mavi j eans m edia p lan -...
TRANSCRIPT
Mavi Jeans Media plan
Group one
Natalie mata, juliana Escalante, Emma West, Noah Blalock
Table of Contents
Executive Summary 3
Situation Analysis 6
Brief Parent Company Description
Market Description
Product Positioning
Competition
Competitive Spending Analysis Chart
Seasonality
Geography, BDI, CDI
Purchase Patterns
Pricing
Consumer Promotions
Advertising Period
Budget
SWOT Analysis 19
Objectives 20
Advertising Objectives
Creative Brief
Media Objectives
Target Audience 24
Target Audience Profiles
Estimated Audience Size
Attitudes and Lifestyles
Media Strategy 29
Media Recommended
Tentpole Events
Media Not Recommended
Scheduling Strategy
Evaluation 38
Flowchart
Budget Summary
1
Outcome Summary
Appendices 44
BDI/CDI Charts
References
2
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
3
Mavi Jeans is a Turkish company known for their premium denim and competitive
prices. Made from quality cotton, Mavi Jeans are a prominent brand in the denim industry.
While more well-known in Europe, Mavi Jeans has a market in the United States as well. Brand
recognition needs to raised in the United States and will be attempted through a national
campaign.
The marketing strategy will include a shift from the classic four Ps to Robert
Lauterborn’s four Cs to better relate to the consumer on a personal level. The advertising
objectives will be to to increase annual US sales by at least 20%, with 3.0 million dollars
directed to digital advertising placement. This will be achieved through the creation of a
national year-long campaign starting January 1, 2018 through December 31 2018.
Mavi Jeans’ target audience includes women aged 18-54. The target audience is
composed of women who work in the sales and management environment who also enjoy
baking and dining with friends along with attending music festivals or visiting art galleries.
The overall budget of the entire campaign is 12.5 million dollars. 30% of the budget of
the $12.5 million is suggested for digital advertising, with a goal of increasing annual sales by at
least 20%.
The goal is to achieve 75% reach and an average frequency of 3 throughout the course
of the year. The reach and frequency vary s from month to month based on seasonality. For the
months of September, October and November we want to create greater reach since this are
the months when women tend to buy more jeans as the colder weather arrives.
4
The national campaign will have three tentpole events. The events correlate with what
the target audience is interested in: music festivals, food festivals, and art gallery events. Events
are happening in NYC and in LA, these to major cities were chosen because of the great amount
of tourism they attract and because they are located in the two costs making it easier to reach
different areas. Each event target women with different interests but with one thing in
common, their love for buying designer jeans.
5
SITUATION
ANALYSIS
6
Parent Company Description Mavi is a premium denim and jeans company based in Istanbul, Turkey, founded in
1991. Fittingly, the company's name means blue in Turkish. Because of the country’s close
proximity to European markets, Turkey is considered a remarkable location for the company
headquarters. While most of Mavi’s success and recognition comes from their European
locations, Mavi sells their products in the USA, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Russia and
Australia. Their more successful stores are found in highly populated cities such as New York,
Vancouver, Istanbul, Berlin, Frankfurt and Dusseldorf. While Mavi Jeans has their own store
locations, Mavi is also found in department stores like Nordstrom's and Macy’s alongwith
online at Amazon.com.
7
Market Description The jean market is saturated with a multitude of brands whose price range and quality vary
dramatically. Mavi has found a way to break through the market by targeting women who are
willing to pay more for a pair of jeans in turn for perceived value.
Brand Positioning Mavi has positioned its brand to be known for their higher quality jeans. Mavi’s
marketing director uses the price-signaling theory to add value to the brand. A main way the
theory is implemented is through celebrities, such as Kate Winslet and Chelsea Clinton, seen
wearing the jeans, or signing celebrities to appear in their campaigns, such as with Adriana
Lima. The brand also benefits from the perceived notion of Turkey being a leader in denim
production and producing the highest quality cotton.
8
Competition Competitors for Mavi’s Women Jeans have similar prices and target markets. Some of
their main competitors are 7 For All Mankind, AG Adriano Goldschmied, Calik Denim, J Brand,
501 Levi Strauss and Lucky Brand; these companies are all high quality premium denim brands.
Of the aforementioned, 7 For All Mankind spends the most on advertising and has the greatest
share of voice.
