matter. 1.where do atoms come from? 2.are new atoms being made right now on the earth? 3.if so, how?...
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Matter
Matter
1. Where do atoms come from?
2. Are new atoms being made right now on the earth?
3. If so, how? Where?
4. Are new atoms being made anywhere right now?
5. If so, how? Where?
Matter
1. Elements - contain only one type of atom2. 90 naturally occuring elements (Uranium, 92
heaviest naturally occuring)3. Transuranium (synthetic) elements4. Types of elements
a) Monoatomic – Fe, Au
b) Molecular – H2, N2, O2, P4, C60
Elements
Matter
MatterOrigin of the Elements
MatterOrigin of the Elements
Matter
Supernova
Remnant
Matter
Abundance (by mass)
Earth’s Crust: 46% O
Body: 65 % O
Universe: 90% H and 10% He
Origin of the Elements
Matter
Democritus
1. Atomos – Indivisible (~400 B.C.)
2. Smallest particle of a substance that retains the properties of that substance
3. Only “Atoms and the Void”
History: The Atom
Matter
Matter
John Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803)a. All matter is made of indivisible
particles called atomsb. Atoms of same element have same
propertiesc. Atoms combine in small, whole #
ratiosd. Chemical reactions are merely the
rearrangement of atoms
History: The Atom
Matter
Jons Berzelius – standardized names and symbols of the elements
Strontium = Sr
Symbols for Elements
Matter
Matter
a. Greek & Latin
Na = Natrium
K = Kalium
Li = Lithos
b. Places (Ge, Fr, Cf)
Y, Yb, Er, Tb = Ytterby
c. Scientists (Es, Fm, Cm)
Names for Elements
Matter
J.J. Thomson (1897) – discovered the electron with a Cathode Ray Tube
History: The Electron
MatterHistory: The Electron
MatterHistory: The Electron
MatterHistory: The Electron
MatterHistory: The Electron
Matter
Matter
Thomson Plum Pudding Model
History: The Electron
Matter
Rutherford (1911)
1. Discovered Nucleus
2. Gold Foil Experiment
History: The Nucleus
MatterHistory: The Nucleus
1:8000 bounced back (10,000 miles/s)
Matter
MatterHistory: The Nucleus
Matter
3. Results
a. Nucleus is heavy and dense
b. 99.9% of atom’s mass is in the nucleus
c. Electrons “orbit” the nucleus
d. Most of the atom is empty space
History: The Nucleus
Matter
Matter
Rutherford (1914)
1. Had been suspected to exist since 1886 (Goldstein’s canal rays)
2. 1836 times heavier than the electron
History: The Proton
Matter
1. Discovered last (1932) by Chadwick
2. Roughly same mass as proton
History: The Neutron
MatterThe World’s Most Famous Neutron
Matter
~1 g/mol0Neutron
0.00055 g/mol
(1/1836)
-1Electron
~1 g/mol+1Proton
MassChargeParticle
Matter
MatterHistory: The Atom
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
MatterHistory: The Atom
Matter
Reading the boxes
3 9
Li F6.941 18.994
Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
Matter
1. Isotopes – Atoms with the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons
2. Elements often exist as a mixture of isotopes
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Copper-63
Copper-65
Isotopes
557955
111311
233Th
385038
92Zr
Enp
Isotopes
Matter
• Cancer treatment (60Co gives off gamma rays)
• Medical Tracers (24Na for circulatory system)
• 14C datinga. Mummiesb. Shroud of Turin
4. Nuclear fuel (235U and 239Pu)
Isotopes
Matter
1. Some isotopes are more common
2. Hydrogen example1H2H (deuterium)3H (tritium)
3. Atomic Mass – Weighted Average of the isotopes
Isotopes
Matter
Matter
4. What is the ave atomic mass of Gallium if it exists as 60.30% 69Ga (68.926 g/mol) and 39.70% 71Ga (70.926 g/mol)?
(Ans: 69.72 g/mol)
Average Atomic Mass
Matter
5. Out of 400 chlorine atoms, 302 are 35Cl (34.969 g/mol), and 98 are 37Cl (36.966 g/mol). Average atomic mass?
Average Atomic Mass
6. What is average atomic mass of Copper if 69.09% exists as 63Cu (62.9298 g/mol) and the rest exists as 65Cu (64.9278 g/mol)?
