matter in our surroundings can matter change its …...matter in our surroundings can matter change...
TRANSCRIPT
Matter in Our Surroundings
Can Matter Change Its State?
Matter is present everywhere. You’re probably touching or looking at
it now. But will it retain its shape forever in all conditions? Can matter
change its state? Let’s find out more about it.
What is Matter?
Matter is a substance that possesses mass and occupies space.
Chemistry studies it, and this study has various aspects and one of the
important aspects is its classification depending on its chemical
composition into three main categories i.e. elements, compounds, and
mixtures. Which further classifies on the basis of its characteristic
properties into metals, non-metals, and metalloids. It can be in liquid,
gaseous, solid or plasma state.
Can Matter Change Its Shape?
The answer is ‘Yes’. It can definitely change its shape, size, and
volume. For examples, water turns into ice upon freezing, here the
form of water converts from the liquid state into the solid state; the
matter itself doesn’t change but it transforms its shape. The
components of water remain the same just the shape changes.
Evaporation changes the form of water from liquid state to gaseous
state.
Its physical state depends on the physical conditions such as
temperature, climate, humidity, etc. Usually, in order to change the
state of liquids into a solid state, one reduces the temperature.
Generally, liquids are less dense than solids because their molecules
have little or no space in between them. The freezing process
compacts the molecules into a smaller space.
The process of changing a matter from solid state to a liquid state is
Melting or Fusion. Whereas, the process of converting it from liquid
state to solid state is Freezing. Vaporization or boiling is another
process that turns a matter into a gaseous state from liquid state. It can
turn from gaseous form to liquid form with the help of condensation.
Sublimation is a process which transforms it from solid form to
gaseous form directly. Whereas deposition transforms gaseous state to
solid state. Ionization is a process that converts gas into plasma.
Lastly, the process of recombination changes plasma into gas. The
term phase is a synonym for state of matter, although a system can
contain several immiscible phases of the same state. Solid, liquid,
gaseous and plasma are the four states of substances.
Question For You
Q1. Which of the following process converts solid form of matter to a
gaseous form?
a. Sublimation
b. Condensation
c. Fusion
d. Deposition
Sol: Sublimation.
Sublimation is a phase transition of a matter that changes it directly
from the solid state to liquid state skipping the liquid transition phase.
Q2. What does the process of Deposition do?
a. Converts solid substance to liquid state
b. Changes gaseous substance to solid state
c. Turns liquid substance to gas state
d. Converts liquid substance to solid state
Sol: Deposition is a process that converts gaseous substance to a solid
substance. Deposition is a transition phase of a substance that changes
the substance directly into the solid state from liquid state, skipping
the liquid transition phase.
States of Matter
We know about matter’s physical and chemical properties? But what
are the states of matter? And can you change the states of matter?
Let’s find out more about these states of matter below.
Introduction to the States of Matter
States of matters are usually of three types i.e. solid, liquid and
gaseous (There are also two other types i.e. plasma and Bose-Einstein
condensate). We’ll study about solid state, liquid state, and gaseous
state. For e.g. wood is in the solid state, oil is in liquid state and
oxygen is in the gaseous state. Water is found in all the states, viz
solid state, liquid state, and gaseous state. Water is in the liquid state,
it can evaporate and be converted into the gaseous state, it can also be
frozen and turned into the solid state.
How to Determine the States of Matter?
The following properties determine the states of matter:
● The kinetic energy of particles due to their motion.
● Force of attraction between its atoms.
● Interparticle space.
When the kinetic energy is high, the interparticle force is negligible
and the interparticle space is non – existent then the matter is found in
the gaseous state. If the interparticle space is reduced, the amount of
kinetic energy exerted is very small and the interparticle force is very
strong, then the matter that exists is in the solid state.
When the interparticle force between the atoms is strong, then the
interparticle space increases due to the sufficient kinetic energy that
makes the particles move constantly and the matter exists as a liquid.
Properties of the States of Matter
The following are the properties of the states of matter i.e. solids,
liquids, and gases:
Properties of Solids
The following are the properties of the solid state of matter :
● Solids occupy space at room temperature.
● Solids can’t move from one position to another on their own,
however, they can vibrate at room temperature.
● They vibrate more after being heated and they start moving
randomly.
● Solids change into liquids at high temperatures, i.e. when they
melt. For example, iron melts when you heat it.
● Solids have a very strong interparticle force, and their
interparticle space and kinetic energy are reduced.
● Solids can be turned into gases by the process of deposition.
Properties of Gases
The following are the properties of the gaseous state of matter :
● Since the interparticle space doesn’t exist in gases, they move
randomly and rapidly in the entire space available to them.
● They don’t have definite space or volume.
● Gases can convert into liquids with the help of condensation.
● Their kinetic energy is high, and so their interparticle force is
negligible.
● Gases can convert into solids with the help of sublimation.
Properties of Liquids
The following are the properties of the liquid state of matter :
● Liquids move everywhere within the volume occupied by the
liquid as the particles move constantly.