9
Competitive spending Analysis
The chart below compares Mavi Jeans’ media spending with Mavi’s greater competitors.
AG Adriano Goldschmied spent the most money in advertising by spending $6,263,000 on their
advertising overall. Mavi is the brand that allocates the least amount of money on advertising
by only spending $11,000.
Competitive spending chart ($ 000)
Brand Magazines B-to-B Natl
Newsp
Sunday
Mags
Int
Display
Total
7 For All Mankind 1298.2 0 0 0 0 1298.2
AG Adriano
Goldschmied 5980.7 0 283.2 0 0 6263.9
Calik Denim 0 26.2 0 0 0 26.2
J Brand 2612.1 0 0 117.8 555 3284.9
501 Levi Strauss 1602.2 0 0 0 0.1 1602.3
10
SHARE OF VOICE
Mavi’s competitors have a larger percentage of the media market because they
advertise throughout different media, J Brand advertised in the internet, magazines and were
the only ones present on Sunday magazines letting them lead the medium. AG Adriano
Goldschmied Jeans are the company with the overall biggest expenditures. Magazines are
typically the media with the most expenditure for many of Mavi’s competitors, meanwhile,
Mavi does not report to spend any money in magazines. Internet display is where Mavi Jeans
spends most of their advertising budget and they share this media with three of their
competitors, making it harder to stand out.
SHARE OF VOICE (%)
Brand Magazines B-to-B Natl
Newsp
Sunday
Mags
Int
Display
Total
7 For All Mankind 11.295 0 0 0 0 100
AG Adriano
Goldschmied
52.037 0 100 0 0 100
Calik Denim 0 100 0 0 0 100
J Brand 22.727 0 0 100 84.578 100
501 Levi Strauss 13.94 0 0 0 0.015 100
Lucky Brand 0 0 0 0 13.715 100
Mavi 0 0 0 0 1.692 100
11
Media mix Mavi Jeans has spent all of their advertising budget in the same medium, which is
internet display. While internet advertising is beneficial in targeting Mavi’s younger market,
Mavi will not be able to reach people who are not often on the internet; those in the upper end
of Mavi’s target audience may spend more time in print media rather than focused on internet
displays. For instance, most of Mavi’s competitors do have some expenditures in magazines, in
fact 7 For All Mankind only advertised in this media.
MEDIA MIX (%)
Brand Magazines B-to-B Natl
Newsp
Sunday
Mags
Int
Display
Total
7 For All Mankind 100 0 0 0 0 100
AG Adriano
Goldschmied
95.479 0 4.521 0 0 100
Calik Denim 0 100 0 0 0 100
J Brand 79.518 0 0 3.586 16.895 100
501 Levi Strauss 99.994 0 0 0 0.006 100
Lucky Brand 0 0 0 0 100 100
Mavi 0 0 0 0 100 100
12
Seasonality
Mavi Jeans, like other jean brands, are more popular in colder months as well as in back
to school months. Jean sales decrease in hotter months since customers are more likely to be
buying lighter attire clothing choices such as shorts and dresses. More money will be spent on
advertising in the early months of the year due to one of our tentpole events, and also the fact
that many consumers buy jeans in the early winter months. Mavi Jeans advertised only during
the months of March and June in contrast to one of their greater competitors, 7 For All
Mankind, who took advantage of the cold weather and advertised during September and
October.
13
Reach and frequency Goals Reach and frequency goals vary depending on the month, we are using a pulsing
strategy which means periods of low advertising and periods of many advertising. For the
months of September, October and November the reach goal is 70%. For the lower months
which are summer and December and January we are aiming to achieve a 40% reach and
february goes a little up because it is a cold month and people are more likely to buy jeans.
Same for frequency for the months of September, October and November we have a frequency
goal of 3.0 and for the rest of the year 2.0. For the months of the tentpole events the reach is
expected to go up.
