and so on,but not Theorem 2.
without sharing Theorem 1, Lemma 1, Theorem 2, and so on.
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
Marc van Dongen
Mathematics
Advanced Mathematics
Declaring New Operators
M i C t t
Defining New Environments
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Defining new theorem-like environment styles is done in twostages.
M1 Set the current style;
M2 Define the environments.New environments are typeset in the current style.
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Defining the current style is done with \theoremstyle.
Command takes the label of the style as its argument.
Initially, the current style is plain.
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The next environment is defined with \newtheorem.
Environments are typeset according to current style.
Numbering depends on \newtheorem.
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Ma ag g Co te t
Arrays and Matrices
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LTEX Usage
\newtheorem⟨env⟩⟨heading⟩
Defines environment ⟨env⟩ with heading ⟨heading⟩.
Environment is started with new numbering sequence.
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g g
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AbbreviationsAbout this Document
LTEX Usage
\newtheorem⟨env⟩[⟨old⟩]⟨heading⟩
Defines new environment ⟨env⟩ with heading ⟨heading⟩.
New environment shares numbering with ⟨old⟩.
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Mathematics
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Advanced Mathematics
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AbbreviationsAbout this Document
LTEX Usage
\newtheorem⟨env⟩⟨heading⟩[⟨unit⟩]
Defines environment ⟨env⟩ with heading ⟨heading⟩.
Here ⟨unit⟩ is the name of a sectional unit.
Starts new numbering sequence that depends on ⟨unit⟩.
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Example
LTEX Usage
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\usepackageamsmath\usepackageamsthm
% Current environment style is plain.%% Define environment thm for theorems.\newtheoremthmTheorem
%% Define environment lemma for lemmas.%% Share numbering with thm environment.\newtheoremlemma[thm]Lemma
% Set environment style to definition.
\theoremstyledefinition
%% Define environment def for definitions.%% Share numbering with thm environment.\newtheoremdef[thm]Definition
LTEX and Friends
Mathematics
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\newtheoremstyle defines a new theorem-like style.
Gives you ultimate control.
Usually predefined styles suce.
(plain, definition, and remark.)
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ProofsLTEX Input
\beginproof[Challenge]
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\ g p [ g ]
The following proves that$ˆ = ˆ + ˆ$:\[ ˆ = = +
= ˆ + ˆ\,.\qedhere \]
\endproof
LTEX Output
Challenge.The following proves that 32 + 42 = 52:
52 = 25 = 9 + 16 = 32 + 42 .
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Dot-like Symbols
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Low dots $n(n-)\ldots()$: n(n− 1) . . . (1)
Centred dots $x_+\cdots+x_n$: x 1 + · · · + x n
Diagonal dots In arrays and matrices. \ddots: . . .
Vertical dots In arrays and matrices. \vdots:...
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A d M t i
Pedantic Dots (amsmath)
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Dots with commas: \dotsc
Dots with binary operators: \dotsb
multiplication dots: \dotsm
Dots with integrals: \dotsiother dots: \dotso
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Example
LTEX Input
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\ldots Then we have series$A_, A_, \dotsc$,
regional sum
$A_ + A_ + \dotsb$,
orthogonal product
$A_ A_ \dotsm$,
and infinite integral
\[ \int_A_
\!\int_A_\dotsi\,.\]
LTEX Output
…Then we have series A1, A2 , . . . , regional sum A1 + A2 + · · · , orthogonal product A1A2 · · · , andinfinite integral ˆ
A1
ˆ A2
· · · .
LTEX and Friends
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Linebreaks in Ordinary MathNot after Commas
LTEX Usage
for $x = f ( a , b )$, $f ( b , c )$,
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or˜$f ( b , c )$.
Don’t Try This at Home
for $x = f ( a , b ) , f ( b , c )$,
or $f ( b , c )$.
Don’t Try This at Home
Let $x, y$, and $z$ be real numbers.
LTEX Usage
Let $x$, $y$, and $z$ be real numbers.
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Linebreaks in Display Math(Always insert a thin space (\,) before final punctuation symbol.)
Indent line after linebreak by a qquad.
Insert linebreaks before additive operators (+ or −):
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LTEX Usage
\beginalign*f( x ) & = a + b + c + d \\
& \qquad + e + f + g\,.
\endalign*
Insert linebreak after multiplicative operators (× or /):
LTEX Usage
\beginalign*f ( x ) & = a \times b \times c \times d \times\\
& \qquad e \times f \times g\,.\endalign*
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The breqn Package
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y
Accents and Decorations
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Automates some non-trivial linebreaking.
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Conditions
In ordinary math mode put extra space for conditions.
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LTEX Usage
The Fibonacci numbers satisfy$F_n = F_ n - + F_n - $, \ $n \geq $.
Better turn it into a proper sentence.
LTEX Usage
The Fibonacci numbers satisfy$F_n = F_ n - + F_n - $, for˜$n \geq $.
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Conditions
In display math separate formula and conditions using qquad.
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LTEX Usage
\[ zˆ m G ( z ) = \sum_n g_ n - m zˆn\,,\qquad\textinteger $m \geq $\,. \]
LTEX Usage
\[ zˆ m G ( z ) = \sum_n g_ n - m zˆn
\qquad\text(integer $m \geq $)\,. \]
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Physical units should be typeset in roman.
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y yp
Insert thin space between numbers and name of unit.
LTEX Usage
$g = .\,\mathrmm/\mathrmsˆ$
The siunitx package provides support for typesetting units.
Using the package you write \SI.
\metre\per\second\squared.This gives you 9.8 m s−2 as standard, or9.8 m/s2 by setting per=slash with the \sisetup macro.
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Sets
For ordinary sets there is no need for extra spacing.
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LTEX Usage
The natural numbers, $\mathbbN$, are defined
$\mathbbN = \ , , , \ldots \$.
For guarded sets you insert extra thin space.
LTEX Usage
The even numbers, $E$, are defined$E = \left\\, n \,:\, n \in \mathbbN \,\right\$.
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Horizontal Spacing Commands
Positive Spacing \hphantom Negative Spacing
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Positive Spacing \hphantom Negative Spacing
\, \hphantomM \!
\thinspace M M \negthinspace
\: \hphantomzˆn \negmedspace
\medspace zˆn z n \negthickspace
\;
\thickspace
\quad
\qquad
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Bibliography
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Marc van Dongen
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Advanced Mathematics
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
American Mathematical Society
Application Programming Interface
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A Programming Language Comprehensive TEX Archive Network
Compact Disk
Frequently Asked Question
Graphical User Interface
Integrated Development Environment International Standard Book Number
Operating System
Système International d’Unités/International System of Units
TE
X Users Group
Uniform Resource Locator
What You See Is What You Get
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About this Document
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This document was created with pdflatex.
The LTEX document class is beamer.