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Matter in Our Surroundings Can Matter Change Its State? Matter is present everywhere. You’re probably touching or looking at it now. But will it retain its shape forever in all conditions? Can matter change its state? Let’s find out more about it. What is Matter? Matter is a substance that possesses mass and occupies space. Chemistry studies it, and this study has various aspects and one of the important aspects is its classification depending on its chemical composition into three main categories i.e. elements, compounds, and mixtures. Which further classifies on the basis of its characteristic

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Page 1: Matter in Our Surroundings Can Matter Change Its …...Matter in Our Surroundings Can Matter Change Its State? Matter is present everywhere. You’re probably touching or looking at

Matter in Our Surroundings

Can Matter Change Its State?

Matter is present everywhere. You’re probably touching or looking at

it now. But will it retain its shape forever in all conditions? Can matter

change its state? Let’s find out more about it.

What is Matter?

Matter is a substance that possesses mass and occupies space.

Chemistry studies it, and this study has various aspects and one of the

important aspects is its classification depending on its chemical

composition into three main categories i.e. elements, compounds, and

mixtures. Which further classifies on the basis of its characteristic

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properties into metals, non-metals, and metalloids. It can be in liquid,

gaseous, solid or plasma state.

Can Matter Change Its Shape?

The answer is ‘Yes’. It can definitely change its shape, size, and

volume. For examples, water turns into ice upon freezing, here the

form of water converts from the liquid state into the solid state; the

matter itself doesn’t change but it transforms its shape. The

components of water remain the same just the shape changes.

Evaporation changes the form of water from liquid state to gaseous

state.

Its physical state depends on the physical conditions such as

temperature, climate, humidity, etc. Usually, in order to change the

state of liquids into a solid state, one reduces the temperature.

Generally, liquids are less dense than solids because their molecules

have little or no space in between them. The freezing process

compacts the molecules into a smaller space.

The process of changing a matter from solid state to a liquid state is

Melting or Fusion. Whereas, the process of converting it from liquid

state to solid state is Freezing. Vaporization or boiling is another

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process that turns a matter into a gaseous state from liquid state. It can

turn from gaseous form to liquid form with the help of condensation.

Sublimation is a process which transforms it from solid form to

gaseous form directly. Whereas deposition transforms gaseous state to

solid state. Ionization is a process that converts gas into plasma.

Lastly, the process of recombination changes plasma into gas. The

term phase is a synonym for state of matter, although a system can

contain several immiscible phases of the same state. Solid, liquid,

gaseous and plasma are the four states of substances.

Question For You

Q1. Which of the following process converts solid form of matter to a

gaseous form?

a. Sublimation

b. Condensation

c. Fusion

d. Deposition

Sol: Sublimation.

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Sublimation is a phase transition of a matter that changes it directly

from the solid state to liquid state skipping the liquid transition phase.

Q2. What does the process of Deposition do?

a. Converts solid substance to liquid state

b. Changes gaseous substance to solid state

c. Turns liquid substance to gas state

d. Converts liquid substance to solid state

Sol: Deposition is a process that converts gaseous substance to a solid

substance. Deposition is a transition phase of a substance that changes

the substance directly into the solid state from liquid state, skipping

the liquid transition phase.

States of Matter

We know about matter’s physical and chemical properties? But what

are the states of matter? And can you change the states of matter?

Let’s find out more about these states of matter below.

Introduction to the States of Matter

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States of matters are usually of three types i.e. solid, liquid and

gaseous (There are also two other types i.e. plasma and Bose-Einstein

condensate). We’ll study about solid state, liquid state, and gaseous

state. For e.g. wood is in the solid state, oil is in liquid state and

oxygen is in the gaseous state. Water is found in all the states, viz

solid state, liquid state, and gaseous state. Water is in the liquid state,

it can evaporate and be converted into the gaseous state, it can also be

frozen and turned into the solid state.

How to Determine the States of Matter?