14
Geography In the United States, Mavi Jeans make most sales in highly populated and typically
considered “fashion-forward” cities. Los Angeles, California being Mavi’s most successful
retailer, followed by New York City, New York. The other top eight US cities for Mavi Jeans sales
include Washington, DC; San Francisco, California; Kansas City, Missouri; Houston, Texas;
Seattle-Tacoma, Washington; Boston, Massachusetts; San Diego, California; and Phoenix,
Arizona. (MRI DATA)
Purchase Patterns
Consumers will most likely buy Mavi Jeans in the fall and winter as opposed to summer
and spring. Women are also more likely to buy them when they are alone, and buy them for
themselves. They are often bought earlier in the day, during the week and on weekends. (MRI
DATA)
15
Pricing
Mavi’s marketing director set the price point for the brand not only as a revenue-driven
decision, but also keeping in mind that a higher price point sends a strong “price-quality signal”
Price-signaling is when the cost of the product reflects its perceived value, whether or not it is
the best available quality for that price. Mavi’s pricing strategy aims to convince women that
price equals quality. “For the most part our jeans are in the $150 to $225 range, but there are,
in designer labels, some very expensive jeans, and it’s because they’re highly embellished and
have treatments that really bring the price point up,” says Colleen Sherin, fashion market
director at Saks Fifth Avenue. “I
Consumer Promotions The marketing director of Mavi also set out to add value to
the brand by using celebrity association. Celebrities who wear the
brand increases recognition as well as status. When Adriana Lima
recently signed a contract with Mavi for a marketing campaign,
the series of commercials created with her resulted in Mavi’s
international brand performance skyrocketing by as much as 50%,
and increased brand awareness by 60%.
(Fergie with Mavi)
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Advertising period The campaign will begin January 1st, 2018 and will run for a calendar year until
December 31st, 2018.
Budget
With Mavi’s introduction of their highest media budget ever, the amount of money
reserved for the media plan is $12.5 million. The goal is to increase annual US sales by at least
20%, with 3.0 million dollars directed to digital advertising placement
17
SWOT
ANALYSIS
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Strengths
1. Leading company in Turkish denim market (high perceived value in US)
2. Reaches women willing to pay more for perceived value
3. Internet advertising
Weaknesses 1. Does not have substantial market coverage and market share
2. While they are dependant on the US, not all of US is covered (not much reach outside of
larger markets)
3. Not much advertising outside of internet ads
4. Low awareness in US as a whole
Opportunity 1. Spreading their market around parts of US not already reached (variety in markets)
2. Spreading awareness for Mavi products as market for denim keeps growing
Threats
1. Competitors have larger ad budgets
2. Continuously changing trends (jeans could go in and out of style)
3. Competitors with lower prices (non-designer jeans)
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OBJECTIVES
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Marketing Strategy In order to increase brand awareness for Mavi Jeans, the focus of the marketing strategy
will center around the consumer instead of mass marketing. Because Mavi is a lesser-known
brand in the United States, the marketing team has planned to shift the marketing model from
the classic four Ps to Robert Lauterborn’s four Cs. The four Cs marketing plan gives brands the
ability to achieve a gain on competitors through niche marketing. Mavi’s shift from promotion
to communication means meeting the consumer where they are thus moving away from the
traditional advertising formula to a more creative and digital advertising formula.
Advertising Objectives Advertising objectives are to continue to promote Mavi Jeans throughout the United
States through a US national campaign lasting the entire year of 2018 from January to
December. The campaigns aim to promote Mavi Jeans as a luxury and premium denim brand,
directed towards fashion and trend-conscious women through the depiction of the Jeans in a
variety of settings, showing the fashionable tone and versatility of the brand. With online
advertising, magazines and tentpole events we plan on spending the budget of
$12,500,000,000.
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Creative Brief
Client: Mavi
Product: Mavi Jeans
Overview: Mavi Jeans are a Turkish premium denim brand.
Problem: Mavi Jeans does not have as much success and brand awareness in the United States
as in the European locations.
Objective: To gain brand recognition throughout the United States by expanding reach to 75%
with a frequency of 3.0 and to grow advertising across digital platforms and tentpole events.
Target Audience: Women ages 18-54
Promise: Provide quality denim with a competitive price point.
Support: Mavi Jeans are made with Turkish denim and superior cotton.
Mandatories: The advertising must incorporate the name and high resolution images of Mavi
Jeans. The images must be in color and flatter the brand. All media should effectively showcase
Mavi Jeans as high quality.
Tone: Since Mavi Jeans are not as well known throughout the United States, the national
campaign must be easily recognizable and clearly depict the brand. The tone of the
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advertisements should showcase Mavi as the superior denim option. Memorable and
eye-catching advertisements will help raise brand recognition.
