matthew j. lloyd prescott college master of arts program … · 2009. 2. 24. · matthew j. lloyd...

Matthew J. Lloyd Prescott College Master of Arts Program Adventure Education: Prescott Class 34 Study Plan Tuesday, February 24, 2009

Overview

Proposed graduate studies include fall 2008 enrollment in Prescott College’s

Adventure Education Department within the Master of Arts Program (MAP). The student

creates a self-designed two-year master’s program that uses theoretical and practical

research, academic study, industry analysis and relevant social networking. The master’s

program culminates with a graduate-level research thesis and thesis presentation in spring

2010. A subsequent master’s degree will be awarded to the student upon completion of

the above academic requirements.

The following study plan develops the student’s understanding of key subjects of

knowledge within outdoor adventure education including 1. Foundations and historical

study of outdoor adventure education 2. Professional standards in outdoor adventure

education 3. Areas of need for outdoor adventure education professional standards and

program development within higher education 4. Professional certifications, associations,

teaching, and guiding requirements within outdoor adventure education institutions.

Purpose

Student research will endeavor to determine which outdoor adventure education

institutions have the greatest need for experience-based professional standards. The

student will also strive to learn and develop specific skills and professional contacts, as

well as to gain career employment in the above areas as a "College & University Outdoor

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Adventure Education and Leadership Program Director," "Freelance Outdoor Adventure

Educator, Guide and Consultant," and/or "Outdoor Adventure Education Business

Leader."

Objective

I. Outdoor Adventure Education: Teaching, Instructing and Guiding

This objective entails teaching, instructing, guiding as well as developing, implementing,

managing and/or directing within the outdoor adventure education field.

Opportunities:

1. Related outdoor adventure education experience

2. Knowledge and experience developing, implementing and administering custom

outdoor leadership programs

See Resume

Constraints:

1. Further knowledge and experience needed in the areas of industry-wide professional

standards and certifications.

2. Need for further professional networking contacts

II. Outdoor Adventure Education: Post-Secondary OAE Program Administration,

Directing and Teaching

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This objective entails developing, implementing, directing and/or teaching within a post-

secondary outdoor adventure education program, i.e. college/ university level.

Opportunities:

1. Related outdoor adventure education experience

2. Knowledge and experience developing, implementing and administering custom

outdoor adventure education programs

See Resume

Constraints:

1. Graduate-level degree required for faculty at most post-secondary institutions

2. Further knowledge and experience needed in the areas of classroom-specific

curriculum design, teaching and program management

3. Need for further professional networking contacts

4

Prescott College Master of Arts Program Adventure Education: Prescott Class 34 Study Plan Total Study Plan Credits: 50

Study Plan: Theory

Total Theory Credits: 22

I. Foundations of Outdoor Adventure Education

A. Critical Thinking and Writing: Adventure Education

3 Credits

This course provides the student with an introduction to Prescott College’s Master

of Arts Program (MAP), and an opportunity to develop critical thinking/reading/writing

skills. The course is comprised of a variety of short written assignments, covering a wide

spectrum of topics. Assignments include writing a personal essay, reflecting on the

experience of receiving feedback, integrating personal voice in a scholarly dialogue,

considering sense of place and social justice issues, and conducting a mini research

project. Students are provided with guidelines for each course activity and assignment as

well as the opportunity to dialogue with peers throughout the course.

Selected Works

Bentz, Valerie Malhotra, & Jeremy J. Shapiro. Mindful Inquiry in Social Research.

Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1998.

Creswell, John W. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five

Approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2007.

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B. Theory, History and Foundations of OE, AE and EE

3 Credits

This three-credit student-designed graduate-level course examines the theory,

history and foundations of adventure education, experiential education, and outdoor

education with an emphasis to develop and refine a balanced background for the student

to conduct more advanced academic writing and research in this field.

The history of adventure and outdoor education as well as the various theories of

experiential education are explored and critiqued in a master’s-level academic research

paper. Evolution, general practices, and efficacy of AE, EE, and OE are examined from

student, instructor, and administrative perspectives.

Selected Works

Dewey, John. (1938). Experience and Education. New York, NY: Collier Books.

Ewert, Alan W. (1989). Outdoor Adventure Pursuits: Foundations, Models, and Theories.

Worthington, OH: Publishing Horizons

Hunt, Jasper. (1995). The Theory of Experiential Education. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall /

Hunt Publishing Company.