The following properties determine the states of matter:

● The kinetic energy of particles due to their motion.

● Force of attraction between its atoms.

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● Interparticle space.

When the kinetic energy is high, the interparticle force is negligible

and the interparticle space is non – existent then the matter is found in

the gaseous state. If the interparticle space is reduced, the amount of

kinetic energy exerted is very small and the interparticle force is very

strong, then the matter that exists is in the solid state.

When the interparticle force between the atoms is strong, then the

interparticle space increases due to the sufficient kinetic energy that

makes the particles move constantly and the matter exists as a liquid.

Properties of the States of Matter

The following are the properties of the states of matter i.e. solids,

liquids, and gases:

Properties of Solids

The following are the properties of the solid state of matter :

● Solids occupy space at room temperature.

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● Solids can’t move from one position to another on their own,

however, they can vibrate at room temperature.

● They vibrate more after being heated and they start moving

randomly.

● Solids change into liquids at high temperatures, i.e. when they

melt. For example, iron melts when you heat it.

● Solids have a very strong interparticle force, and their

interparticle space and kinetic energy are reduced.

● Solids can be turned into gases by the process of deposition.

Properties of Gases

The following are the properties of the gaseous state of matter :

● Since the interparticle space doesn’t exist in gases, they move

randomly and rapidly in the entire space available to them.

● They don’t have definite space or volume.

● Gases can convert into liquids with the help of condensation.

● Their kinetic energy is high, and so their interparticle force is

negligible.

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● Gases can convert into solids with the help of sublimation.

Properties of Liquids

The following are the properties of the liquid state of matter :

● Liquids move everywhere within the volume occupied by the

liquid as the particles move constantly.

● Liquids have a strong interparticle force, sufficient kinetic

energy and an increased interparticle space.

● It can be turned into solids due to the process of solidification.

● Evaporation is a process which turns liquids into gases.

● The particles of liquid begin to move rapidly when there is a

rise in the temperature.

Question For You

Q. Which of the following property doesn’t determine the states of

matter?

a. Interparticle force

b. Source of origin

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c. Kinetic energy

d. Interparticle space

Sol: The source of origin doesn’t determine the state of matter.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

We know that matter can change its shapes as matter consists of tiny

particles. But what are the characteristics of these particles of matter?

What is the science behind it? Let’s us find out more them below.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

These are the four main characteristics of particles of matter :

I. Particles of matter are very tiny in size.

II. They have spaces between them.

III. Particles of matter move constantly.

IV. They are attracted towards each other.

I. Particles of matter are very tiny

Experiment 1. Take a beaker and fill it with 10 mL of water and add two to

three crystals of potassium permanganate.

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2. Now take few measuring cylinders and label them as 1,2,3, 4

… and so on.

3. Next, fill these cylinders with 50 mL of water. Transfer 5 mL

of the solution to the measuring cylinder 1 which has 50 mL of

water from the beaker. Mix the water and the solution.

4. Now, take out 5 mL of the solution from cylinder 1 using a

pipette and transfer it into measuring cylinder 2. Shake this

mixture.

5. Take out 5 mL of the solution from cylinder 2 using a pipette

and transfer it into measuring cylinder 3. Shake this mixture.

6. Carry on this process of dilution of the solution in a similar

manner.

Browse more Topics under Matter In Our Surroundings

● Can Matter Change its State?

● States of Matter

● Introduction and Physical Nature of Matter

● Evaporation and Factors Affecting It

Observation

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The solution held in the various measuring cylinders are all colored,

even though the color gets fainter and fainter with successive dilution.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that a small crystal of potassium permanganate

contains a very large number of tiny particulate matter showing the

properties of the parent substance.

Note: The size of particulate matter in any form is of the order 10-9 m.