● Liquids have a strong interparticle force, sufficient kinetic
energy and an increased interparticle space.
● It can be turned into solids due to the process of solidification.
● Evaporation is a process which turns liquids into gases.
● The particles of liquid begin to move rapidly when there is a
rise in the temperature.
Question For You
Q. Which of the following property doesn’t determine the states of
matter?
a. Interparticle force
b. Source of origin
c. Kinetic energy
d. Interparticle space
Sol: The source of origin doesn’t determine the state of matter.
Characteristics of Particles of Matter
We know that matter can change its shapes as matter consists of tiny
particles. But what are the characteristics of these particles of matter?
What is the science behind it? Let’s us find out more them below.
Characteristics of Particles of Matter
These are the four main characteristics of particles of matter :
I. Particles of matter are very tiny in size.
II. They have spaces between them.
III. Particles of matter move constantly.
IV. They are attracted towards each other.
I. Particles of matter are very tiny
Experiment 1. Take a beaker and fill it with 10 mL of water and add two to
three crystals of potassium permanganate.
2. Now take few measuring cylinders and label them as 1,2,3, 4
… and so on.
3. Next, fill these cylinders with 50 mL of water. Transfer 5 mL
of the solution to the measuring cylinder 1 which has 50 mL of
water from the beaker. Mix the water and the solution.
4. Now, take out 5 mL of the solution from cylinder 1 using a
pipette and transfer it into measuring cylinder 2. Shake this
mixture.
5. Take out 5 mL of the solution from cylinder 2 using a pipette
and transfer it into measuring cylinder 3. Shake this mixture.
6. Carry on this process of dilution of the solution in a similar
manner.
Browse more Topics under Matter In Our Surroundings
● Can Matter Change its State?
● States of Matter
● Introduction and Physical Nature of Matter
● Evaporation and Factors Affecting It
Observation
The solution held in the various measuring cylinders are all colored,
even though the color gets fainter and fainter with successive dilution.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that a small crystal of potassium permanganate
contains a very large number of tiny particulate matter showing the
properties of the parent substance.
Note: The size of particulate matter in any form is of the order 10-9 m.
II. Particulate matter has interparticle spaces between them
Experiment
Take a beaker and fill it with 100 mL of water. Now mix 20 gram of
sodium chloride – NaCl (Table salt) with it. Stir it with a glass rod
until the salt has been dissolved in water. When the salt is dissolved
we get a solution.
Observation
It is observed that even if you dissolve 20 gram of salt in 100 mL
water, the volume of the water doesn’t increase. This shows that the
particles of water are loose and have interparticle space. This space is
the inter-molecular space or interparticle space. This interparticle
space has accommodated the dissolved salt particles.
III. Particles of matter are at constant random motion
Diffusion and Brownian motion give the evidence that particles are in
motion.
Diffusion
The mixing and spreading out of a substance with another substance
due to the motion of its particles is diffusion. This process goes on
until a uniform mixture is formed. For example a gas jar full of
bromine vapors and invert another gas jar that consists of air over it.
It is noticed after some time, the red-brown bromine vapors spread out
into the upper gas jar that has air. This mixing occurs due to diffusion.
Diffusion occurs in liquids, solids, and gases but is the fastest in gases
and slowest in solids. The rate of diffusion increases with an increase
in the temperature of the diffusing substance.
Brownian Motion
Robert Brown gave the best evidence for existence and movement of
particles in the year 1827. He suspended some pollen grains in water
and then looked through a microscope. He observed that the pollen
grains were moving in a zigzag manner. The movement further
increases when the water is warmed.
Water is made up of atoms that move randomly. Thus, the moving
atoms constantly hit the pollen grains making them move on the
surface. This motion of the pollen grains is an example of the
Brownian Motion. This was first noticed by Robert Brown and is
called Brownian Motion.
IV. Particles of matter attract each other
There’s a force that acts on the particulate matter that keeps it
together. Some substances change into powder, some others change
into small crystals and others don’t break easily. The magnitude of the
force of attraction varies from matter to matter, i.e. depends on the
nature of the matter.
For example, breaking a chalk is easier than breaking a nail. This
proves that attraction varies from particles of one substance to another.
Cohesion means the force of attraction between the particulate matter
of the same substance.
Question For You
Q. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Particles of matter are big.
b. They have spaces between them.
c. They do not move.
d. Particles of matter do not attract each other.
Sol: Statement b is the only true statement. Particles of matter do have
spaces between them. The rest of the statements are false.
Introduction and Physical Nature of Matter
There are different kinds of matter around us. What you drink and eat
is matter. You, yourself are a matter. But what is the nature of matter?
And what exactly is matter? Let’s find out more about matter and the
nature of matter.
Introduction to Matter
Matter is something that occupies space and has its own mass. It is
something that can be felt by us. Some examples of matter are air,
water, food, table, pen, gold, sand, fruits, plants, trees, bottle, plastic,
stones, oil, fan, chair etc. All these things occupy space and have their
own masses. Both, living things and non-living things are matter. The
entire universe is composed of matter.