Kolb, David A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning

and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Miles, John C. (Ed.), & Priest, Simon (Ed.). (1990). Adventure Education. State College,

PA: Venture Pub.

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C. Outdoor Adventure Education and Native Ways of Knowing

4 Credits

This four-credit student-designed graduate-level master’s course examines

parallels between outdoor adventure education and Native American learning styles. This

study is a followup to the Fort Washakie Wilderness Expedition (FWWE) custom course

previously developed and implemented, by the student, between the National Outdoor

Leadership School (NOLS) and the Fort Washakie School District on the Wind River

Indian Reservation. Research culminates in the development of a 45-page NOLS

Instructor Notebook, created by the student, to be published by the National Outdoor

Leadership School.

This NOLS Instructor Notebook resource is intended for NOLS Instructors and

administrators who educate and work with diverse student populations. In particular, this

working document is specifically designed for those NOLS individuals educating Native

American students, including Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapahoe students from

the Wind River Indian Reservation.

Selected Works

Benally, Herbert John. Spiritual Knowledge for a Secular Society.

Deloria, Vine Jr. and Wildcat, Daniel R. Power and Place: Indian Education in America.

Fulcrum Resources. 2001.

Hebard, Grace Raymond. Washakie: Chief of the Shoshones. University of Nebraska

Press. 1995.

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Herman, Matt. Tribal History Connects Spirit and Place. Tribal College Journal. Winter

2007. Vol. 19 Issue 2, p29-31.

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II. Professional Standards in Outdoor Adventure Education

A. Introduction to Professional Standards in Outdoor Adventure Education

3 Credits

What career questions do today's outdoor adventure education professionals

encounter as they attempt to gain professional status in the OAE industry?

Accreditations, certifications, memberships and training programs are just a few of the

various methods in which OAE leaders develop specific skills and advance their

respective OAE career opportunities. The following research endeavors to explore the

above questions:

1. Historical and Foundational Review of OAE

a. Exploring OAE History and Epistemological Roots

b. Examining Chronology and Evolutionary Development in OAE Professional

Standards

c. Defining Key Fundamental and Current OAE Professional Standards Terminology

1. Certifications

2. Accreditation & Memberships

3. Training

2. Professional Standards Index for Selected OAE Applications, Institutions and Careers

a. Identifying Professional Standards among Selected Accredited OAE Applications

b. Identifying Professional Standards among Selected Non-Accredited OAE

Applications

c. Identifying Professional Standards among Selected Recreation-Based OAE

Applications

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3. OAE Career Recruitment, Development, Retention and Advancement Solutions,

Models and Pitfalls

Selected Works

Gass, M.A. & Priest, S. (1999). Effective leadership in Adventure Programming.

Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishing.

Hunt, J.S. (1990). The philosophy of Adventure Education.

Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. Adventure Education. State College, PA: Venture Publishing Inc.

Kraft, R., & Sakofs, M. (Eds.), (1985). The Theory of Experiential Education. Boulder,

Colorado: Association for Experiential Education.

Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and

Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

B. Outdoor Adventure Education Social Networking Communities: Current

Resources for Professional Standards Development

3 Credits

This course will study the relevance and structure of today’s professional social

networks and communities relevant to outdoor adventure education. The student will

explore as well as join various current and pertinent online OAE social networking

communities including, but not limit to, LinkedIn, Facebook, the Association for

Experiential Education (AEE) forums, and OutdoorEd.com forums.

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This class will also incorporate the development and implementation of a student-

designed OAE-focused website and web log (blog), which will integrate regular Prescott

MAP advisor/advisee assignment and thesis structures.

Selected Works

Bailey, Brian & Storch, Terry. The Blogging Church.

Crowler, David. Building a Web Site for Dummies, 3rd Edition. Wiley Publishing, Inc.

Hoboken, NJ. 2007.

Felke-Morris, Terry. Web Development and Design Foundations.

Gardner, Susannah & Birley, Shane. Blogging for Dummies, 2nd Edition. Wiley

Publishing, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2007.

Potts, Kevin. Web Design and Marketing Solutions for Business Websites.

C. OAE Professional Development Models and Pitfalls: Career Recruitment,

Development, Retention and Advancement Solutions

3 Credits

What career recruitment, development, retention and advancement solutions do

today's outdoor adventure education professionals encounter as they establish

professional status and develop their respetive careers and in the OAE industry? The

following research endeavors to explore the above question by researching various

professional development models and pitfalls in outdoor adventure education. Emphasis

will be placed on the application of various OAE professional and organizational case

studies.