II. Particulate matter has interparticle spaces between them

Experiment

Take a beaker and fill it with 100 mL of water. Now mix 20 gram of

sodium chloride – NaCl (Table salt) with it. Stir it with a glass rod

until the salt has been dissolved in water. When the salt is dissolved

we get a solution.

Observation

It is observed that even if you dissolve 20 gram of salt in 100 mL

water, the volume of the water doesn’t increase. This shows that the

particles of water are loose and have interparticle space. This space is

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the inter-molecular space or interparticle space. This interparticle

space has accommodated the dissolved salt particles.

III. Particles of matter are at constant random motion

Diffusion and Brownian motion give the evidence that particles are in

motion.

Diffusion

The mixing and spreading out of a substance with another substance

due to the motion of its particles is diffusion. This process goes on

until a uniform mixture is formed. For example a gas jar full of

bromine vapors and invert another gas jar that consists of air over it.

It is noticed after some time, the red-brown bromine vapors spread out

into the upper gas jar that has air. This mixing occurs due to diffusion.

Diffusion occurs in liquids, solids, and gases but is the fastest in gases

and slowest in solids. The rate of diffusion increases with an increase

in the temperature of the diffusing substance.

Brownian Motion

Robert Brown gave the best evidence for existence and movement of

particles in the year 1827. He suspended some pollen grains in water

and then looked through a microscope. He observed that the pollen

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grains were moving in a zigzag manner. The movement further

increases when the water is warmed.

Water is made up of atoms that move randomly. Thus, the moving

atoms constantly hit the pollen grains making them move on the

surface. This motion of the pollen grains is an example of the

Brownian Motion. This was first noticed by Robert Brown and is

called Brownian Motion.

IV. Particles of matter attract each other

There’s a force that acts on the particulate matter that keeps it

together. Some substances change into powder, some others change

into small crystals and others don’t break easily. The magnitude of the

force of attraction varies from matter to matter, i.e. depends on the

nature of the matter.

For example, breaking a chalk is easier than breaking a nail. This

proves that attraction varies from particles of one substance to another.

Cohesion means the force of attraction between the particulate matter

of the same substance.

Question For You

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Q. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Particles of matter are big.

b. They have spaces between them.

c. They do not move.

d. Particles of matter do not attract each other.

Sol: Statement b is the only true statement. Particles of matter do have

spaces between them. The rest of the statements are false.

Introduction and Physical Nature of Matter

There are different kinds of matter around us. What you drink and eat

is matter. You, yourself are a matter. But what is the nature of matter?

And what exactly is matter? Let’s find out more about matter and the

nature of matter.

Introduction to Matter

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Matter is something that occupies space and has its own mass. It is

something that can be felt by us. Some examples of matter are air,

water, food, table, pen, gold, sand, fruits, plants, trees, bottle, plastic,

stones, oil, fan, chair etc. All these things occupy space and have their

own masses. Both, living things and non-living things are matter. The

entire universe is composed of matter.

However, few things like heat, sound, light, and electricity cannot

come under the term matter, because they do not have mass, but they

can be useful to do work. Heat can be used to iron clothes, cook food,

water, etc. Electricity has multiple uses like making the fans revolve,

useful in operating machines, etc. Our eardrums vibrate due to sound.

Plant use light to create their food. Light is also useful during the night

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time to work or study. All these things are forms of energy. Energy

means the ability to do work.

Nature of Matter

Tiny atoms form matter. The number of these tiny particles may be

larger. Naked eyes can’t see these extremely tiny particles. Atoms can

only be observed with the help of high- powered microscope. The

following is the nature of matter :

● Atoms that have protons, neutrons, electrons and a nucleus

consist of matter.

● It generally exists in four states i.e. liquid, solid, gaseous and

plasma state.

● The universe itself is a matter.

● Not all forms of energy are matter. For example, heat, sound,

electricity, etc.

● What we see, hear, feel, touch or taste is matter.

● It occupies space and has its own mass.