Tagline: Mavi Jeans, Mavi Fits; Mavi Jeans: Jeans that Fit; #MoveinMavi
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Media Objectives
Creative Requirements While Mavi Jeans is a successful international company, they are not as well known in
the US as they are known in European countries. The media recommended must allow for
high-quality photographs of stylish women in various settings: workplace, lifestyle, and nightlife
attire, showing that Mavi Jeans are versatile for multiple occasions in the target audience’s life.
30% of the budget of $12.5 million is suggested for digital advertising.
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Target audience The primary target for Mavi Jeans is women form 18-54 years of age who bought jeans
in the past 12 months. But special emphasis will be on ages from 25-34 or from 45-54. Married
women with no children are more likely to buy Mavi jeans because they are not thinking about
spending money on children. Women who work in the sales and management environment
have bought more designer jeans in the past 12 months than women in other occupations.
Baking and dining with friends are some of the activities that Mavi buyers like to do as well as
attending music events and art galleries. Their favorite sports are yoga, pilates or hiking.
Washington DC, Houston, TX and Phoenix, AZ are the areas where more Mavi jeans buyers are
concentrated.
Target audience profiles Alexa is a 30 year old sales representative who owns her own home in Phoenix, AZ. She
is married but has no children, she likes spending her spare
time dining with friends and baking. Alexa is a music lover, she
likes to go to concerts and attend art galleries or shows.
She is a Georgia Bulldawg Alumni and moved to Phoenix just
after graduation.
Alexa likes fashion and is very brand loyal, she often recommends goods or services to her
friends and family. She finds shopping online very convenient and is a fan of known brands but
for her the most important thing in fashion products is comfort.
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Family and friends are the most important thing in her life, but she wishes she had more
time to spend with them since she has a full-time job. She has a healthy lifestyle and likes
practicing yoga 3 times a week. Alexa loves watching her favorite tv shows on hulu or netflix
every night before she goes to sleep and reads people magazine on her free time.
Mindy is a 46 year old health practitioner who lives in Washington DC. Mindy is married
and has one children and one cute puppy, she likes going hiking with
her husband during the weekends. Every morning she goes jogging
around the neighborhood before work she loves to stay active. She
has a passion for reading and baking, her favorite magazine is Better
homes and Garden magazine. Mindy likes to invite her friends and
family over to her own house and spend time with them playing card
games. She is part of the board for a non profit organization to help
provide food for homeless people. Mindy is a fashion lover but does not like to spend
unnecessary money this is why she is only buying shoes when she actually needs to replace
other pair. She does not follow trends but likes classic and timeless products.
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Timing Advertising campaigns would run alongside the purchase cycle. The campaign will run
from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018, with certain periods of heavier advertising.
September, October and November are expected to be the months with more advertising due
to seasonality, weather is getting colder people are buying more jeans Jeans. Tentpole events
would occur during August and January.
Geography To continue to reach the target audience, the launch of a national campaign in the US
would help reach the goal of an increase of 20 percentage points in brand recognition.
Advertising will be concentrated in the main cities where Mavi’s target market prevail and
where there are the biggest amount of Mavi’s jeans buyers. The tentpole events are planned to
be in NYC covering many of the northern population and also taking into account that NYC is a
place with a lot of national tourism. Los Angeles is another city chosen for tentpole events,
because it is a really successful city for Mavi, and it is close to San Diego which is reportedly one
of the cities were women buy more designer jeans. Also, the food and wine event happening
there is one of the biggest and most important in the USA. Some other cities we recommend
targeting are Washington DC, San Francisco, Boston, Seattle and Phoenix. According to the MRI
data these are cities where women are more likely to buy designer jeans.
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BDI/CDI
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MEDIA STRATEGY
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Media RECOMMENDED
The medium used for the advertising plan is vital to meeting the objectives of creating a
bigger brand awareness for Mavi Jeans. Using media that can showcase Mavi Jeans’ quality and
reach the targeted audience at the same time is the goal. According to MRI data Magazines and
online advertising will suit better Mavi because the target market spends much more time
using those and many of Mavi’s competitors are already using this medium.
MAGAZINES
Magazines are one of the recommended medium due to the high quality of its printing
paper and because through this ads frequency could increase since once they are printed they
could be passed around. The plan is to advertise on magazines frequently read by Mavi’s target
audience like People and Glamour according to the MRI data this are frequently read by women
in the target market range. Advertising in this magazines during the months of September,
October and November are the recommendation because this is the time when women are
thinking about buying jeans. We will keep advertising during the whole year but increase during
the months of September, October and November.
