Matter in the form of toroidal electromagnetic vorticesPaper 9570-29
Wilhelm F. Hagen Born September 18, 1938 in Germany Applied Physics Degree from PTL Lbeck Worked at Mercedes-Benz University of Minnesota American Optical in Mass. University of California Livermore Labs Designed the Shiva, Nova and NIF fusion laser before he retired in 1988. All forces and particles and potentially dark matter and dark energy are different manifestations of
electromagnetic energy. W.F. Hagen Fig. 1 shows a photon can be represented as a wave-packet of electromagnetic energy that is composed of right and left circular components with opposite electrical polarities (E ) originating from a common zero potential optical axis. If such an energetic photon ( gamma-ray of over 1 MeV) interacts with a strong field of a nucleon it could be split into its two separate components. These fragments are unstable due to longitudinal magnetic fields HL that tend to form closed loops to minimize energy. The fleeting energy of the photon is now trapped in circular motion of localized electromagnetic energy perceptible as charged particles that resist change of motion with inertia and hence mass. Fig. 2 shows the experimental decay sequence of other leptons like the muons and Taus as well as meson resonances of pions and decay into their fundamental components of electrons and neutrinos. The same pair creation process of energetic gamma-rays apply to these heavier but short lived particles, which may be considered excited states of electrons and hence exhibit IDENTICAL charges. Fig.3 is an illustration of how muon decay into electrons and neutrinos can be envisioned.
The compressed energetic muon releases its energy by radial expansion into a much larger and less energetic electron, while excess energy is released by electromagnetic induction in the form of left and right handed neutrinos. During the accelerating radial expansion a left handed muon neutrino is generated followed by a right handed electron neutrino during the deceleration phase. The virtual W vector boson acts as short lived angular momentum transfer for spin reversal. The neutral neutrinos appear as very compact transverse magnetic (TM) waves with closed field lines that explain the observed very low interaction cross-sections. The radial expansion process explains the mislabeled weak nuclear forces. Fig. 4 illustrates how all elementary particles (hadrons and protons) can be considered multiple pion states similarly to the nuclear tables as multiple proton and neutron combinations. All short lived hadrons decay into pions and other leptons. This recognition explains the IDENTITY of all charges from electrons to protons. There is no justification (other than book-keeping) to invent six different quarks with fractional charges that exactly match the charge of the unrelated electrons to 36 orders in magnitude.Greater deviations would overpower gravity with everything flying apart.Neither fractional charges nor quarks have ever been observed. To patch up this flawed theory gluons had to be invented that defy sensibility. Nature is much less complex. Fig.5 illustrates the energy distribution of a neutron consisting of a proton and a captured highly compressed electron. The radial electromagnetic compression of the electron by the proton represents the mislabeled weak nuclear force. The erroneous conclusion by Heisenberg in 1932 that the neutron is a separate elementary particle was based on the misconception that the electron is a point particle with spin of. Point particle would have infinite self-energies and hence can not exist. Free neutrons decay in 15 minutes into a proton, electron and neutrino releasing 782 keV of energy. The toroidal compressed electron resolves this misconception and explains also the unexpected magnetic moment of the neutron, which was measured by Otto Stern in 1934 in spite of the ridicule by theoretical gurus based on a particle without any charge. Fig.6 illustrates the force balanced geometry and energy distributions of the deuteron.
The deuteron can be envisioned as a combination of two protons held together by a central compressed electron in a stable coaxial configuration. The toroidal surfaces represent surfaces of the highest potentials while the fields extend far beyond as indicated in the energy distributions. The attractive electric forces are balanced by repelling magnetic forces. These axial electromagnetic forces replace the mislabeled strong nuclear forces which were invented to overcome the repulsion of protons within a nucleon with erroneous neutral neutrons. Fig. 7 shows the electric and magnetic field distributions and field directions for the parallel spin deuteron resulting in symmetric field and energy distributions. The electric field lines point from the protons partially to the electron and the rest outward, approaching spherical symmetry at a few fermis. In contrast the magnetic fields commingle with a remaining axial component that corresponds to the measured magnetic moment of the deuteron. Fig. 8 shows the magnetic energy distribution, field distributions and field directions for the nonexistent opposite spin deuteron resulting in asymmetric energy and field distributions. Opposite spin deuterons do not exist because of unbalanced repelling magnetic forces. This natural observation replaces the artificial Pauli Exclusion Principle and the empirical result that nature prefers parallel spin over opposite spin nuclei. Spin dependent strong nuclear force theories should be challenged. Fig. 9 provides examples of force balanced nuclei.
The Helium-4 nucleus or -particle emerges as a symmetric compact cubic configuration that provides a unique building block for heavy nuclei. The four radial spaced protons are held together by two axial confined electrons. Adding protons and compressed electrons leads to other isotopes. The decay of heavy nuclei emits in many cases -particles. The stable and abundant Lithium-7 nucleus consists of two -particles with one of the two central protons removed, leading to a symmetric configuration. Lithium-7 provides the first step in the trend of the stability criteria toward neutron-rich isotopes with increasing mass number. A very compact neutron-4 configuration is force balanced but has not yet been observed.Since it has no electron shell it would slip through any container right to the center of gravity, which may explain dark matter. Conclusions: The extended oscillating fields from toroidal particles can explain matter waves; resolve the wave particle duality dilemma and spooky actions at a distance. Even gravity appears to be related to electromagnetic energy fluctuations in space caused by interacting particles. Gravity appears to be an energy attraction and not just mass attraction. In summary, all forces and particles and potentially dark matter and dark energy are different manifestations of electromagnetic energy. For details seeor contact: Thank you