(0.6909)(62.9298) = 43.48
( )(64.9278) = 20.07
63.55 g/mol
Matter
• Cation – positive ion (more p than e)
• Anion – Negative ion (more e than p)
181817
233026
10109
23Na+
16O2-
enp
Ions
15N3-
182119
364435
24Mg2+
181816
141616
90Sr
13C
enp
Ions
Matter
Group the following
Au H2O O2
C P4 P2O5
Be N2 C2H4
C60 NH3 Cl2
Te S8 C6H12O6
Matter
1. Compounds - Composed of two or more different elements
2. Examples
H2O, CH4, NaCl, Fe2(SO4)3
3. Are there more elements or compounds?
Elements –
Compounds -
Compounds
MatterWhat is a Molecule?
1. Group of atoms held together by covalent and polar covalent bonds (SHARING)
2. Usually composed of non-metals
3. Separate (discrete) groups of atoms
4. Molecular Elements - H2, P4
Molecular Compounds - CH4, H2O2
MatterDiatomic Molecular Elements
H2 Hydrogen
N2 Nitrogen
O2 Oxygen
F2 Fluorine
Cl2 Chlorine
Br2 Bromine
I2 Iodine
MatterDiatomic Elements
Matter
MatterDiatomic Elements
Matter
1. Usually start with a metal
2. Composed of ions – No sharing but stealing of e-
cation – positive ion
anion – negative ion
3. Example: NaCl, CaCl2, FeSO4
4. Formula Unit – instead of molecule
What is an Ionic Compound?
Matter
Matter
Ionic or molecular?
HCl CO2 VO3
H2O BaF2
Write the formula for the compound between:
Na+ and O2-
Al3+ and O2-
K+ and PO43-
Ba2+ and NO3-
Br- O2- N3- NO3- SO4
2-
K+
Ca2+
Al3+
NH4+
Cu2+
Matter
CO32- Protons Electrons
C=
O =
NH4+
Matter
QuarksProtons
Neutrons
Electrons
Elements Compounds
The Key to the Universe
Matter
Matter10. (d)
11.a) 193, 79 b) 132, 52 c) 118, 53
d) 39, 17
13. protons neutrons electrons
92 142 92
92 143 92
92 146 92
21.Palladium (Pd)
23. 1H is the most common
Matter15 Isotope Isotopic Notation
Atomic # Mass # Protons Neutrons Electrons
Tungsten-184
18474W 74 184 74 110 74
Sodium-23
2311Na 11 23 11 12 11
Astatine-200
20085At 85 200 85 115 85
Promethium-148
14861Pm 61 148 61 87 61
Palladium-109
10946Pd 46 109 46 63 46
Vanadium-48
4823V 23 48 23 25 23
Scandium-50
5021Sc 21 50 21 29 21
MatterIon Protons Neutrons Electrons Ion
14N+ 7 7 6 80Br-
15N2+ 7 8 5 24Mg2+
14N- 7 7 8 27Al3+
81Br- 35 46 36 27Al2+
56Fe2+ 26 30 24 19F-
31P3- 15 16 18 238U2+
119Sn4+ 50 69 46 123I-
Mattera) 24.28 g/mol
b) 12.01 g/mol
c) 63.55 g/mol
d) 6.925 g/mol
e) 20.192 g/mol
f) 28.09 g/mol
g) 178.55 g/mol
h) Boron-11
i) Bromine – 80
j) Chlorine - 35
Matter28. 64.27 g/mol
58.a) 38, 36 b) 15, 18 c) 23, 20
d) 15, 14 e) 40, 42
60.a) Sn2+ b) I- c) AlO2- d) ClF3
+
Matter48 Ca(ClO4)2 Mg3(PO4)2 Cr2(C2O4)3
51 b) Ni(ClO4)2
53 a) Al2S3