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SOCIAL MEDIA
We are living in the social media era, for Mavi to gain better positioning against other brands it
has to be shown in social media. According to MRI data Facebook is the main platform used by
women buying jeans, one positive thing about social media is that you can easily target specific
people and are normally real customers since they have to create an account. Users content,
interests and demographics facilitate targeting to make sure ads are going to the right people.
For Mavi jeans it is recommended to spend at least $3.0 million on social media advertising
mainly Facebook but also Pinterest and Pandora. These three platforms mentioned below could
bring real potential clients to Mavi because the target market spends a lot of time on them.
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General Sites/Ad Networks
These are ad networks bought without determining specific demographics. Examples of
this are Google or Yahoo. This type of Ads will benefit Mavi jeans because it is going to generate
brand awareness. It is advice to use this type of advertisement in every month of the year but
mainly in the fall and winter. At least $1.5 million should be used for this advertising throughout
the year using more of the budget during high sales months and less during summer.
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TENTPOLE EVENTS
Los Angeles Food+Wine festival
This is a great opportunity to reach Mavi’s older customers who love wine and food and
wine festivals. A large part of Mavi’s target market is women who drink wine and who would go
to this event, which would reach thousands of people. We would target women between the
ages of 36-46 at this event, and could take this opportunity to advertise the more expensive
jeans and that would better suit older women willing to buy our most expensive and top end
jeans. Although the LA food and wine Festival does not release the cost of sponsorship, we
expect to use $500,000 on the event total, and really go all out.
To start, Mavi could sponsor this event when it happens August 24-27 in 2018, and as
the food and wine festival is already sponsored by more high end brands,this would very much
fit with what Mavi wants to be. At the actual event, would set up a table/booth somewhere in
the food and wine festival in the streets of LA. The festival is spread out throughout many
buildings along Grand Avenue, and having a table with samples of fabrics our jeans are made
out of to showcase our high end material would not cost must and would be easy to do. In
addition, we would set up another photo booth like we did at MoMA and have a hashtag
people could use for pictures at the festival. Our KPI would be people who stop by the table,
people who take a picture in the photo booth, and people who use the hash-tag. Mavi could
also seek out the opportunity to be included in print ads for the event, but that might happen
organically since we will be sponsoring the event.
33
Museum of MOdern Art Event
Our first tentpole event of the year would take place January 11, in New York City at the
Museum of Modern Art at the same time as their “Your Closet, in Data” exhibit. At this exhibit,
people draw and analyze their closet and dig deep into what their wardrobe and belongings
really mean. This would be great for our brand, as it would combine women that visit the art
exhibit (a large number of our target market enjoy art and going to art exhibits) with women
who want to learn more about clothes. While MoMA also does not release how much it costs to
sponsor these types of events, we would expect to spend about $250,000 on this event, which
includes sponsoring it and also everything we would do at the actual event as described below.
MoMA allows different brands to sponsor these types of programs, so we would
sponsor the event and we would also set up a couple things with the brand name on them to
spread general awareness. A photo booth/photo cut-out would be placed in one of the
courtyards, allowing for the guests to take pictures around the art, and a hashtag would be
created for them to post afterwards. Our KPI would be measured with the number of guests
there, and also the amount of times our hashtag and photo booth are used.
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Fashion Week
The third tentpole event that we believe would work for promoting Mavi Jeans is New
York Fashion Week. Mavi could set up a runway in New York near the event and have people
try on jeans and walk down the runway and get their picture taken. This would create an
immersive experience for the consumer. This event would also gain traction on social media
because it will be a big installment in New York City people will be taking pictures and posting
them on platforms such as instagram and snapchat. The people who are actually participating
would receive their picture which they could then post on social media as well.
This event would cost more because Mavi would need to get a permit for setting
up, getting a crew to put together the event, the runway/interaction itself, people to run the
event, and promotion costs. The target market is women 18-45 who attend fashion week or
enjoy watching fashion shows.