However, few things like heat, sound, light, and electricity cannot
come under the term matter, because they do not have mass, but they
can be useful to do work. Heat can be used to iron clothes, cook food,
water, etc. Electricity has multiple uses like making the fans revolve,
useful in operating machines, etc. Our eardrums vibrate due to sound.
Plant use light to create their food. Light is also useful during the night
time to work or study. All these things are forms of energy. Energy
means the ability to do work.
Nature of Matter
Tiny atoms form matter. The number of these tiny particles may be
larger. Naked eyes can’t see these extremely tiny particles. Atoms can
only be observed with the help of high- powered microscope. The
following is the nature of matter :
● Atoms that have protons, neutrons, electrons and a nucleus
consist of matter.
● It generally exists in four states i.e. liquid, solid, gaseous and
plasma state.
● The universe itself is a matter.
● Not all forms of energy are matter. For example, heat, sound,
electricity, etc.
● What we see, hear, feel, touch or taste is matter.
● It occupies space and has its own mass.
● We can classify matter on the basis of physical properties and
chemical properties. Liquids, gases and solids come under the
physical properties. Crystalline and amorphous form are two
forms of solids.
● Chemical properties of matter are classified on the basis of
mixtures and pure substances. The homogenous and
heterogeneous mixture are the two classifications of mixtures.
Whereas, pure substances classify further into elements and
compounds. Organic substances and inorganic substances are
two forms of compounds and metals and non – metals are two
forms of elements.
● Different kinds of matter have different kinds of atoms.
● All matters have their own density and inertia.
● The force of attraction between the particles of matter is the
interparticle force or the intermolecular force.
Question For You
Q. Which of the following is a matter?
a. Heat
b. Sound
c. Light
d. Human Body
Sol: Human body occupies space, has its own mass. The human body
is a complex matter which comprises of liquid, solid and gases.
Hence, the human body is a matter. The rest of the options are not
considered as matter.
Evaporation and Factors Affecting It
We all know about the water cycle and, that the water cycle creates
rain. Evaporation takes place and keeps the water cycle going on. But
what exactly is evaporation? And what are the factors affecting it? Let
us find out more about evaporation and its factors.
What is Evaporation?
Evaporation takes place when a liquid turns into a gas. Evaporation is
also known as vaporization. Vaporization usually happens on the
surface of the water. It is a slow process and occurs at all
temperatures. For example, wet clothes take a lot of time to dry due to
the slow rate of vaporization. Water bodies with larger surface tend to
evaporate quicker.
For example, water spilt on a small part of the floor takes a long time
to evaporate whereas, water spilt on the entire floor dries up rapidly.
The vaporization rate also depends on the type of the liquid, its
density, etc. Liquids like spirits, petrol, and kerosene evaporate
quicker than water. Vaporization also depends on factors like
temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and surface area.
Particles take in energy from the surroundings during the process of
vaporization. This absorption makes the surroundings cooler than
before. For example, if you put acetone on your palm, you will feel a
cooling sensation on your palm. Heat is absorbed from your palm by
the particles, thus, your palm feels cool.
It has also been noticed that the temperature of the fresh tap water is
higher than water kept in an open vessel. Only molecules with high
kinetic energy can escape during the process of vaporization.
Browse more Topics under Matter In Our Surroundings
● Can Matter Change its State?
● States of Matter
● Characteristics of Particles of Matter
● Introduction and Physical Nature of Matter
Factors That Affect Vaporization
The main factors that have an effect on vaporization are as follows :
● Vaporization increases with an increase in the surface area.
● It increases with an increase in temperature.
● Vaporization increases with the decrease in humidity.
● It increases with an increase in wind speed.
Evaporation increases with an increase in the surface area
If the surface area is increased, then the amount is of liquid that is
exposed to air is larger. More molecules can escape with a wider
surface area. For e.g. We spread out clothes to dry. We do that
because that speeds up the process of vaporization.
Evaporation increases with an increase in temperature
The water molecules move rapidly when the water is heated. This
makes the molecules escape faster. Higher temperatures lead to
increase in vaporization as more molecules get kinetic energy to
convert into vapor. For example, boiling water evaporates faster than
fresh tap water.
Evaporation increases with a decrease in humidity
Humidity means the amount of vapor present in the air. The air around
can only hold a certain amount of vapor at a certain time and certain
temperature. If the temperature increases and the wind speed and
humidity stay constant, then the rate of evaporation will increase since
warmer air can hold more water vapor than colder air.
Evaporation increases with an increase in the speed of wind
Particles of vapor move away when the speed of wind increases. This
leads to a decrease in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.
For example, we use hand dryers to dry our hands. Here the wind is
expelled from the hand dryer which dries our hand.
Learn about the Characteristic of Particles of Matter here.
Question For You
Q. What is the synonym for Evaporation?
a. Vaporization
b. Deposition
c. Kinetic theory
d. Freezing
Sol: The synonym for evaporation is vaporization.