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Selected Works

Gass, M.A. & Priest, S. (1999). Effective leadership in Adventure Programming.


Hunt, J.S. (1990). The philosophy of Adventure Education.

Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. Adventure Education. State College, PA: Venture Publishing Inc.





III. Research Methods in Outdoor Adventure Education

A. Introduction to Outdoor Adventure Education Research Methods and Resources

3 Credits

This three credit graduate-level course focuses on developing foundations within

the academic research fields including, but not limited to, quantitative, qualitative, and

mixed method research methodologies. These research foundations will be used in

gathering pertinent research information relevant to the student’s thesis within outdoor

adventure education.

Selected Works

Booth, Wayne & Colomb, Gregory. The Craft of Research.

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods

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Approaches.

Creswell, John W. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among the Five

Traditions.

Seidman, Irving. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in

Education and the Social Sciences.

Stringer, Ernest. Action Research: A Handbook for Practitioners.

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Prescott College Master of Arts Program Adventure Education: Prescott Class 34 Study Plan

Study Plan: Practicum

Total Practicum Credits: 14

I. Primary and Secondary Outdoor Adventure Education Praxis

A. Native Ways of Knowing Conference (NOLS Fort Washakie Wilderness

Expedition)

2 Credits

This two-credit practicum includes attendance at the "Native Ways of Knowing"

conference (NWOK). NWOK is presented at the St. Stephen's Mission on the Wind River

Indian Reservation in Ethete, Wyoming and is endorsed by the State of Wyoming's

Professional Teaching Standards Board as continuing education credit. NWOK, a three-

day interactive program, is organized in order to enlighten educators about local (Eastern

Shoshone and Northern Arapaho) Native American cultures, history, learning styles,

activities, etc. as well as how these relevant educational aspects can be applied to various

outdoor adventure education settings. NWOK is open to educators and educational

institutions interested in learning more about Native American educational methods.

The practicum also incorporates a required writing assignment in which the

student summarizes and analyzes the conference in relation to the student's previous work

within outdoor advenutre education and Native ways of learning. The assignment

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outcomes will be published in a staff newsletter article for the National Outdoor

Leadership School.

Selected Works





Press. 1995.

II. Non-Accredited Outdoor Adventure Education Praxis

B. 2009 NOLS Fort Washakie Wilderness Expedition

3 Credits

This three-credit practicum study includes outdoor-based adventure education

praxis work as an independent contract-based NOLS program coordinator and instructor

serving the Fort Washakie Wilderness Expedition (FWWE) program.

This study includes followup duties relevant to the NOLS FWWE custom course

previously developed and implemented, by the student, between the National Outdoor

Leadership School (NOLS) and the Fort Washakie School District on the Wind River

Indian Reservation.

Responsibilities include developing, implementing and administering the third

annual NOLS custom outdoor leadership program for Native American students. Praxis

components include:

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1. Meeting with the Tribal Fish and Game Commission regarding 2009 course

hiking routes on Wind River Indian Reservation lands

2. Conducting two separate marketing presentations for Fort Washakie Charter

High School students

3. Leading a Fort Washakie Charter High School educational field trip of the

NOLS Rocky Mountain base facilities

4. Compiling and publishing program resources including the NOLS FWWE

Instructor Notebook

5, Instructing, i.e. course leading, the third annual NOLS FWWE program (to take

place June 7 – June 18, 2009)

6. Offering post-course presentations to the Joint Tribal Councils and Fort

Washakie School Board

This practicum study culminates in a required academic assignment in which the

student summarizes and analyzes the above work. Additionally, the student will compile

program resources and photographs to be included in the FWWE Instructor notebook as

well as in a Power Point presentation to be used for future program events.

III. Post-Secondary Outdoor Adventure Education Praxis

A. Outdoor Education and Leadership Department, Central Wyoming College,

Riverton, WY

3 Credits

16

This three-credit graduate-level practicum emphasizes study of post-secondary

outdoor adventure education within college and university programs while also teaching

specific college-level OAE subjects including backcountry skiing and rock climbing.