35
Media NOT RECOMMENDED
TV
According to the MRI data, Mavi’s target market don’t much watch cable tv. Throughout
this campaign we are trying to reach women between the ages of 18-54 so we will focus all
advertisements in medium where we can reach this target. TV advertisements are also very
expensive so it would not be cost effective to utilize this platform. The idea is to reach Mavi’s
specific audience and to gain a bigger spot in the market in comparison to your competitors.
RADIO
Radio is not a recommended media for Mavi advertising because it does not fit the
creative requirements. In order for our target market to want to buy Mavi jeans advertisements
need color and visuals that show how Mavi jeans look and to highlight. mavi’s quality. Also,
Mavi’s target market for this campaign don’t really listen to radio anymore. Although the older
portion of the target sometimes listen to radio it would not be cost efficient to only target
them.
NEWSPAPER
Newspaper is not a viable media for Mavi jeans because it does not fit the advertising
creative requirements. The paper used to print newspaper would not flatter Mavi’s jeans and
high quality. Additionally, according to MRI data, women in the lower spectrum of Mavi’s target
market don’t read the newspaper anymore. It would not be cost efficient to advertise in
newspaper only targeting the older spectrum.
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SCHEDULING STRATEGY We will be using a pulsing strategy, that means select months with high advertising
followed by months of really low advertising. September, October and November are the
months of more advertising because is fall, weather gets colder and people tend to buy more
jeans. For social media and internet ads we are keeping it equal throughout the year to
generate greater frequency and to make people feel like they know the brand by the time they
see the major amount of advertising on magazines. Tentpole events are happening during the
months of January, February and August.
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EVALUATION
38
FLOW CHART
39
BUDGET SUMMARY Size of Budget: $12,500,000
Campaign Period: January 1, 2018-December 31, 2018
Amount Allocated to Media and Sponsorships: $11,000,000
40
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OUTCOME SUMMARY The purpose of the campaign is to increase brand awareness from 15% nationally to
35% by December 31, 2018. To achieve this goal, ten markets were selected to for Mavi to
focus their campaign along with selected media vehicles were recommended to further reach.
With a budget of $12.5 million, this media plan will utilize $7.5 million for a national and
digital advertising campaign. With this budget, Mavi’s goals will be met as well as exceeded.
The plan has taken into consideration reach, frequency, GRPS, and cost of various media
vehicles such as magazines, digital ads, and regional events. The cost of regional events is an
estimated price based on similar events because exact sponsorship costs are not available to
the public. Due to this, as well as possible discrepancies amongst magazine advertising costs,
there is a contingency of one million dollars added to the plan.
Along with recommendations for Mavi, this media plan has also included reasonings as
to why certain media vehicles have not been recommended such as TV, radio, and outdoor. All
of these media were considered thoroughly however, it was decided that the advertising
budget would be better spent elsewhere. This is because of the demographic Mavi is aiming to
reach as well as the quality of the ads in these media. However, if Mavi desires to have a push
towards outdoor advertising, the contingency fund could be used.
Overall, this media plan is able to meet the goals of Mavi, creating brand awareness
within the budget parameters. Following this plan, it is highly probable that Mavi will reach and
surpass its objective of 35% increased brand awareness.
43
APPENDICES
44
BDI/Cdi charts
45
46
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References
“Benefit Events.” The Museum of Modern Art, 2017. Web. 10 Nov. 2017. from MoMA.
“Charleston Wine Food Festival - Join us February 28-March 4, 2018.” Charleston Wine Food,
Cobble Hill, 2017. Web. 10 Nov. 2017. From Charleston Wine and Food.
“Entertaining.” The Museum of Modern Art, 2017. Web 10 Nov. 2017. from MoMA.
“Partnerships.” Charleston Wine Food, Cobble Hill, 2017. Web. 10 Nov. 2017. From Charleston
Wine and Food.
“Premium Denim & Apparel.” Mavi Jeans, 2017. Web. 10 Oct. 2017. from Mavi Jeans.
“Mavi (@Mavi) • Instagram photos and videos.” Instagram, 2017. Web. 15 Nov. 2017.
From Instagram.
“MAVI Jeans by Sinem Yazici.” Design Scene - Fashion, Photography, Style & Design, 1 Feb.
2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2017. From Design Scene
Media Flight Plan: Ground School, Deer Creek Publishing , 2014. Web. 14 Oct. 2017.
From Media Flight Plan.
“MoMA.” MoMA, www.moma.org/.
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