● We can classify matter on the basis of physical properties and

chemical properties. Liquids, gases and solids come under the

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physical properties. Crystalline and amorphous form are two

forms of solids.

● Chemical properties of matter are classified on the basis of

mixtures and pure substances. The homogenous and

heterogeneous mixture are the two classifications of mixtures.

Whereas, pure substances classify further into elements and

compounds. Organic substances and inorganic substances are

two forms of compounds and metals and non – metals are two

forms of elements.

● Different kinds of matter have different kinds of atoms.

● All matters have their own density and inertia.

● The force of attraction between the particles of matter is the

interparticle force or the intermolecular force.

Question For You

Q. Which of the following is a matter?

a. Heat

b. Sound

c. Light

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d. Human Body

Sol: Human body occupies space, has its own mass. The human body

is a complex matter which comprises of liquid, solid and gases.

Hence, the human body is a matter. The rest of the options are not

considered as matter.

Evaporation and Factors Affecting It

We all know about the water cycle and, that the water cycle creates

rain. Evaporation takes place and keeps the water cycle going on. But

what exactly is evaporation? And what are the factors affecting it? Let

us find out more about evaporation and its factors.

What is Evaporation?

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Evaporation takes place when a liquid turns into a gas. Evaporation is

also known as vaporization. Vaporization usually happens on the

surface of the water. It is a slow process and occurs at all

temperatures. For example, wet clothes take a lot of time to dry due to

the slow rate of vaporization. Water bodies with larger surface tend to

evaporate quicker.

For example, water spilt on a small part of the floor takes a long time

to evaporate whereas, water spilt on the entire floor dries up rapidly.

The vaporization rate also depends on the type of the liquid, its

density, etc. Liquids like spirits, petrol, and kerosene evaporate

quicker than water. Vaporization also depends on factors like

temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and surface area.

Particles take in energy from the surroundings during the process of

vaporization. This absorption makes the surroundings cooler than

before. For example, if you put acetone on your palm, you will feel a

cooling sensation on your palm. Heat is absorbed from your palm by

the particles, thus, your palm feels cool.

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It has also been noticed that the temperature of the fresh tap water is

higher than water kept in an open vessel. Only molecules with high

kinetic energy can escape during the process of vaporization.

Browse more Topics under Matter In Our Surroundings

● Can Matter Change its State?

● States of Matter

● Characteristics of Particles of Matter

● Introduction and Physical Nature of Matter

Factors That Affect Vaporization

The main factors that have an effect on vaporization are as follows :

● Vaporization increases with an increase in the surface area.

● It increases with an increase in temperature.

● Vaporization increases with the decrease in humidity.

● It increases with an increase in wind speed.

Evaporation increases with an increase in the surface area

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If the surface area is increased, then the amount is of liquid that is

exposed to air is larger. More molecules can escape with a wider

surface area. For e.g. We spread out clothes to dry. We do that

because that speeds up the process of vaporization.

Evaporation increases with an increase in temperature

The water molecules move rapidly when the water is heated. This

makes the molecules escape faster. Higher temperatures lead to

increase in vaporization as more molecules get kinetic energy to

convert into vapor. For example, boiling water evaporates faster than

fresh tap water.

Evaporation increases with a decrease in humidity

Humidity means the amount of vapor present in the air. The air around

can only hold a certain amount of vapor at a certain time and certain

temperature. If the temperature increases and the wind speed and

humidity stay constant, then the rate of evaporation will increase since

warmer air can hold more water vapor than colder air.

Evaporation increases with an increase in the speed of wind

Particles of vapor move away when the speed of wind increases. This

leads to a decrease in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

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For example, we use hand dryers to dry our hands. Here the wind is

expelled from the hand dryer which dries our hand.

Learn about the Characteristic of Particles of Matter here.

Question For You

Q. What is the synonym for Evaporation?

a. Vaporization

b. Deposition

c. Kinetic theory

d. Freezing

Sol: The synonym for evaporation is vaporization.