Academic praxis includes employment as an “Adjunct Instructor” with Central

Wyoming College’s Outdoor Education and Leadership Department. Classes taught are

accredited college-level classes through CWC’s Outdoor Education and Leadership

Department as well as CWC’s Education Department. Praxis components include:

1. Instructing CWC’s Spring 2009 Outdoor Education Programs including

backcountry skiing and rock climbing as a CWC Adjunct Outdoor Instructor

2. Observing and assisting in CWC Outdoor Education and Leadership

Department administrative and/or classroom teaching components

3. Studying and analyzing specific OAE curriculum within post-secondary

education

This practicum study incorporates a required academic assignment in which the

student summarizes the above work in relation to relavant professional standards in

outdoor adventure education. Conclusions will be presented to the director of CWC’s

Outdoor Education and Leadership Department as well as published via an online blog

report.

IV. For-Profit Guiding-Based Outdoor Adventure Education Praxis

A. American Mountain Guides Association (AMGA)

6 Credits

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This six-credit practicum study includes fall 2009 enrollment in the American

Mountain Guide Association's (AMGA) Ski Guide Course located in Jackson Hole,

Wyoming.

AMGA’s 12-day Ski Guide Course is the first step in the AMGA Ski Program.

The Ski Guide Course is designed for skiers who wish to learn the skills and techniques

used while instructing and guiding in a non-glaciated, yet possible high-mountain

backcountry setting. The course covers the tools used when guiding and instructing on

multi-day ski tours. It also covers management of 3rd and 4th class terrain, technical

ascents and descents, management and movement of multiple clients, and small team

rescues. Emphasis is placed on effectively managing risks and maximizing client

rewards. Glacier travel and crevasse hazards and sustained technical mountaineering

challenges are generally not covered in this course.

This practicum study also incorporates, if possible under the guidelines of the

AMGA, successful completion of the Ski Mountaineering Guide Aspirant Exam. The

Aspirant Guide Program is designed to serve as an intermediate step in the process of

becoming a certified guide. Also required is an academic assignment in which the student

summarizes and analyzes the above work in an online blog report.

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Prescott College Master of Arts Program

Adventure Education: Prescott Class 34 Study Plan

Study Plan: Thesis

Total Thesis Credits: 14

I. The Role of Certifications in Professional Guiding and Outdoor Adventure

Education Services

This proposed thesis subject entails researching and studying the role of

certification requirements in various professional guiding and outdoor education services.

Proposed thesis will include potential objective skills tasks with the intent to highlight

professional and educational expertise, experience and services as a freelance educator,

guide and educational consultant.

A. Study of Certifications and Technical Requirements in Outdoor Adventure

Education Programs

14 Credits

This course considers the applicability of experiential activities, project-based

learning, and service-oriented lessons in standards-based classrooms as well as the roll of

certifications and technical requirements in adventure guiding. Theoretical foundations,

along with projected challenges and recommendations will be evaluated.

Selected Works (Complete MAP Bibliography)

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Fall 2008

Association for Experiential Education Website. Retrieved November, 2008 from

http://www.aee.org/customer/pages.php?pageid=47

American Psychological Association (2001). Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological

Association.


Dewey, John. (1929). Experience and Nature. New York, NY: Norton.

Gass, M.A. (1990). Adventure programs in higher education. In Miles, J.C., & Priest, S.

(Eds.). Adventure Education. State College, PA: Venture Pub.

Gass, M.A. (1993). Adventure Therapy: Therapeutic Application of Adventure

Programming. Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing.

Gass, M.A. & Priest, S. (1999). Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming.


Gookin, John (Ed.), & Leach, Shari (Ed.), (2004). NOLS Leadership Educator Notebook:

A Toolbox for Leadership Educators. Lander, WY: The National Outdoor

Leadership School.

Gookin, J. & Wells, D., (2002). NOLS Environmental Education Notebook. Lander, WY:

National Outdoor Leadership School.

Hunt, J.S. (1990). The philosophy of Adventure Education. State College, PA: Venture

Publishing Inc.

Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. Adventure Education. (119-128). State College, PA: Venture

Publishing Inc.

20

Kellert, S.R. (1998). A National Study of Outdoor Wilderness Experience. Unpublished

Paper For Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Retrieved

December 3, 2008 from

http://www.nols.edu/resources/research/pdfs/kellert.complete.text.pdf

Kraft, Richard. (1994). Experiential Learning in Schools and Higher Learning. New

York, NY: Kendall / Hunt Publishing Company.





Leave No Trace Website (2008). Retrieved December 3, 2008 from

http://www.lnt.org/about/history.html.

