Matter and CompositionMatter and Composition

What is matter?What is matter?

MATTER is anything which has mass and MATTER is anything which has mass and occupies space. occupies space.

Matter is all things that we can see, feel, Matter is all things that we can see, feel, and smell in our daily living. and smell in our daily living.

Kinetic Theory of Matter:Kinetic Theory of Matter:

Molecules are always moving. This is known as the Molecules are always moving. This is known as the kinetickinetic theory of matter. theory of matter.

Molecules move due to a temperature increase or Molecules move due to a temperature increase or decreasedecrease

We measure this kinetic energy with a thermometer We measure this kinetic energy with a thermometer as as temperaturetemperature. .

The greater the material‘s kinetic internal energy, The greater the material‘s kinetic internal energy, the higher the temperature of that material.the higher the temperature of that material.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=s-KvoVzukHo

Temperature vs. HeatTemperature vs. Heat

HeatHeat is the energy flow between objects of is the energy flow between objects of different temperature. different temperature.

Heat and temperature are Heat and temperature are NOTNOT the same. the same. TemperatureTemperature is a number that is related to is a number that is related to

the average kinetic energy of the the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. molecules of a substance.

Temperature vs. Heat Temperature vs. Heat (continued)(continued)

HeatHeat is a measurement of the is a measurement of the total energy total energy in a substance. That total energy is made in a substance. That total energy is made up of not only of the kinetic energies of the up of not only of the kinetic energies of the molecules of the substance, but total molecules of the substance, but total energy is also made up of the potential energy is also made up of the potential energies of the molecules.energies of the molecules.

Solids

Liquids

GasesTHREE (3)

STATES OF MATTER

Phases of Matter:Phases of Matter: Solid

matter that has definite volume and shape. molecules are packed together tightly and move slowly.

Liquid matter that has definite volume but not shape. molecules of a liquid are loosely packed and move with greater

speed, a liquid can flow and spread.

Gas matter that has no definite volume or shape. Molecules of a gas

are so loosely arranged and move so rapidly that they will fill their container.

Plasma (similar to a gas)No definite volume or shape. Very loosely arranged, reacts to

electromagnetism, usually has higher temperatures than other gases, most abundant phase of matter in the universe.

Phase Change Descriptions:Phase Change Descriptions:

Melting Melting the change from solid to liquid. the change from solid to liquid.

Freezing Freezing the change from liquid to solid. the change from liquid to solid.

Vaporization Vaporization the change from liquid to gas. the change from liquid to gas.

Evaporation Evaporation vaporization from the surface of a liquid. vaporization from the surface of a liquid.

Boiling Boiling vaporization from within as well as from the surface of a liquid. vaporization from within as well as from the surface of a liquid.

Condensation Condensation the change from gas to liquid. the change from gas to liquid.

Sublimation Sublimation the change from solid to gas. the change from solid to gas.

Deposition Deposition the change from gas to solid. the change from gas to solid.

Phase Change DiagramPhase Change Diagram

What is an atom?What is an atom?

Atoms are composed of particles called Atoms are composed of particles called protons, electrons and neutrons. protons, electrons and neutrons.

Protons carry a positive electrical chargeProtons carry a positive electrical charge Electrons carry a negative electrical Electrons carry a negative electrical

charge charge Neutrons carry no electrical charge at all Neutrons carry no electrical charge at all

What is an element?What is an element? An element is a substance that is made An element is a substance that is made

entirely from one type of atom. entirely from one type of atom. An ELEMENT is the simplest form of An ELEMENT is the simplest form of

matter which can not be changed further matter which can not be changed further by chemical or physical methods by chemical or physical methods

What is a molecule?What is a molecule?

A molecule is formed when two or more A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. A atoms join together chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements. All least two different elements. All compounds are molecules but not all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.molecules are compounds.

What is a compound?What is a compound?

two or more different elements in a two or more different elements in a chemically combined formchemically combined form

has a fixed ratio determining the has a fixed ratio determining the composition composition

Example, a molecule of water contains two Example, a molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, (written as H(written as H22O ). O ).

Water is always HWater is always H22O and not HO or HO and not HO or H33O.O.

What is a mixture?What is a mixture?

A mixture is a substance made by A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials combining two or more different materials in such a way that no chemical reaction in such a way that no chemical reaction occurs.occurs.

A mixture can usually be separated back A mixture can usually be separated back into its original components. into its original components.

Some examples of mixtures are a tossed Some examples of mixtures are a tossed salad, salt water and a mixed bag of salad, salt water and a mixed bag of M&M's candy.M&M's candy.

Types of MixturesTypes of Mixtures A A homogeneoushomogeneous

mixturemixture has the same has the same uniform appearance uniform appearance and composition and composition throughout. Many throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred are commonly referred to as solutions. to as solutions.

A A heterogeneous heterogeneous mixturemixture consists of consists of visibly different visibly different substances or phases. substances or phases. The three phases or The three phases or states of matter are gas, states of matter are gas, liquid, and solid. liquid, and solid.

What is a Solution?What is a Solution? A solution is a mixture of two or more A solution is a mixture of two or more

substances in a single phase. substances in a single phase. At least two substances must be mixed in At least two substances must be mixed in

order to have a solution.order to have a solution. The substance in the The substance in the smallest smallest amount amount

and the one that dissolves or disperses is and the one that dissolves or disperses is called the called the SOLUTESOLUTE. .

The substance in the The substance in the largerlarger amount is amount is called the called the SOLVENTSOLVENT. .