Leemon, Drew, & Schimelpfenig, Tod. (2005). NOLS Risk Management for Outdoor

Leaders: A Practical Guide for Managing Risk Through Leadership. Lander, WY:


Martin, A.J. (2001). Toward the Next Generation of Experiential Education Programs: A

Case Study of Outward Bound. Doctoral Thesis at Massey University, New

Zealand. Retrieved November 2008 from

http://www.massey.ac.nz/~amartin/MartinAJ2001PhD.pdf

Meyer, B. B., & Wenger, M. S. (1998). Athletes and Adventure Education: An Empirical

Investigation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 243-266.

Miles, J. C., & Priest, S. (Eds.), (1990). Adventure Education. State College, PA:

Venture Pub.

21

National Outdoor Leadership School Website (2008a). Retrieved October 21, 2008 from

http://www.nols.edu.

Outward Bound Website. (2008a). Retrieved October 21, 2008 from

http://www.outwardbound.org/history.vp.html.

Priest, S. & Gass, M. (2005). Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming.

Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Project Adventure. (2008). Retrieved on October 21, 2008 from

http://www.pa.org/programs/index.php

Prouty, Dick, Panicucci, Jane & Collinson, Rufus. (2007). Adventure Education: Theory

and Applications. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Student Conservation Association Website (2008). Retrieved October 21, 2008 from

http://www.thesca.org/.

Wells, Michael Darran (2007). Organizational Collaboration in Outdoor Adventure

Education. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts from Prescott College in Adventure Education.

Wilderness Education Association Website. (2008). Retrieved October 21, 2008 from

http://www.weainfo.org/welcome.html.

Wilderness Medicine Institute of NOLS Website (2008). Retrieved October 21, 2008

from http://www.nols.edu/wmi/about/.

Wyoming Professional Teaching Standards Board Website (2008). Retrieved December

3, 2008 from

http://ptsb.state.wy.us/Licensure/BecomingLicensed/AlternativeRoutestoLicensure

/tabid/92/Default.aspx

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Frosch, Dan. Its Native Tongue Facing Extinction, Arapaho Tribe Teaches the Young.

NYTimes.com. October 17, 2008.


Press. 1995.

Herman, Matt. Tribal History Connects Spirit and Place. Tribal College Journal. Winter

2007. Vol. 19 Issue 2, p29-31.

Momaday, N. Scott. Way to Rainy Mountain

Simpson, Ph.D., Leanne. Stories, Dreams, and Ceremonies – Anishinaabe Ways of

Learning. Tribal College Journal, 11(4), 26. Retrieved October 17, 2008, from

Academic Search Premier database.

www.easternshoshone.net

www.windrivercountry.com/windriverres/shoshonefront.html

www.literacynet.org/lp/namericans/strategies.html

www.literacynet.org/lp/namericans/

www.as.wvu.edu/~equity/native.html

23

Backcountry Magazine, Jon Howard: Publisher, September 2008, copyright 2008 Height

of Land Publishing, LTD.

Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. 1st edition, Bollingen Foundation,

1949. 2nd edition, Princeton University Press. 3rd edition, New World Library,

2004.


Dewey, John. (1929). Experience and Nature. New York, NY: Norton.

Ewert, Alan W. (1989). Outdoor Adventure Pursuits: Foundations, Models, and Theories.

Worthington, OH: Publishing Horizons

Gookin, John (Ed.), & Leach, Shari (Ed.), (2004). NOLS Leadership Educator Notebook:

A Toolbox For Leadership Educators. Lander, WY: The National Outdoor

Leadership School.

Gookin, John (Ed.), & Wells, Darran (Ed.), (2002). NOLS Environmental Education

Notebook. Lander, WY: National Outdoor Leadership School.

Gookin, John (Ed.), (2002). NOLS Wilderness Education Notebook. Lander, WY:


Kolb, David A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and


Miles, John C., & Priest, Simon (Eds.), (1990). Adventure Education. State College, PA:

Venture Pub.

Kitchen, Chris & Pope, Sam. (2006) The Sublimation Project. www.kgb-

productions.com

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Thoreau, Henry David, (1854) Walden and Other Writings. New York, NY: Bantam

Books.

Webster's On-line Dictionary

Wells, Darran (2005). Historical and Philosophical Perspectives in Experiential

Education. Prescott College Master of Arts Program.

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